Английская Википедия:Hannya
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Italic title
The Шаблон:Nihongo is a mask used in Japanese Noh theater, representing a jealous female demon. It is characterized by two sharp bull-like horns, metallic eyes, and a leering mouth.[1] In Noh plays, the type of mask changes according to the degree of jealousy, resentment, and anger of the female characters. The Шаблон:Transliteration is a mask that represents a female Шаблон:Nihongo3 even more resentful, jealous, and angry than the Шаблон:Nihongo, a woman on the verge of becoming a demoness.[2][3]
The Шаблон:Transliteration is also called Шаблон:Nihongo. The Шаблон:Nihongo, also called Шаблон:Nihongo, is a mask that represents the appearance of a female Шаблон:Nihongo3 that is even more intense than the Шаблон:Transliteration. These masks, which represent the jealousy, resentment, and anger of female demons, are classified as Шаблон:Nihongo3 masks.[3]
It is said that there are now more than 250 types of Noh masks, but the oldest historical record of Noh masks, Шаблон:Transliteration, mentions only about 14 types of masks, and the name Шаблон:Transliteration is not found among them.[4] However, the Шаблон:Transliteration records a performance of the Noh play Шаблон:Transliteration, and it is possible that snake-like demoness masks such as Шаблон:Transliteration were used.[5]
The differentiation of mask types seems to have progressed in the 16th century, and the name Шаблон:Transliteration appears in the works of Shimoma Nakataka, a monk, samurai and Noh actor active from the 1580s to the 1610s.[4]
Etymology
The word Шаблон:Nihongo is a Japanese phonetic transcription of the Sanskrit word Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang), meaning 'wisdom of the Buddha'.[6] There are several hypotheses as to why the mask used in Noh, which represents a vengeful spirit expressing female jealousy and resentment, was named Шаблон:Transliteration.[7] According to the first hypothesis, the mask was named Шаблон:Transliteration because it is said to have been perfected by Шаблон:Nihongo, a Japanese monk of the Bunmei era (1469–1487).[7][8][1] The second hypothesis is that it was named after the line Шаблон:Nihongo3 in the Noh play Шаблон:Transliteration.[7] The Шаблон:Transliteration in this line refers to the voice reciting the Heart Sutra, which repels evil spirits.[9] An alternative explanation is that the artist would need a great deal of wisdom (Шаблон:Transliteration) in order to create this mask.[8]
Characteristics
The Шаблон:Transliteration mask is used in many Noh and Шаблон:Transliteration plays, as well as in Shinto ritual Шаблон:Transliteration dances.[10] The Шаблон:Transliteration mask portrays the souls of women who have become demons due to obsession or jealousy, similar to the Buddhist concept of a hungry ghost. Plays in which a person may wear the Шаблон:Transliteration mask include Шаблон:Transliteration and Шаблон:Transliteration; its use in these two plays, two of the most famous of the Noh repertoire, and its distinctive and frightening appearance make it one of the most recognizable Noh masks.[8][1]
The Шаблон:Transliteration mask is said to be demonic and dangerous but also sorrowful and tormented, displaying the complexity of human emotions. When the actor looks straight ahead, the mask appears frightening and angry; when tilted slightly down, the face of the demon appears to be sorrowful, as though crying. The ability to change the expression of the mask through use of perspective is a feature commonly seen in Noh theatre.[11]
Шаблон:Transliteration masks appear in various skin tones: a white mask indicates a woman with a refined character (such as the aristocratic Lady Rokujō in Шаблон:Transliteration), a red mask depicts a less refined character (like the spirit of peasant girl seen in Шаблон:Transliteration), and the darkest red depicts true demons (revealed after appearing as women, as in Шаблон:Transliteration and Шаблон:Transliteration).[12][13]
Plays associated with Шаблон:Transliteration
- Шаблон:Transliteration – worn by the Lady Rokujō in her second-half appearance as a demon.[8][1]
- Шаблон:Transliteration – can be worn by the dancing woman in her second-half appearance as a snake, though the Шаблон:Nihongo mask is also used.[8][1]
- Шаблон:Transliteration – The story is about a woman who appears to Nichiren and reveals her true identity as a giant snake, but is transformed into a heavenly maiden by the Nichiren's recitation of sutras. In the scene where the serpent transforms into a heavenly maiden, Шаблон:Transliteration appears wearing a woman's (Шаблон:Transliteration) mask overlaid with Шаблон:Transliteration mask, and removes the Шаблон:Transliteration mask in the middle of the scene.[14]
- Шаблон:Transliteration – the story of a woman who is divorced from her husband and becomes a demon, cursing him and his future wife, but is repelled by the prayers of Abe no Seimei.[14]
- Шаблон:Transliteration (known in the Kanze school as Шаблон:Transliteration) – worn by the spinning woman of Adachigahara after she is revealed to be a demon.[8][1]
- Шаблон:Transliteration – can be worn by the noblewoman after she is revealed to be a demon.[8][1]
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Шаблон:Transliteration. Ukiyo-e print by Kōgyo Tsukioka.
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Шаблон:Transliteration. Painted by Kōgyo Tsukioka.
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Шаблон:Transliteration. Scene of confrontation between a demoness and two monks. Ukiyo-e print by Kōgyo Tsukioka.
Masks similar to Шаблон:Transliteration
In Noh plays, the type of mask changes according to the degree of jealousy, resentment, and anger of the female characters.
The Шаблон:Nihongo and Шаблон:Nihongo masks described below are each classified as a separate mask type, while the Шаблон:Nihongo, Шаблон:Nihongo, Шаблон:Nihongo, and Шаблон:Nihongo masks are classified as Шаблон:Nihongo3 masks. The Шаблон:Nihongo mask type is a type of Шаблон:Transliteration mask and is used exclusively in the Шаблон:Nihongo performance.[15]
The Шаблон:Nihongo mask is a mask that represents the first stage of a woman's transformation into a demoness as her emotions begin to rise. The gold-painted eyes and tooth tips on the masks indicate that the women have already begun the transformation from human to Шаблон:Nihongo3 or Шаблон:Nihongo3. It is used in the Noh plays Шаблон:Transliteration and Шаблон:Transliteration.[16][17] The Шаблон:Transliteration mask is also used as a mask that is not associated with a woman's resentment, jealousy, or anger, but simply represents that she has gone from human to supernatural beings. For example, in the Шаблон:Nihongo and Шаблон:Nihongo performances, the mask is used to represent a woman who has become a dragoness or a bodhisattva.[18]
The Шаблон:Nihongo mask is painted red from the eyes down, and has more disheveled hair and more prominent golden eyes than the Шаблон:Transliteration mask. These features of the mask indicate that the woman has a strong desire for revenge. It is used in the Noh plays Шаблон:Transliteration and Шаблон:Transliteration.[19][15]
The Шаблон:Nihongo mask represents a woman in the process of becoming a demoness, with short horns sprouting from both sides of her forehead. Compared to the Шаблон:Transliteration, the Шаблон:Transliteration mask represents the psychological state of a woman who is still emotionally attached to her husband. Шаблон:Transliteration is used exclusively as a mask for the Noh play Шаблон:Transliteration.[2][18]
The mask that represents a woman who has become a demoness is Шаблон:Transliteration, and Шаблон:Transliteration is also called Шаблон:Transliteration or Шаблон:Nihongo in contrast to Шаблон:Transliteration.[3]
The mask that represents a demoness who becomes even more furious and looks like a snake is a Шаблон:Nihongo, meaning 'snake', and the one that is even more furious is Шаблон:Nihongo, meaning 'true snake'. These masks are sometimes called Шаблон:Nihongo in contrast to Шаблон:Transliteration and Шаблон:Transliteration.[3] The masks of Шаблон:Transliteration and Шаблон:Transliteration have tongues peeking out of their mouths, and some masks have no ears, making them look more like snakes than humans.[20] In Buddhism, a person who hindered enlightenment was sometimes likened to a poisonous snake. While women, unlike men, were regarded as beings incapable of attaining enlightenment, they were often likened to demoness or poisonous or evil snakes, and when their desires were not satisfied, they were believed to kill people in order to take revenge.[21] In some schools, Шаблон:Transliteration or Шаблон:Transliteration is used as an alternative mask to Шаблон:Transliteration in Шаблон:Transliteration.[20]
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Шаблон:Transliteration mask at the Tokyo National Museum. Edo period, 1600s. Important Cultural Property.
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Шаблон:Transliteration mask at the Tokyo National Museum. Edo period, 1600s.
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Шаблон:Transliteration mask at the Tokyo National Museum. Edo period, 1700s or 1800s.
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Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Transliteration) mask at the Tokyo National Museum. Edo period, 1600s or 1700s.
Шаблон:Transliteration in Шаблон:Transliteration
Шаблон:Transliteration also appears in Шаблон:Transliteration, a puppet theater that began in the Edo period. The Japan Arts Council (ja) lists 129 types of puppet heads, and Шаблон:Transliteration is one of them.[22] A puppet head of the Шаблон:Transliteration type can also represent Шаблон:Transliteration. The Шаблон:Transliteration is equipped with a device that allows the puppet to change its facial expression instantly by pulling a string. In this way, a single head can represent the transformation of a beautiful woman into Шаблон:Transliteration. When the puppeteer pulls the string attached to the Шаблон:Transliteration, the puppet with the face of a beautiful woman is transformed into a terrifying Шаблон:Transliteration with golden horns, large golden eyes, a mouth that reaches to the ears, and fangs.[23][24] Шаблон:-
In popular culture
- In the 1964 Japanese horror film Шаблон:Transliteration, an older woman wears a Шаблон:Transliteration mask after stealing it from a samurai.
- The 1975 Japanese experimental short film Шаблон:Transliteration depicts a figure in an outdoor environment, wearing a robe and a Шаблон:Transliteration mask.[25][26]
- Шаблон:Nihongo, a stop-motion short film by Kihachirō Kawamoto, features an Шаблон:Transliteration with the face of a Шаблон:Transliteration.[27]
- In the mobile game Шаблон:Transliteration, the character Hannya is a Шаблон:Transliteration who has a Шаблон:Transliteration mask on his forehead and another on his back.
- In the manga and anime Rurouni Kenshin, a character named Hannya wears one of these masks and it is his namesake.
- In the Yakuza video game series, the character Goro Majima has a large tattoo of a Шаблон:Transliteration on his back. He also has an alter-ego, Hannya-Man, in Шаблон:Transliteration, that wears a Шаблон:Transliteration mask.
- In a Detective Conan anime-only case, a woman who killed the people who drove her sister to suicide used the Шаблон:Transliteration as a murder motif. The Шаблон:Transliteration legend also influences a local tradition that follows the story of two envious girls who set up another named Ohana to be executed so they can steal her various kimono, but end up murdered by Ohana's vengeful soul, reborn as an immortal demon.
- In the 1995 platform game Mega Man 7, the boss of the third Wily Fortress stage is HannyaNED², a Шаблон:Transliteration-shaped flying robot Dr. Wily had found frozen in a glacier and that swore loyalty to him after being rescued.
- In the 1998 survival horror video game Clock Tower II: The Struggle Within, a character named George Maxwell wears a Шаблон:Transliteration mask while wielding a large hatchet, implying when he was infected with a parasitic bacteria and became insane, he concealed his face with the mask.
- In 2011 the game Team Fortress 2 in collaboration with Total War: Shogun 2 featured a cosmetic item called Noh Mercy.
- In the 2013 video game Tomb Raider there are three masks that can be found but one of them is called Hannya Mask which is founded during Lara Croft's adventures in the fictional area of the Dragon's Tooth. It can be found at Coastal Forest. Further examining the mask will give the player that this mask has traces of white paint inside indicating whoever used it was of noble birth.
- In the 2014 video game The Battle Cats there is a boss that wears a Hannya mask, and is called "Hannya"
- In the 2019 action adventure video game Sekiro: Shadows Die Twice, one of the bosses named the Corrupted Monk wears a Шаблон:Transliteration mask to conceal her true face. She is based on the story of Yao Bikuni and the Ningyo and bears a likeness to her story, being an immortal monk who gained immortality due to eating a type of meat.
- In the 2019 gacha mobile-game Arknights, one of the characters named Hoshiguma - a defender operator has a triange-like shield named Hannya.
- In the 2022 action-adventure video game Ghostwire: Tokyo, the main antagonists conceals their identities with Шаблон:Transliteration masks.
- The popular Vocaloid producer Masa Works Design referenced hannya in a lot of his series. His most notable inclusion of hannyas is in the Sister's Story series, where the main characters (or character) are referred to as a hannya split in two.
See also
References
External links
- Netsuke: masterpieces from the Metropolitan Museum of Art, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains many examples of Hannya
- [https://tattoogunmachine.com/hannya-mask-tattoo/ Hannya Mask Tattoo Meaning): Unveiling The Symbolism And Significance
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 8,3 8,4 8,5 8,6 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 14,0 14,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 15,0 15,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 18,0 18,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 20,0 20,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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