Английская Википедия:Guardian Council

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Версия от 09:37, 17 марта 2024; EducationBot (обсуждение | вклад) (Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{short description|Regulatory body in the Islamic Republic of Iran}} {{hatnote|This article is about the Iranian deliberative body. For the former Greenlandic guardian councils, see parsissaet.}} {{Infobox legislature | background_color = | text_color = | name = Guardian Council | native_name = | coa_pic = Emblem of Guardian Council...»)
(разн.) ← Предыдущая версия | Текущая версия (разн.) | Следующая версия → (разн.)
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Hatnote Шаблон:Infobox legislature Шаблон:Politics of Iran The Guardian Council (also called Council of Guardians or Constitutional Council, Шаблон:Lang-fa)[1][2] is an appointed and constitutionally mandated 12-member council that wields considerable power and influence in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The constitution of the Islamic Republic gives the council three mandates:

a) veto power over legislation passed by the parliament (Majlis);[3][4][5]
b) supervision of elections;[6][3] and
c) approving or disqualifying candidates seeking to run in local, parliamentary, presidential, or Assembly of Experts elections.[6][3][7]

The Iranian constitution calls for the council to be composed of six Islamic faqihs (experts in Islamic Law), "conscious of the present needs and the issues of the day" to be selected by the Supreme Leader of Iran, and six jurists, "specializing in different areas of law, to be elected by the Majlis (the Iranian Parliament) from among the Muslim jurists nominated by the Chief Justice"[8] (who, in turn, is also appointed by the Supreme Leader).[9]

The Council has played a central role in controlling the interpretation of Islamic values in Iranian law in the following ways:

  • As part of its vetting of potential candidates to determine who can and cannot run for national office,[7] it has disqualified reform-minded candidates—including the most well-known candidates—from running for office;[10]
  • Vetoes laws passed by the popularly elected Majlis.[11][12]
  • Has increased the influence that the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (an ideological fighting force separate from the Iranian army) has on the economic and cultural life of the country.[13][14]

When the 2009 presidential election was announced, popular former president Mohammad Khatami would not discuss his plans to run against Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, for the Council might have disqualified Khatami as it had other reformists' candidatures, on the grounds that they were not dedicated enough to Islamic values.[15][16]

There have also been instances where the Constitutional Council reversed its ban on particular people after being ordered to do so by Khamenei.[17]

Legislative functions

The Majlis has no legal status without the Constitutional Council.[9] Any bill passed by the Majlis must be reviewed and approved by the Constitutional Council[9][18] to become law.

According to Article 96 of the constitution, the Constitutional Council holds absolute veto power over all legislation approved by the Majlis. It can nullify a law based on two accounts: being against Islamic laws,[19] or being against the constitution. While all the members vote on the laws being compatible with the constitution, only the six clerics vote on them being compatible with Islam.

If any law is rejected, it will be passed back to the Majlis for correction. If the Majlis and the Council of Guardians cannot agree on a case, it is passed up to the Expediency Council for a decision.[20]

The Constitutional Council is uniquely involved in the legislative process, with equal oversight with regards to economic law and social policy, including such controversial topics as abortion. Chapter 6 of the Constitution explains its interworkings with the Islamic Consultative Assembly. Articles 91-97 all fall into the legislative Chapter 6.

Judicial authority

The Council of Guardians also functions similar to a constitutional court. The authority to interpret the constitution is vested in the Council.[21] Interpretative decisions require a three-quarters majority. The Council does not conduct a court hearing where opposing sides are argued.

Electoral authority

Since 1991, all candidates of parliamentary or presidential[22] elections, as well as candidates for the Assembly of Experts, have to be qualified by the Constitutional Council in order to run in the election. For major elections, it typically disqualifies most candidates, as seen in the 2009 election, where out of the 476 men and women applied to the Constitutional Council to seek the presidency, only four were approved.[23]

The Council is accorded "supervision of elections".[24][25] The Constitutional Council interprets the term supervision in Article 99 of the Iranian Constitution as "approbation supervision" (Шаблон:Lang-fa, naẓārat-e istiṣwābī)[26] which implies the right to accept or reject the legality of elections and the competency of candidates. This interpretation is in contrast with the idea of "notification supervision" (Шаблон:Lang-fa, naẓārat-e istitlā‘ī) which does not imply the mentioned approval right.[27] The "evidentiary supervision" (Шаблон:Lang-fa, naẓārat-e istinādī), which requires evidences for acceptance or rejection of elections legality and candidates competency, is another interpretation of mentioned article.[28][29]

Role in the 2009 elections

Шаблон:Further On Monday June 29, 2009, the Constitutional Council certified the results of the controversial election in which President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was elected.[30] The Council had completed a recount of 10 percent of the overall votes in order to appease the citizens of Iran.[31] As the "final authority on the election", the Council has declared the election closed.[32] The certification of the results set off a wave of protests, disregarding the Iranian government's ban on street marches.[30]

Criticism

Increases the role of the IRGC in everyday politics

The Council favors military candidates at the expense of reform candidates. This ensures that the ideological Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (separate from the Iranian army) holds a commanding influence over the political, economic, and cultural life of Iran.[33]

Arbitrary disqualifications of candidates from elections

Hadi Khamenei, the brother of Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei and an adviser in the administration of reformist former President Mohammad Khatami, has said the Constitutional Council's vetting of candidates threatens Iranian democracy. He believes some reformist candidates are wrongly kept from running.[34] In 1998, the Constitutional Council rejected his candidacy for a seat in the Assembly of Experts for "insufficient theological qualifications".[35][36]

After conservative candidates fared poorly in the 2000 parliamentary elections, the Council disqualified more than 3,600 reformist and independent candidates for the 2004 elections.[37]

In the run-up to the 2006 Iranian Assembly of Experts election, all female candidates were disqualified.[38]

The Council disqualified many candidates in the 2008 parliamentary elections. One third of them were members of the outgoing parliament it had previously approved.[33] The Iranian Ministry of the Interior reasons for disqualification included narcotics addiction or involvement in drug-smuggling, connections to the Shah's pre-revolutionary government, lack of belief in or insufficient practice of Islam, being "against" the Islamic Republic, or having connections to foreign intelligence services.[33][39][40]

Rule by unelected leaders

This unelected Council frequently vetoes bills passed by the popularly elected legislature.[38] It repeatedly vetoes bills that are in favour of women’s rights, electoral reform, the prohibition of torture and ratification of international human rights treaties.[37]

Rigging results after elections in favor of conservatives

The Guardian Council has been criticized for ousting pro-Reform candidates who had won their elections, without providing legal justification or factual evidence. Examples of such interventions by the Guardian Council are:

Composition

The Council is composed of Islamic clerics and lawyers.[46] Membership is for phased six-year terms: half the membership changes every three years.

The Supreme Leader (Iran's Head of State) directly appoints the six clerics,[47] and may dismiss them at will.[48] The head of the judicial system of Iran nominates six lawyers for confirmation by the Majlis.[47][49]

On March 13, 2021, the Iranian Constitutional Council officially launched its English service.The English website was inaugurated during the regular monthly press briefing of the spokesman of the Constitutional Council, Abbas-Ali Kadkhodaei, in Tehran. The website, https://www.shora-gc.ir/en, has five main sections: News, Multimedia, Members, Legislation, and the Constitution.

Membership

Current members

Шаблон:Legend2 Шаблон:Col-beginШаблон:Col-break

Clerics
Name Seat up Ref
Ahmad Jannati Шаблон:Small 2028 [50]
Mehdi Shabzendedar Jahromi 2028 [50]
Mohammad-Reza Modarresi Yazdi 2028 [50]
Ahmad Hosseini Khorasani 2025 [50]
Alireza Arafi 2025 [50]
Ahmad Khatami 2025 [50]

Шаблон:Col-break

Jurists
Name Seat up Ref
Siamak Rahpeyk Шаблон:Small 2028 [50]
Abbas-Ali Kadkhodaei 2028 [50]
Kheyrollah Parvin 2028 [50]
Gholamreza Molabeygi 2025 [50]
Mohammad-Hassan Sadeghi Moghaddam 2025 [50]
Hadi Tahan Nazif Шаблон:Small 2025 [50]

Шаблон:Col-end

Historic membership

Name Period
1980–86 1986–92 1992–98 1998–04 2004–10 2010–16 2016–22 2022–Шаблон:0
Clerics Ahmad Jannati Yes
Mohammad Momen Шаблон:N/a Yes colspan="2" Шаблон:N/a
Mohammad Emami Kashani Шаблон:N/a Yes colspan="5" Шаблон:N/a
Gholamreza Rezvani Шаблон:N/a Yes colspan="3" Шаблон:N/a
Abolghasem Khazali Шаблон:N/a Yes colspan="5" Шаблон:N/a
Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi colspan="4" Шаблон:N/a Yes colspan="2" Шаблон:N/a
Abdolrahim Rabbani Shirazi Yes colspan="7" Шаблон:N/a
Lotfollah Safi Golpaygani Yes colspan="7" Шаблон:N/a
Yousef Sanei Yes colspan="7" Шаблон:N/a
Mohammad Reza Mahdavi Kani Yes colspan="7" Шаблон:N/a
Mohammad Mohammadi Gilani Шаблон:N/a Yes colspan="5" Шаблон:N/a
Reza Ostadi colspan="3" Шаблон:N/a Yes colspan="4" Шаблон:N/a
Mohammad-Hassan Ghadiri colspan="3" Шаблон:N/a Yes colspan="4" Шаблон:N/a
Hassan Taheri Khorramabadi colspan="3" Шаблон:N/a Yes colspan="4" Шаблон:N/a
Mohammad Yazdi colspan="3" Шаблон:N/a Yes colspan="2" Шаблон:N/a
Mohammad Reza Modarresi-Yazdi colspan="4" Шаблон:N/a Yes
Mohammad Mehdi Rabbani-Amlashi Yes colspan="7" Шаблон:N/a
Sadegh Larijani colspan="4" Шаблон:N/a Yes colspan="1" Шаблон:N/a Yes (until 2021) Шаблон:N/a
Mehdi Shabzendedar Jahromi colspan="5" Шаблон:N/a Yes
Alireza Arafi colspan="6" Шаблон:N/a Yes
Ahmad Khatami colspan="6" Шаблон:N/a Yes
Ahmad Hosseini Khorasani colspan="6" Шаблон:N/a Yes
Jurists Mohsen Hadavi Yes colspan="7" Шаблон:N/a
Mehdi Hadavi Yes colspan="7" Шаблон:N/a
Mohammad Salehi Yes colspan="6" Шаблон:N/a
Ali Arad Yes Шаблон:N/a Yes colspan="4" Шаблон:N/a
Hossein Mehrpour Yes colspan="6" Шаблон:N/a
Goudarz Eftekhar Jahromi Yes colspan="7" Шаблон:N/a
Jalal Madani colspan="2" Шаблон:N/a Yes colspan="5" Шаблон:N/a
Khosro Bijani Yes colspan="5" Шаблон:N/a
Hassan Fakheri Шаблон:N/a Yes colspan="5" Шаблон:N/a
Mohammad Reza Alizadeh Шаблон:N/a Yes colspan="2" Шаблон:N/a
Hassan Habibi Шаблон:N/a Yes colspan="4" Шаблон:N/a
Ahmad Alizadeh Шаблон:N/a Yes colspan="5" Шаблон:N/a
Mohammad Reza Abbasifard colspan="2" Шаблон:N/a Yes colspan="4" Шаблон:N/a
Reza Zavare'i colspan="2" Шаблон:N/a Yes colspan="4" Шаблон:N/a
Ebrahim Azizi colspan="3" Шаблон:N/a Yes colspan="3" Шаблон:N/a
Abbas-Ali Kadkhodaei colspan="4" Шаблон:N/a Yes Шаблон:N/a Yes
Gholamhossein Elham colspan="4" Шаблон:N/a Yes colspan="3" Шаблон:N/a
Abbas Ka'bi colspan="4" Шаблон:N/a Yes colspan="3" Шаблон:N/a
Mohsen Esmaeili colspan="4" Шаблон:N/a Yes colspan="2" Шаблон:N/a
Mohammad Salimi colspan="5" Шаблон:N/a Yes colspan="2" Шаблон:N/a
Siamak Rahpeyk colspan="5" Шаблон:N/a Yes
Hossein-Ali Amiri colspan="4" Шаблон:N/a Yes colspan="2" Шаблон:N/a
Sam Savadkouhi colspan="5" Шаблон:N/a Yes colspan="2" Шаблон:N/a
Nejatollah Ebrahimian colspan="5" Шаблон:N/a Yes colspan="2" Шаблон:N/a
Fazlollah Mousavi colspan="6" Шаблон:N/a Yes Шаблон:N/a
Mohammad Dehghan colspan="6" Шаблон:N/a Yes (until 2021) Шаблон:N/a
Mohammad-Hassan Sadeghi Moghaddam colspan="6" Шаблон:N/a Yes
Hadi Tahan Nazif colspan="6" Шаблон:N/a Yes
Gholamreza Molabeygi colspan="6" Шаблон:N/a Yes (from 2021) Yes
Kheyrollah Parvin colspan="7" Шаблон:N/a Yes
Note: Each period represents a six-year term from July to June and the number of members in a given period may exceed the maximum twelve-members quota because of the random rotations prescribed in the law.[51]

See also

Шаблон:Portal

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:National election commissions Шаблон:Unicameral legislature of Islamic Republic of Iran

Шаблон:Coord

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ Article 98 of the constitution
  5. ↑ Articles 96 and 94 of the constitution.
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 Article 99 of the constitution
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 The Guardian Council Expands Power: Election Monitoring Boards, Arseh Sevom, Arseh Sevom, Feb 18, 2020. Retrieved February 24, 2020.
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/factbox-irans-2020-parliamentary-elections/, Arash Azizi, Atlantic Council, February 14, 2020. Retrieved February 24, 2020.
  11. ↑ Whose Iran?, Laura Secor, The New York Times, January 28, 2007. Retrieved September 22, 2008.
  12. ↑ Iran: Voices Struggling To Be Heard, U.S. Department of State Fact Sheet, April 9, 2004. Retrieved September 22, 2008.
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  15. ↑ Khatami reluctant to discuss candidacy Шаблон:Webarchive, Maryam Sinaiee, The National, September 21, 2008.
  16. ↑ Split hard-liners hold Iran parliament, AP via USA Today, March 16, 2008.
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  18. ↑ IRANIAN LEGISLATURE APPROVES FUNDS FOR GASOLINE IMPORTS Шаблон:Webarchive provides an example the need for approval of the Guardian Council.
  19. ↑ Article 4 Шаблон:Webarchive
  20. ↑ Article 112 Шаблон:Webarchive
  21. ↑ Article 98 Шаблон:Webarchive
  22. ↑ Article 110 Clause 9 Шаблон:Webarchive
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  24. ↑ Article 99 Шаблон:Webarchive
  25. ↑ خانه ملت Шаблон:Webarchive
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  28. ↑ Mellat Electronic Newspaper Шаблон:Webarchive
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  30. ↑ 30,0 30,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  31. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web Шаблон:Cbignore
  32. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web Шаблон:Dead link
  33. ↑ 33,0 33,1 33,2 The Revolutionary Guards' Role in Iranian Politics Шаблон:Webarchive, Ali Alfoneh, Middle East Quarterly, Fall 2008; accessed via AEI's website on September 22, 2008.
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  37. ↑ 37,0 37,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  38. ↑ 38,0 38,1 The Iranian Regime: Human Rights and Civil Liberties Under Siege, U.S. State Department Fact Sheet, April 18, 2007. Retrieved September 23, 2008.
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  40. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  41. ↑ 41,0 41,1 Шаблон:Citation
  42. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  43. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  44. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  45. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  46. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  47. ↑ 47,0 47,1 Article 91 Шаблон:Webarchive
  48. ↑ Article 110 Шаблон:Webarchive
  49. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  50. ↑ 50,00 50,01 50,02 50,03 50,04 50,05 50,06 50,07 50,08 50,09 50,10 50,11 Шаблон:Cite web
  51. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:Guardian_Council&oldid=15051574