Английская Википедия:Hallucinogenic fish

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Файл:Sarpa salpa .jpg
Ingesting the dreamfish Sarpa salpa can result in hallucinations that last for several days.

Several species of fish are claimed to produce hallucinogenic effects when consumed, a condition known as ichthyoallyeinotoxism. For example, Sarpa salpa, a species of sea bream referred to as the "dream-fish", is commonly claimed to be hallucinogenic.[1][2] These widely distributed coastal fish are normally found in the Mediterranean and around the Iberian Peninsula, west to the Azores and along the west and south coasts of Africa.[3] Occasionally they are found in British or more northerly waters.[4] They may induce hallucinogenic effects similar to LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) if eaten.[5] However, based on the reports of exposure they are more likely to resemble hallucinogenic effects of deliriants than the effects of serotonergic psychedelics such as LSD. In 2006, two men who apparently ate the fish experienced hallucinations lasting for several days (an effect common with some naturally occurring deliriants).[6][7] The likelihood of hallucinations depends on the season.[8][9] Sarpa salpa is known as "the fish that makes dreams" in Arabic.[6]

Other species claimed to be capable of producing hallucinations include several species of sea chub from the genus Kyphosus.[6] It is unclear whether the toxins are produced by the fish themselves or by marine algae in their diet. Other hallucinogenic fish are Siganus spinus,[10] called "the fish that inebriates" in Reunion Island, and Mulloidichthys flavolineatus (formerly Mulloidichthys samoensis),[11] called "the chief of ghosts" in Hawaii.[12]

Cause of hallucinations

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The active agent(s) that cause hallucinations in humans, and the origin of these agents, are not clear. Some authors think they could come from toxins associated with macroalgae that accumulate in the flesh of the fish. Toxins from the green algae Caulerpa prolifera in the Mediterranean Sea appear to be implicated,[13] as is the seagrass Posidonia oceanica.[8] When herbivores eat seagrass leaves they ingest algal epiphytes and toxic dinoflagellates that live on the seagrass leaves.[14] The German anthropologist Christian Rätsch thinks that dreamfish might contain the hallucinogen DMT.[15]

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Hallucinogenic species

Fish species reported as hallucinogenic
Diet Family Image Species Common name Max length Reported locations[6] Notes Other sources
Herbivores Clown and damselfishes Файл:Abudefduf septemfasciatus.jpg Abudefduf septemfasciatus Banded sergeant Шаблон:Center Gilbert Islands[16] [17][18]
Rabbitfish Файл:Siganus argenteus.jpg Siganus argenteus Streamlined spinefoot Шаблон:Center Mauritius[19] [20][21]
Файл:Siganus corallinus.jpg Siganus corallinus Blue-spotted spinefoot Шаблон:Center Mauritius[19] [22][23]
Файл:Siganus luridus Karpathos 02.jpg Siganus luridus Dusky spinefoot Шаблон:Center Israel[24][25] [26][27]
Файл:Siganus rivulatus.jpg Siganus rivulatus Marbled spinefoot Шаблон:Center Mauritius[19]
Israel (suspected)[28] 		[29][30]
Файл:Siganus spinus.jpg Siganus spinus Little spinefoot Шаблон:Center Réunion island[31] [10][32]
Sea breams Файл:Sarpa salpa .jpg Sarpa salpa Salema Шаблон:Center Tunisia[33]
France[34]
Israel[28][35] 		[3][36]
Sea chub Файл:Kyphosus cinerascens Day.png Kyphosus cinerascens Blue sea chub Шаблон:Center Hawaii[37] [38][39]
Файл:Kyphosus vaigiensis by NPS.jpg Kyphosus vaigiensis Brassy chub Шаблон:Center Hawaii[37] [40][41]
Файл:Kyphosus bigibbus.jpg Kyphosus bigibbus Brown chub Шаблон:Center Norfolk Island[42] Formerly Kyphosus fuscus [43][44]
Surgeon fish Файл:Convict Surgeonfish, Acanthurus triostegus.jpg Acanthurus triostegus Convict surgeonfish Шаблон:Center Hawaii[37] [45][46]
Omnivores Goatfish Файл:Mulloidichthys flavolineatus Day.png Mulloidichthys flavolineatus Yellowstripe goatfish Шаблон:Center Hawaii[47][48][49] Formerly Mulloidichthys samoensis.[50]
Called "the chief of ghosts" in Hawaii[12][51] 		[11][52]
Файл:Upeneus arge.JPG Upeneus taeniopterus Finstripe goatfish Шаблон:Center Hawaii[47][48][49] Formerly Upeneus arge [53][54]
Mullet Файл:Mugil cephalus.jpg Mugil cephalus Flathead grey mullet Шаблон:Center Hawaii[47] [55][56]
Файл:MyxusLeuciscusFord.jpg Neomyxus leuciscus Acute-jawed mullet Шаблон:Center Hawaii[47] Formerly Neomyxus chaptalli [57][58]
Carnivores Groupers Файл:Coral grouper (Epinephelus corallicola).jpg Epinephelus corallicola Coral grouper Шаблон:Center Gilbert Islands[16] [59][60]

Ichthyoallyeinotoxism

Шаблон:Main

Ichthyoallyeinotoxism, or hallucinogenic fish inebriation, is a clinical syndrome that refers to a hallucinogenic inebriation of a distressing nature that can arise from consuming hallucinogenic fish. It is characterised by "psychologic disturbances of hallucination and depression. Gastrointestinal disturbance may occur".[61] "Ichthyoallyeinotoxism is a kind of ichthysarcotoxism (fish flesh poisoning) responsible of an unusual clinical feature: it is the unique case of central nervous system ichthyotoxicity. The most frequent signs are dizziness, loss of co-ordination and hallucinations."[13]

Ichthyoallyeinotoxism may result from eating the flesh or the head of the fish where the poison is reputedly concentrated. This biotoxication is sporadic and unpredictable in its occurrence. The poison affects primarily the central nervous system. The symptoms may develop within a few minutes to 2 hours and persist for 24 hours or longer. Symptoms are dizziness, loss of equilibrium, lack of motor coordination, hallucinations and mental depression. A common complaint of the victim is that "someone is sitting on my chest", or there is a sensation of a tight construction around the chest. The conviction that he is going to die, or some other frightening phantasy, is a characteristic part of the clinical picture. Other complaints consist of itching, burning of the throat, muscular weakness and abdominal distress. No fatalities have been reported, and in comparison with other forms of ichthyosarcotoxism, hallucinogenic fish poisoning is relatively mild... Ordinary cooking procedures do not destroy the poison.[62]

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Diversity of fish

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:FishBase species
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 Шаблон:Cite journal
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 Шаблон:FishBase species
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 Шаблон:FishBase species
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 de Haro, L., Prost, N., Arditti, J., David, J. M., & Jouglard, J. (1998) "Ichthyoallyeinotoxism: a rare pathology" Toxicon, 36 (12): 1738–1739.
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  15. ↑ Pickover, Clifford A (2005) [ Sex, Drugs, Einstein, and Elves] Chapter 1, page 9, Smart Publications. Шаблон:ISBN.
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 Cooper MJ (1964) "Ciguatera and other marine poisoning in the Gilbert Islands", Pacific Science, 18 (4): 411–440.
  17. ↑ Abudefduf septemfasciatus: Sevenband Damselfish Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  18. ↑ Шаблон:FishBase species
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 19,2 Halstead BW, Cox KM (1973) "An investigation on fish poisoning in Mauritius", Proc Roy Soc Arts Sci Mauritius, 4 (2): 1–26.
  20. ↑ Siganus argenteus: Yellowspotted Spinefoot Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  21. ↑ Шаблон:FishBase species
  22. ↑ Siganus corallinus: Blue-spotted spinefoot Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  23. ↑ Шаблон:FishBase species
  24. ↑ Raikhlin-Eisenkraft B and Bentur Y (2002) "Rabbitfish ("Aras"). An unusual source of ciguatera poisoning" Israeli Medical Association Journal, 4: 28–30.
  25. ↑ Herzberg A (1973) "Toxicity of Siganus luridus (Ruppell) on the Mediterranean Coast of Israël" Aquaculture, 2: 89–91.
  26. ↑ Siganus luridus: Squaretail Rabbitfish Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  27. ↑ Шаблон:FishBase species
  28. ↑ 28,0 28,1 Spanier E, Finkelstein Y and Raikhlin-Eisenkraft B (1989) "Toxicity of the saupe, Sarpa salpa (Linnaeus, 1758), on the Mediterranean coast of Israel" Шаблон:Webarchive Journal of Fish Biology, 34: 635–636. Шаблон:Doi
  29. ↑ Siganus rivulatus: Squaretail Rabbitfish Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  30. ↑ Шаблон:FishBase species
  31. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  32. ↑ Siganus spinus: Little spinefoot Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  33. ↑ Chevaldonne P (1990) "Ciguatera and the saupe, Sarpa salpa (L.), in the Mediterranean: a possible misinterpretation" Journal of fish biology, 37: 503–504. Шаблон:Doi
  34. ↑ de Haro L, Treffot MJ, Jouglard J and Perringué C (1993) "Trois cas d'intoxication de type ciguatérique après ingestion de Sparidae de Méditerranée", Ictyophysiologica Acta, 16: 133–146.
  35. ↑ Raikhlin-Eisenkraft B, Finkelstein Y, Spanier E (1988) "Ciguatera-like poisoning in the Mediterranean" Vet Hum Toxicol, 30 (6): 582–583.
  36. ↑ Sarpa salpa: Salema porgy Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  37. ↑ 37,0 37,1 37,2 Helfrich P (1963) "Fish Poisoning in Hawaii Hawaii Medical Journal, 22 (5): 361–372.
  38. ↑ Kyphosus cinerascens: Blue Seachub Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  39. ↑ Шаблон:FishBase species
  40. ↑ Kyphosus vaigiensis: Lowfinned Drummer Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  41. ↑ Шаблон:FishBase species
  42. ↑ Roughly TC, Roberts BJ (1960) "Bounty descendant live on remote Norfolk Island" Шаблон:Webarchive National Geographic Magazine, 116 (6): 575.
  43. ↑ Kyphosus bigibbus: Striped Drummer Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  44. ↑ Шаблон:FishBase species
  45. ↑ Acanthurus triostegus: Convict Tang Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  46. ↑ Шаблон:FishBase species
  47. ↑ 47,0 47,1 47,2 47,3 Helfrich P, Banner A. (1960) "Hallucinatory mullet poisoning" Шаблон:Webarchive Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1: 86–89.
  48. ↑ 48,0 48,1 Jordan DS, Evermann BW and Tanaka S (1927) "Notes on new or rare fishes from Hawaii", Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 16 (20): 649–680.
  49. ↑ 49,0 49,1 Randall JE (1958) "A review of ciguatera, tropical fish poisoning, with tentative explanation of its cause", Bulletin of Marine Science Gulf Caribbean, 8 (3): 236–267.
  50. ↑ Шаблон:FishBase species
  51. ↑ Titcomb, Margaret (1951) "Memoir: Native use of fish in Hawaii" Journal of the Polynesian Society, 60" 1–146.
  52. ↑ Mulloides flavolineatus: Yellowstripe goatfish Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  53. ↑ Upeneus arge: Bandtail Goatfish Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  54. ↑ Шаблон:FishBase species
  55. ↑ Mugil cephalus: Striped Mullet Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  56. ↑ Шаблон:FishBase species
  57. ↑ Neomyxus leuciscus: Brown Mullet Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  58. ↑ Шаблон:FishBase species
  59. ↑ Epinephelus corallicola: Malabar Grouper Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  60. ↑ Шаблон:FishBase species
  61. ↑ Report of the Seminar on Ichthyosarcotoxism Papeete 1968, South Pacific Commission.
  62. ↑ R Bagnis R, F Berglund, PS Elias, GJ van Esch, BW Halstead and K Kojima (1970) "Problems of Toxicants in Marine Food Products: 1. Marine biotoxins" Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 42: 69–88.
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