Английская Википедия:Halden Prison
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Good article Шаблон:Infobox prison Halden Prison (Шаблон:Lang-no) is a maximum-security prison in Halden, Norway. It has three main units and has no conventional security devices. The third-largest prison in Norway, it was established in 2010 with a focus on rehabilitation; its design simulates life outside the prison. Among other activities, sports and music are available to the prisoners, who interact with the unarmed staff to create a sense of community. Praised for its humane conditions, Halden Prison has received the Arnstein Arneberg Award for its interior design in 2010 and been the subject of a documentary, but has also received criticism for being too liberal.
Overview
Located in Halden, Østfold, Norway,[1] Halden Prison was built for over 10 years at a cost of 1.5 billion Norwegian kroner ($252 million/£138 million/€150 million).[2][3] The prison received its first inmates on March 1, 2010[4] and was officially opened on April 8 by the Norwegian King Harald V.[5] It is Norway's second-largest prison[6] with a capacity of 248–252 prisonersШаблон:Efn and a site of Шаблон:Convert.[2]
As a maximum-security prison,[6] it hosts both dangerous and highly dangerous criminals,[7] such as rapists, murderers, and drug dealers.[3] They compose half of the population, while a third of the residents are drug offenders.[8] Sex offenders, who may face violence from other inmates, and prisoners who require close psychiatric or medical supervision, are located in Unit A, a restrictive and separated area.[8][3] There is also a special unit (C8) focused on addiction recovery.[8] Most inmates live in Units B and C, which are freer and have mixed cell blocks.[8] Halden Prison receives both domestic and international criminals; as only around three-fifths of the prisoners are Norwegians (as of 2015),[8] both Norwegian and English are used, and the prison has English teachers.[3] However, fluency in Norwegian is a requirement to live in C8, because group and individual counseling is conducted in Norwegian.[8]
There are no conventional security devices, such as barbed tape, electric fences, towers, or snipers.[8] However, there is safety glass,[9] a Шаблон:Cvt concrete and steel wall,[6][9] and a system of tunnels which guards use to walk through the prison.[6] Although there are surveillance cameras on the prison grounds, they are not present in the cells, the cell hallways, the common rooms, the classrooms, and most of the workshops.[8] While there is little violence reported, almost exclusively in Unit A, officers try to prevent it.[8] If two inmates have a dispute, they engage in a mediation session under staff supervision.[8] If mediation fails, repeated misbehavior or rule violations are punished with cell confinement or prison transference.[8][10]
Design
The prison was designed by the Danish group Erik Møller Architects and the Norwegian HLM Arkitektur AS,[11][12] selected in a competition held by the Department of Justice and the Norwegian Directorate of Public Construction and Property to determine the designers of the building.[8][13]
With a focus on rehabilitation, it was designed to simulate a village so that the prisoners can consider themselves part of society.[6] The government believes that "the smaller the difference between life inside and outside the prison, the easier the transition from prison to freedom."[6] Interiors are painted and designed to demarcate the differences between home, school, and the workplace.[14] In designing the prison's interiors, the architects tried to separate the internal buildings to have prisoners walking, to strengthen their bond with the outside world.[8] The hallways are tiled with Moroccan tiles or have large-scale photographs, such as daffodils or Parisian streets.[3]
Exteriors are composed of bricks, galvanized steel, and larch wood, instead of concrete.[6] The black and red kiln-fired bricks were inspired by the trees, mosses, and bedrock of the surroundings.[8] Natural life, including birch, blueberry, and pine trees, also contribute to rehabilitation.[8][10] The steel, a "hard" material, symbolizes detention, while the larch, a "soft" material, stands for rehabilitation and growth.[8] The yard walls and toilet doors are decorated by a graffiti painting by the Norwegian artist Dolk,[13] which was ordered by the prison from its 6 million kroner ($1 million/£640,000) art budget.[3][6]
All aspects of the prison's design aim to avoid psychological pressures, conflicts, and interpersonal friction.[8] Despite this, the prison wall was designed for security.[8] As the wall is visible everywhere, it was seen as a "symbol and an instrument" of "[the prisoners'] punishment, taking away their freedom", according to Gudrun Molden, one of its architects.[8]
Prison life
Each prison cell is Шаблон:Convert and has a flat-screen television, desk, mini-fridge, toilet with shower, and unbarred vertical window that lets in more light.[2][3][10] Every 10–12 cells share a common area with a kitchen and a living room;[2][15] the kitchen has stainless steel silverware, porcelain plates, and a dining table, and the living room has a modular couch and a video game system.[8][15][16] While the prison provides food, the prisoners can also buy ingredients at its grocery shop and cook their own meals.[8][3] Inmates are locked in their cells twelve hours a day, but they are encouraged to maximize their time outside.[6][10] Prisoners have an incentive of 53 kroner ($9/£5.60) a day to leave their cells.[3][17] Are Høidal, the prison's governor, stated that the fewer activities the prisoners have, the more aggressive they become.[3] There is an "Activities House",[9] and from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m, there are practices on jogging trails and a football field, while wood working, cooking, and music classes are also offered.[2][6] At the mixing studio, the inmates may record music and a monthly program broadcast by the local radio station.[3] A library with books, magazines, CDs and DVDs; a gym with a rock-climbing wall; and a chapel are also available.[10][16][18] Prisoners even receive questionnaires asking how their prison experience can be improved.[2]
Inmates are allowed to receive their families, partners, or friends privately twice a week for two hours.[19] Individual rooms containing a sofa, sink, and cupboard with sheets, towels, and condoms are available for single-person visits.[19] For those with families, a larger room with toys and baby-changing facilities is available.[19] Inmates are checked after visits, and if illegal items are found, prisoners can lose their rights to private visits.[19] This right is denied to high risk criminals and visitors with histories of drug offenses.[19] There is also a separated, chalet-style house where prisoners can receive visits from family members and stay with them for 24 hours.[2][3][19] The house has a small kitchen, two bedrooms, a bathroom, a living room with a dining table, a sofa, and a television, as well as an outdoor play area with toys.[19] Foreigners are not allowed in and inmates have to complete a child-development education program to have 24-hour-long visits.[19] During visits, staff make regular checks on the prisoners and their families.[19]
Staff
As of 2012, Halden had 340 staff members, including teachers, healthcare workers, personal trainers, and guards (who also work as social workers due to their 2 year course that they have to take before becoming a guard).[3][20] The philosophy of "dynamic security", which encourages the staff and the inmates to develop interpersonal relationships, helps prevent potential aggression and guarantees safety.[8] Guards eat meals and play sports with the inmates, and are typically unarmed because guns can produce intimidation and social distance.[2] The interaction between prisoners and the staff is designed "to create a sense of family," according to architect Per Hojgaard Nielsen,[6] and because the staff can be role models to help the inmates to recreate their sense of daily routine, for application outside of prison walls once their sentence is over.[9] Half the guards are women, as Høidal thinks it minimizes aggression.[2] The guard stations were also designed to be tiny and cramped, to encourage officers to interact more with the inmates.[8]
Impact
Halden city's inhabitants view the prison as a chance to find employment rather than a bad thing.[6] Nina Margareta Høie of the web magazine The Nordic Page stated that the prison is "known for having the most humanly conditions in Europe,"[21] while William Lee James of Time and Amelia Gentleman from The Guardian called it the world's "most humane prison."[2][3] The BBC reported that the design of Scottish prison HMP Grampian was inspired by Halden.[22] Architect group Bryden Wood, which are the team responsible for the redesign of HMP Wellingborough, looked after Halden as they considered it one of "world-leading examples" of how a rehabilitation-focused prison should be.[23]
In 2010, Halden Prison was shortlisted for the World Architecture Festival Awards,[24] and its interior design earned the Arnstein Arneberg Award.[1][25] In 2014, as part of Wim Wenders' 3D documentary series Cathedrals of Culture, Michael Madsen directed a short film exploring how the prison's design and architecture influence the re-socialization process.[26][27] That same year, another film on Halden Prison was produced: The Norden, a television film produced by the Finnish Broadcasting Company, explored the reactions of James Conway, a former superintendent at New York's Attica Correctional Facility, during a prison tour.[28][29] Conway affirmed: "This is prison utopia. I don't think you can go any more liberal — other than giving the inmates the keys."[29] In his 2015 documentary Where to Invade Next, filmmaker Michael Moore presented Halden Prison as an example of how the USA should manage its prison system.[30]
However, the conservative, right-wing populist Progress Party has criticized Halden Prison.[6][7] When foreigners in Norwegian prisons increased from 8.6 percent in 2000 to 34.2 percent in 2014,[31] Per Sandberg, former deputy leader of the party, attributed this to "Halden's high standard", arguing that Halden's facilities should be reserved for Norwegian citizens.[6] The party also contended that Halden's quality of life is "better than in many nursing and retirement homes".[7] British Channel 5 broadcast a 45-minute documentary about Halden titled World's Most Luxurious Prison in November 2020.Шаблон:Efn It was presented by conservative politician Ann Widdecombe, who mostly criticized it and said a prison should not be like "normal life".[32]
See also
- Bastøy Prison
- Egalitarianism
- Haren Prison, a large modern prison on the edge of Brussels that opened in 2022.
- List of countries by incarceration rate
Notes
References
External links
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,7 2,8 2,9 Шаблон:Cite magazine
- ↑ 3,00 3,01 3,02 3,03 3,04 3,05 3,06 3,07 3,08 3,09 3,10 3,11 3,12 3,13 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 6,00 6,01 6,02 6,03 6,04 6,05 6,06 6,07 6,08 6,09 6,10 6,11 6,12 6,13 Шаблон:Cite magazine
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 8,00 8,01 8,02 8,03 8,04 8,05 8,06 8,07 8,08 8,09 8,10 8,11 8,12 8,13 8,14 8,15 8,16 8,17 8,18 8,19 8,20 8,21 8,22 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 9,3 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 10,3 10,4 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 13,0 13,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 15,0 15,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 16,0 16,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 19,0 19,1 19,2 19,3 19,4 19,5 19,6 19,7 19,8 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 29,0 29,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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