Английская Википедия:Griko language
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Improve Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox language Griko, sometimes spelled Grico, is the dialect of Italiot Greek spoken by Griko people in Salento (province of Lecce), and also called Шаблон:Lang,[1][2][3][4][5] in Calabria. Some Greek linguists consider it to be a Modern Greek dialect and often call it Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang-el, "Southern Italian") or Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang), whereas its own speakers call it Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang, in Calabria) or Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang, in Salento). Шаблон:Transl is spoken in Salento while Шаблон:Transl is spoken in Calabria. Griko and Standard Modern Greek are partially mutually intelligible.[6]
Classification
The most popular hypothesis on the origin of Griko is the one by Gerhard Rohlfs[7] and Georgios Hatzidakis, that Griko's roots go as far back in history as the time of the ancient Greek colonies in Southern Italy and Sicily in the eighth century BC. The Southern Italian dialect is thus considered to be the last living trace of the Greek elements that once formed Magna Graecia.
There are, however, competing hypotheses according to which Griko may have preserved some Doric elements, but its structure is otherwise mostly based on Koine Greek, like almost all other Modern Greek dialects.[8] Thus, Griko should rather be described as a Doric-influenced descendant of Medieval Greek spoken by those who fled the Byzantine Empire to Italy trying to escape the Turks. The idea of Southern Italy's Greek dialects being historically derived from Medieval Greek was proposed for the first time in the 19th century by Giuseppe Morosi.[9]
Geographic distribution
Шаблон:Unreferenced Two small Italiot Greek-speaking communities survive today in the Italian regions of Calabria (Metropolitan city of Reggio Calabria) and Apulia (Province of Lecce). The Italiot Greek-speaking area of Apulia comprises nine small towns in the Grecìa Salentina region (Calimera, Martano, Castrignano de' Greci, Corigliano d'Otranto, Melpignano, Soleto, Sternatia, Zollino, Martignano), with a total of 40,000 inhabitants. The Calabrian Greek region also consists of nine villages in Bovesia, (including Bova Superiore, Roghudi, Gallicianò, Chorìo di Roghudi and Bova Marina) and four districts in the city of Reggio Calabria, but its population is significantly smaller, with around only 2000 inhabitants.
Official status
By Law 482 of 1999, the Italian parliament recognized the Griko communities of Reggio Calabria and Salento as a Greek ethnic and linguistic minority. It states that the Republic protects the language and culture of its Albanian, Catalan, Germanic, Greek, Slovene and Croat populations and of those who speak French, Franco-Provençal, Friulian, Ladin, Occitan and Sardinian.[10] According to UNESCO data from 2011, the two dialects of Griko are classified as severely endangered languages.[11]
Culture
There is rich oral tradition and Griko folklore. Griko songs, music and poetry are particularly popular in Italy and Greece. Famous music groups from Salento include Ghetonia and Aramirè. Also, influential Greek artists such as Dionysis Savvopoulos and Maria Farantouri have performed in Griko. The Greek musical ensemble Encardia focuses on Griko songs as well as on the musical tradition of Southern Italy at large.[12][13]
Samples
Sample text from Шаблон:Lang – Шаблон:Lang ("Good night") and Шаблон:Lang, popular Griko songs:
| Griko | Modern Greek | English Translation |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang - Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang - Шаблон:Transl | Good night |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | I always think of you because I love you, my soul, and wherever I go, wherever I drag myself to, wherever I stand, inside my heart I always hold you. |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | ... |
| Griko | Modern Greek | English Translation |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang - Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang - Шаблон:Transl | My husband is gone |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | I hear the band, I hear the music I'm here with you but I think of the train I think of darkness and the mine where people work and die! |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Transl | ... |
Phonology
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| High | Шаблон:IPAlink | Шаблон:IPAlink |
| Mid | Шаблон:IPAlink | Шаблон:IPAlink |
| Low | Шаблон:IPAlink |
Grammar
In many aspects, its grammar is similar to that of Modern Greek. The language has three genders, masculine, feminine, and neuter. All nouns and adjectives are declined according to number and case. There are four cases, just like in Modern Greek: nominative, genitive, accusative, and vocative. Verbs are conjugated according to person, number, tense, mood, and aspect. The table below shows the personal pronouns of the Griko language:
| Personal pronouns | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | evò | emì | esù | esì | (e)cino, (e)cini, (e)cino | (e)cini, (e)cine, (e)cina |
| Genitive | mu | ma, mas | su | esà(s), sa | (e)cinù, (e)cinì, (e)cinù | (e)cinò |
| Accusative | me, emena | ma, mas | esea, sea | esà(s), sa | (e)cino, (e)cini, (e)cino | (e)cinu, (e)cine, (e)cina |
See also
Notes and references
Further reading
- H. F. Tozer. "The Greek-Speaking Population of Southern Italy." The Journal of Hellenic Studies. Vol. 10 (1889), pp. 11–42.
External links
- On the Brink: Griko; A Language of Resistance and Celebration - Cultural Survival
- Glossa Grika o Griko Derentinò (in Griko, Italian, Standard-Greek and French)
- Enosi Griko, Coordination of Grecìa Salentina Associations (Italian, Greek and English)
- Pos Matome Griko (in Italian, Greek and English)
- Grecìa Salentina Шаблон:Webarchive official site (in Italian)
- Gaze On The Sea Salentine Peninsula, Greece and Greater Greece (in Italian, Greek and English)
- English-Griko dictionary
- Kalinifta, by Ghetonia
- Oria mou rodinedda, folk song of the Griko-speaking communities of southern Italy, by Eleni & Souzana Vougioukli
Шаблон:Languages of Italy Шаблон:Griko people Шаблон:Magna Graecia Шаблон:Greek language Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ F. Violi, Lessico Grecanico-Italiano-Grecanico, Apodiafàzzi, Reggio Calabria, 1997.
- ↑ Paolo Martino, L'isola grecanica dell'Aspromonte. Aspetti sociolinguistici, 1980. Risultati di un'inchiesta del 1977
- ↑ Filippo Violi, Storia degli studi e della letteratura popolare grecanica, C.S.E. Bova (RC), 1992
- ↑ Filippo Condemi, Grammatica Grecanica, Coop. Contezza, Reggio Calabria, 1987;
- ↑ In Salento e Calabria le voci della minoranza linguistica greca | Treccani, il portale del sapere
- ↑ Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices
- ↑ G. Rohlfs, Griechen und Romanen in Unteritalien, 1924.
- ↑ G. Horrocks, Greek: A history of the language and its speakers, London: Longman. 1997. Ch. 4.4.3 and 14.2.3.
- ↑ G. Morosi, Studi sui dialetti greci della terra d'Otranto, Lecce, 1870.
- ↑ Law no. 482 of 1999 Шаблон:Webarchive: "Шаблон:Lang"
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- Английская Википедия
- Varieties of Modern Greek
- Magna Graecia
- Languages of Apulia
- Endangered diaspora languages
- Endangered Indo-European languages
- Greece–Italy relations
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