Английская Википедия:Hanseatic League

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Multiple issues Шаблон:Infobox geopolitical organisation The Hanseatic LeagueШаблон:Efn was a medieval commercial and defensive network of merchant guilds and market towns in Central and Northern Europe. Growing from a few North German towns in the late 12th century, the League expanded between the 13th and 15th centuries and ultimately encompassed nearly 200 settlements across eight modern-day countries, ranging from Estonia in the north and east, to the Netherlands in the west, and extended inland as far as Cologne, the Prussian regions and Kraków, Poland.

The League began as a collection of loosely associated groups of German traders and various towns aiming to expand their mutual commercial interests, including protection against robbery. Over time, these arrangements evolved into the Hanseatic League, offering traders toll privileges and protection on both affiliated territory and their trade routes. Growing economic interdependence and familial connections among influential merchant families led to deeper political integration and the removal of trade barriers. This gradual process also saw the emergence of standardized trade regulations among Hanseatic Cities.

During its zenith, the Hanseatic League dominated maritime trade in the North and Baltic Seas. It established a network of trading outposts in numerous towns and cities, notable among them the Kontors in London (known as the Steelyard), Bruges, Bergen, and Novgorod, which became extraterritorial entities that enjoyed considerable legal autonomy. Hanseatic merchants, commonly referred to as Hansards, operated in basic private companies and were widely known for their access to a variety of commodities, and enjoyed privileges and protections abroad. The collective economic power made the League capable of imposing blockades and even waging war against kingdoms and principalities.

Even at its peak, the Hanseatic League was never more than a loosely aligned confederation of city-states. It lacked a permanent administrative body, a treasury, and a standing military force. In the 14th century, the Hanseatic League instated an irregular negotiating diet (Шаблон:Lang-gml or Шаблон:Lang; Шаблон:Lang-de or Шаблон:Lang) that operated based on deliberation and consensus. By the mid-16th century, these weak connections left the Hanseatic League vulnerable, and it gradually unraveled as members became consolidated into other realms or departed, ultimately disintegrating in 1669.

Файл:Ubena von Bremen Kiel2007 1.jpg
Ubena von Bremen, a replica of the Bremen cog

The Hanseatic League used a variety of ship types for travel across the seas and along rivers. The most emblematic type was the cog. Knowing great diversity in construction, it was depicted on Hanseatic seals and coats of arms. By the end of the Middle Ages, the cog was replaced by other types like the hulk, which later gave way to larger carvel types.

Etymology

Шаблон:Lang is the Old High German word for a band or troop.[1] This word was applied to bands of merchants traveling between the Hanseatic cities — whether by land or by sea.[2] Шаблон:Lang in Middle Low German came to mean a society of merchants or a trader guild.[3] That it originally meant An-See, or "on the sea", is incorrect.[4]Шаблон:Rp

History

Файл:Siegel Elbing 1350.jpg
Hanseatic Seal of Elbing (now Elbląg)

Exploratory trading adventures, raids, and piracy occurred early throughout the Baltic Sea. The sailors of Gotland sailed up rivers as far away as Novgorod,[5] which was a major trade centre of Rus'. Scandinavians led international trade in the Baltic area before the Hanseatic League, establishing major trading hubs at Birka, Haithabu, and Schleswig by the 9th century CE. The later Hanseatic ports between Mecklenburg and Königsberg (present-day Kaliningrad) originally formed part of the Scandinavian-led Baltic trade-system.[6]

The Hanseatic League was never formally founded, so it lacks a date of foundation.[7]Шаблон:Rp Historians traditionally traced its origins to the rebuilding of the north German town of Lübeck in 1159 by the powerful Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, after he had captured the area from Adolf II, Count of Schauenburg and Holstein. More recent scholarship has deemphasized the focus on Lübeck, viewing it as one of several regional trading centers,[8] and presenting the League as the combination of a north German trading system oriented on the Baltic and a Rhinelandic trading system targeting England and Flanders.[9]

German cities achieved domination of trade in the Baltic with striking speed during the 13th century, and Lübeck became a central node in the seaborne trade that linked the areas around the North and Baltic seas. The hegemony of Lübeck peaked during the 15th century.[10]

Foundation and early development

Well before the term Hanse appeared in a document in 1267,[11] merchants in different cities began to form guilds, or hansas, with the intention of trading with towns overseas, especially in the economically less-developed eastern Baltic. This area could supply timber, wax, amber, resins, and furs, along with rye and wheat brought down on barges from the hinterland to port markets. Merchant guilds formed in both hometowns and destination ports as medieval corporations (universitates mercatorum),[12]Шаблон:Rp and despite competition would increasingly cooperate to coalesce into the Hanseatic network of merchant guilds. The dominant language of trade was Middle Low German, which had significant impact on the languages spoken in the area, particularly the larger Scandinavian languages,[13]Шаблон:Rp[14]Шаблон:Rp Estonian,[15]Шаблон:Rp and Latvian.[16]Шаблон:Rp

Visby, on the island of Gotland, functioned as the leading centre in the Baltic before the Hansa. Sailing east, Visby merchants established a trading post at Novgorod called Gutagard (also known as Gotenhof) in 1080.[17] In 1120, Gotland gained autonomy from Sweden and permitted traders from its southern and western regions.[12]Шаблон:Rp From then on, under a treaty with the Visby Hansa, northern German merchants began to make regular stops at the island of Gotland.[18] Later, in the first half of the 13th century, they established their own trading station or Kontor in Novgorod, known as the Peterhof, up the river Volkhov.[19]

Файл:Lübeck Holstentor 070311.jpg
The Holstentor of Lübeck, built in 1464, is the only historic gate of the city still standing today.

Lübeck soon became a base for merchants from Saxony and Westphalia trading eastward and northward; for them, because of its shorter and easier access route and better legal protections, it was a more attractive port than Schleswig.[12]Шаблон:Rp It became a transshipment port for trade between the North Sea and the Baltic too. In addition, Lübeck granted extensive trade privileges to Russian and Scandinavian traders.[12]Шаблон:Rp It was also the main supply port for the Northern Crusades, improving its standing with the Pope. Lübeck gained imperial privileges to become a free imperial city in 1226, under Valdemar II of Denmark during the Danish dominion, as had Hamburg in 1189. Also in this period Wismar, Rostock, Stralsund and Danzig received city charters.[12]Шаблон:Rp

Hansa societies worked to remove restrictions on trade for their members. The earliest extant documentary mention (although without a name) of a specific German commercial federation dates between 1173 and 1175 (but commonly misdated to 1157) in London. That year, the merchants of the Hansa in Cologne convinced King Henry II of England to exempt them from all tolls in London[20] and to grant protection to merchants and goods throughout England.[21]Шаблон:Rp

Файл:Fotothek df ps 0005300 Rathäuser ^ Kirchen ^ Basiliken.jpg
The Hanseatic League left a significant cultural and architectural heritage. It is especially renowned for its Brick Gothic monuments, such as Stralsund's St. Nikolai Church and its City Hall, shown here. The old town of Stralsund, together with Wismar, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

German colonists in the 12th and 13th centuries settled in numerous cities on and near the east Baltic coast, such as Elbing (Elbląg), Thorn (Toruń), Reval (Tallinn), Riga, and Dorpat (Tartu), all of which became members of the Hanseatic League, and some of which still retain many Hansa buildings and bear the style of their Hanseatic days. Most were granted Lübeck law,Шаблон:Copy edit inline after the league's most prominent town.[22] The law provided that they had to appeal in all legal matters to Lübeck's city council. Others, like Danzig from 1295 onwards, had Magdeburg law or its derivative Culm law.[23][24][25] Later the Livonian Confederation of 1435 to Шаблон:Circa incorporated modern-day Estonia and parts of Latvia; all of its major towns were members of the Hanseatic League.

Over the 13th century, older and wealthier long-distance traders increasingly chose to settle in their hometowns as esteemed trade leaders, their retirement transitioning from the previous role as landowners. The growing number of settled merchants afforded long-distance traders greater influence over town policies. Coupled with an increased presence in the ministerial class, this elevated the status of merchants and enabled them expand to and assert dominance over more cities.[12]Шаблон:Rp[26]Шаблон:Rp This decentralised arrangement was fostered by slow travel speeds, going from Reval to Lübeck took between 4 weeks and, in winter, 4 months.[27]Шаблон:Rp

Файл:Stadtrecht P.Schiffrecht.MHG.ajb.jpg
Foundation of the alliance between Lübeck and Hamburg in the part about ship law (Van schiprechte) in the Hamburg city right from 1497

In 1241 Lübeck, which had access to the Baltic and North seas' fishing grounds, formed an alliance—a precursor to the League—with the trade city of Hamburg, which controlled access to the salt-trade routes from Lüneburg. The allied cities gained control over most of the salt-fish trade, especially the Scania Market; Cologne joined them in the Diet of 1260. The towns raised their own armies, with each guild required to provide levies when needed. The Hanseatic cities came to the aid of one another, and commercial ships often had to be used to carry soldiers and their arms. Over the period, a network of alliances grew to include a flexible roster of 70 to 170 cities.[28]

In the West, cities of the Rhineland like Cologne enjoyed trading privileges in Flanders and England.[9] In 1266 King Henry III of England granted the Lübeck and Hamburg Hansa a charter for operations in England, initially causing competition with the Westphalians. But the Cologne Hansa and the Wendish Hansa joined in 1282 to form the Hanseatic colony in London, although they didn't completely merge until the 15th century. There were blockades against Novgorod in 1268 and 1277/1278.[12]Шаблон:Rp Nonetheless Westphalian traders continued to dominate trade in London and also Ipswich and Colchester, while Baltic and Wendish traders concentrated between King's Lynn and Newcastle upon Tyne.[12]Шаблон:Rp Much of the drive for co-operation came from the fragmented nature of existing territorial governments, which failed to provide security for trade. Over the next 50 years, the merchant Hansa solidified with formal agreements for confederation and co-operation covering the west and east trade routes.Шаблон:Citation needed Cities not only from the east modern day Low Countries, but also Utrecht, Holland, Zealand, Brabant, Namur and modern Limburg joined in participation over the thirteenth century.[29]Шаблон:Rp This network of Hanseatic trading guilds is called the Kaufmannshanse in historiography.

Commercial expansion

Шаблон:Further

Файл:Haupthandelsroute Hanse.png
Main trading routes of the Hanseatic League

The League succeeded in establishing additional Kontors in Bruges (Flanders), Bryggen in Bergen (Norway), and London (England) beside the Peterhof in Novgorod. These trading posts were institutionalised by the first half of the 14th century at the latest (for Bergen and Bruges)[12]Шаблон:Rp[30]Шаблон:Rp and, except for the Kontor of Bruges, became significant enclaves. The London Kontor, the Steelyard, stood west of London Bridge near Upper Thames Street, on the site now occupied by Cannon Street station. It grew into a significant walled community with its own warehouses, weigh house, church, offices and homes, reflecting the importance and scale of trading activity on the premises.

In addition to the major Kontors, individual ports with Hanseatic trading outposts or factories had a representative merchant and warehouse. Often they were not permanently manned. In Scania, Denmark, there were around 30 Hanseatic seasonal factories for salted herring, these were called vitten and were granted considerable legal autonomy to the extent that Burkhardt argues that they resembled a fifth kontor and would be seen as such if not for their early decline.[31]Шаблон:Rp In England there were factories in Boston (the outpost was also called the Stalhof), Bristol, Bishop's Lynn (now King's Lynn, which features the sole remaining Hanseatic warehouse in England), Hull, Ipswich, Newcastle upon Tyne, Norwich, Scarborough, Yarmouth (now Great Yarmouth), and York, many of which were important for the Baltic trade and become centres of cloth industry in the late 14th century. Hansards and cloth manufacturers coordinated to make fabrics meet local demand and fashion in the traders' hometowns. Outposts in Lisbon, Bordeaux, Bourgneuf, La Rochelle and Nantes offered the cheaper Bay salt. Ships that plied this trade sailed home in the salt fleet. There were also trading posts in Flanders, Denmark-Norway, the Baltic interior, Upper Germany, Iceland and Venice.[31]Шаблон:Rp

Hanseatic trade was not exclusively maritime trade, or even overwater trade. Most Hanseatic towns did not have immediate access to the sea and there were many that were linked to partners by river trade or even generally expensive land trade. These combined into an integrated network and many smaller Hanseatic towns had their main trading activity in subregional trade. Internal Hanseatic trade was in fact the Hanse's quantitatively most voluminous and important business.[31]Шаблон:Rp Trade over rivers and land was not tied to specific Hanseatic privileges, but sea ports like Bremen, Hamburg and Riga managed to dominate trade on their rivers. This was not possible for the Rhine where trade retained an open character. Digging canals for trade routes was very uncommon, but the Stecknitz Canal was built between Lübeck and Lauenburg from 1391 to 1398.[32]Шаблон:Rp

Major trade goods

Imports and exports, 18 Mar 1368 – 10 Mar 1369
(in thousands of Port Lübeck marks)
Imports Origin, Destination Exports Total %
150 London/Hamburg 38 188 34.4
44 Livonian towns: 51 95 17.4
10 Riga 14
34 Reval (Tallinn) 14.3
- Pernau 22.7
49.4 Scania 32.6 82 15
52 Gotland, Sweden 29.4 81.4 14.9
19 Prussian towns: 29.5 48.5 8.9
16 Danzig 22.8
3 Elbing 6.6
17.2 Wendish & Pomeranian
towns:		 25.2 42.4 7.8
5.5 Stettin 7
4 Stralsund 7.5
2.2 Rostock 4.6
5.5 Wismar 6.1
4.3 Bergen – 4.3 0.8
3 Small Baltic ports 1.2 4.2 0.8
338.9 Total 206.9 545.8 100

Starting with trade in coarse woollen fabrics, the Hanseatic League brought an increase of both commerce and industry to northern Germany. As trade increased, newer and finer woollen and linen fabrics, and even silks, were manufactured in northern Germany. The same refinement of products out of cottage industry occurred in other fields, e.g. etching, wood carving, armour production, engraving of metals, and wood-turning.

The league primarily traded beeswax, furs, timber, resin (or tar), flax, honey, wheat, and rye from the east to Flanders and England with cloth, in particular broadcloth, (and, increasingly, manufactured goods) going in the other direction. Metal ore (principally copper and iron) and herring came southwards from Sweden, the Carpathians were another important source of copper and iron, often sold in Thorn. Lubeck also had a vital role in the salt trade; salt was acquired in Lunenburg or shipped from France and Portugal and sold on Central European markets, taken to Scania for salting herring or exported to Russia. Stockfish was traded from Bergen in exchange for grain; Hanseatic grain inflows allowed more permanent settlements further north in Norway. The league also traded in beer, with beer from Hanseatic towns the most valued, and Wendish cities like Lübeck, Hamburg, Wismar and Rostock developed export breweries for hopped beer.[33]Шаблон:Rp [34]Шаблон:Rp [35]Шаблон:Rp[36]Шаблон:Rp[27]Шаблон:Rp

Economic power and defense

Шаблон:Copy edit section The Hanseatic League, at first the merchant hansas and eventually its cities, relied on power to secure protection and gain and preserve privileges. Bandits and pirates were also persistent problems, during wars these could be joined by privateers. Traders could be arrested abroad and their goods could be confiscated.[9] The league sought to codify protection; internal treaties established mutual defence and external treaties codified privileges.[12]Шаблон:Rp

Many locals, merchant and noble alike, envied the power of the League and tried to diminish it. For example, in London, the local merchants exerted continuing pressure for the revocation of privileges.[30]Шаблон:Rp Most foreign cities confined the Hanseatic traders to certain trading areas and to their own trading posts.[31]Шаблон:Rp The refusal of the Hansa to offer reciprocal arrangements to their counterparts exacerbated the tension.[37]Шаблон:Rp

The merchants of the Hanseatic League succeeded in using their economic power to pressure cities and rulers. It could call embargoes, redirect trade away from towns and even boycott entire countries. There were blockades against Novgorod in 1268 and 1277/1278.[12]Шаблон:Rp Bruges was pressured by temporarily moving the Hanseatic emporium to Aardenburg from 1280 to 1282,[12]Шаблон:Rp[38]Шаблон:Rp from 1307 or 1308 to 1310 [38]Шаблон:Rp and in 1350,[26]Шаблон:Rp to Dordt in 1358 and 1388, and to Antwerp in 1436.[30]Шаблон:Rp Boycotts against Norway in 1284[26]Шаблон:Rp and Flanders in 1358 almost caused famines there.[30]Шаблон:Rp They sometimes resorted to their military might, several Hanseatic cities maintained their own warships and in times of need merchant ships could be repurposed. But military action against political powers often didn't involve the entire league. Instead an ad hoc coalition of stakeholders, called an alliance (tohopesate), was often formed.[26]Шаблон:Rp[30]Шаблон:Rp

Файл:Kõpu tuletorn Hiiumaal.jpg
Kõpu tuletorn Hiiumaal

As an essential part of protecting their investment in ships and their cargoes, League members trained pilots and erected lighthouses,[39] like the still working Kõpu Lighthouse, and other lights.[40][9] Lübeck also erected in 1202 what's claimed to be the first lighthouse proper in northern Europe in Falsterbo. There were by 1600 at least 15 lights erected along the German and Scandinavian coasts making it the best lighted sea area then in the world, largely thanks to the Hansa.[41]

Zenith

Файл:Stargard Szczec Brama Mlynska (1).jpg
Stargard Mill Gate, Pomerania, today in Poland

The weakening of imperial power and imperial protection for merchants under the late Hohenstaufen dynasty forced the Hanseatic League to institutionalise into a cooperating network of cities with a fluid structure, called the Städtehanse in the historiography,[26]Шаблон:Rp but it never became a closely managed formal organisation and the Kaufmannshanse continued to exist by its side.[26]Шаблон:Rp This development was delayed by the conquest of many Wendish cities by the Danish king Eric VI Menved or by their feudal overlords between 1306 and 1319 and the restriction of their autonomy.[12]Шаблон:Rp Assemblies of the Hanse towns met irregularly in Lübeck for a Шаблон:Ill (Hanseatic Diet) – some argue from about 1300 onwards,[12]Шаблон:Rp while others date the first diet to 1356.[30]Шаблон:Rp But many towns chose not to attend nor to send representatives, and decisions were not binding on individual cities if their delegates were not included in the recesses;Шаблон:Copy edit inline representatives would sometimes leave the Diet prematurely in an attempt to give their towns an excuse not to ratify decisions.[26]Шаблон:RpШаблон:Efn Only a very small number of Hanseatic cities were free imperial cities or enjoyed comparable autonomy and liberties, but many cities temporarily gained limited autonomy from local nobility.[42]

Файл:Tallinn Town Hall edit.jpg
Town Hall of Reval (now Tallinn, Estonia)

Between 1361 and 1370 members of the league fought against Denmark in the Danish-Hanseatic War. Though initially unsuccessful with a Wendish offensive, towns from Prussia and what's now the Netherlands, and eventually joined by Wendish towns, allied in the Confederation of Cologne in 1368, sacked Copenhagen and Helsingborg, and forced Valdemar IV, King of Denmark, and his son-in-law Haakon VI, King of Norway, to grant considerable tax exemptions and influence over Øresund fortresses for 15 years in the subsequent peace treaty of Stralsund in 1370. It extended privileges in Scania to the wider Hanseatic League, too, including the towns of Holland and Zeeland. The treaty marked the height of Hanseatic influence; it was for this period that the Hanseatic League has in the past been called a "Northern European great power". The Confederation of Cologne lasted until 1385, the Øresund fortresses were returned to Denmark the same year.[30]Шаблон:Rp

After Valdemar's heir Olav died, a succession dispute erupted over Denmark and Norway between Albert of Mecklenburg, King of Sweden and Margaret I, Queen of Denmark. This was further complicated when Swedish nobles rebelled against Albert and invited Margaret. Albert was taken prisoner in 1389, but hired privateers in 1392, the socalled Victual Brothers, who took Bornholm and Visby in his name. They and their descendants threatened maritime trade of the league between 1392 and the 1430s with their raids. Under the 1395 release agreement for Albert of Mecklenburg Stockholm was ruled from 1395 to 1398 by a consortium of 7 Hanseatic cities, and enjoyed full Hanseatic trading privileges. It went to Margaret in 1398.[30]Шаблон:Rp

The Victual Brothers still controlled Gotland in 1398, when it was conquered by the Teutonic Order with support from the Prussian towns and its Hanseatic privileges were restored; later Gotland was transferred to Denmark in 1408. The grandmaster of the Teutonic Order was often seen as head of the Hanse (caput Hansae), both abroad and by some members of the league.[30]Шаблон:Rp[26]Шаблон:Rp

Rise of rival powers

Over the 15th century the League would become more formally institutionalised, though not through central control. This was in part a response to challenges in governance and competition with rivals, but also the result of changes in trade. A slow shift occurred from Hanseatic cities' loose participation to formal recognition (and revocation) of membership.[29]Шаблон:Rp Another general trend of the 15th century was Hanseatic cities' increased legislation of their kontors abroad. Especially after 1474. Only the Bergen kontor grew more independent in this period.[31]Шаблон:Rp

Файл:Novgorod1400.png
The Novgorod Republic c. 1400. Novgorod created a vast territorial empire and controlled much of the fur trade with Europe. The city was one of the main trading posts of the Hanseatic League.

In Novgorod, after extended conflict since the 1380s the League regained its trade privileges in 1392, agreeing in turn to Russian trade privileges for Livonia and Gotland.[30]Шаблон:Rp

In 1424 all German traders of the Petershof kontor in Novgorod were imprisoned and 36 of them died. Although rare, arrests and seizures in Novgorod were particularly violent.[43]Шаблон:Rp In response, and due to the ongoing war between Novgorod and the Livonian Order, the Hanseatic League blockaded Novgorod and abandoned the Peterhof for six years, from 1443 to 1448.[44]Шаблон:Rp

English traders, after extended conflicts with the League ever since the 1370s, gained trade privileges in the Prussian region in the treaties of Marienburg (the first in 1388, the last in 1409).[30]Шаблон:Rp Their influence in the region increased, while the importance of Hanseatic trade in England decreased over the 15th century.[30]Шаблон:Rp

Over the 15th century, tensions between the Prussian region and the "Wendish" cities (Lübeck and its eastern neighbours) would increase. Lübeck was dependent on its role as centre of the Hansa; Prussia's main interest, on the other hand, was the export of bulk products like grain and timber to England, the Low Countries and later on Spain and Italy also.Шаблон:Citation needed

Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg, tried to assert authority over the Hanseatic towns Berlin and Cölln in 1442 and blocked all towns of Brandenburg from participating in Hanseatic diets. For some but not all Brandenburg towns this was the end of their Hanseatic involvement. In 1488 John Cicero, Elector of Brandenburg did the same to Stendal and Salzwedel in the Altmark.[45]Шаблон:Rp

Until 1394, the cities of Holland and Zeeland actively participated in the Hansa, but in 1395 their feudal obligations to Albert I, Duke of Bavaria, who warred against the Frisians, prevented further cooperation. Consequently, their Hanseatic ties weakened, and their economic focus shifted. Between 1417 and 1432, this economic reorientation became even more pronounced when Holland and Zeeland gradually became part of the Burgundian State.

The city of Lübeck got into financial troubles in 1403, leading dissenting craftsmen to establish a supervising committee in 1405. This then lead to a governmental crisis in 1408 when the committee rebelled and put a new town council in place. Similar revolts broke out in Wismar and Rostock, with new town councils established in 1410. The crisis was ended in 1418 by a compromise.[30]Шаблон:RpШаблон:Undue inline

Eric of Pomerania succeeded Margaret of Denmark in 1412 and sought to expand into Schleswig and Holstein levying tolls at the Øresund. Hanseatic cities were divided initially; Lübeck tried to appease Eric while Hamburg supported the Schauenburg counts of Holstein against him. This lead to the Danish-Hanseatic War (1426–1435) and the Bombardment of Copenhagen (1428). The Treaty of Vordingborg renewed the League's commercial privileges in 1435 but the Øresund tolls continued.

Eric of Pomerania was subsequently deposed and in 1438 Lübeck took control of the Øresund toll, which caused tensions with Holland and Zeeland.[30]Шаблон:Rp[46]Шаблон:Rp[47][48]Шаблон:Rp The Sound tolls,Шаблон:Efn and a later attempt of Lübeck to exclude the English and Dutch merchants from Scania, harmed the Scanian herring trade in the long term when the excluded regions began to develop their own herring industries.[31]Шаблон:Rp

Файл:Holy Roman Empire at the Golden Bull of 1356.png
The Holy Roman Empire was a limited elective monarchy composed of hundreds of state-like entities.

In the Dutch–Hanseatic War (1438–1441), a privateer war mostly waged by Wendish towns, the merchants of Amsterdam sought and eventually won free access to the Baltic. Although the blockade of the grain trade hurt Holland and Zeeland more than Hanseatic cities, it was against Prussian interest to maintain it.[30]Шаблон:Rp

Файл:Hans Holbein der Jüngere - Der Kaufmann Georg Gisze - Google Art Project.jpg
Georg Giese from Danzig, 34-year-old German Hanseatic merchant at the Steelyard, painted in London by Hans Holbein

In 1454, the year of the marriage of Elisabeth of Austria to King-Grand Duke Casimir IV Jagiellon of Poland-Lithuania, the towns of the Prussian Confederation rose up against the dominance of the Teutonic Order and asked Casimir IV for help. Gdańsk (Danzig), Thorn and Elbing became part of the Kingdom of Poland, (from 1466 to 1569 referred to as Royal Prussia, region of Poland) by the Second Peace of Thorn.

Poland in turn was heavily supported by the Holy Roman Empire through family connections and by military assistance under the Habsburgs. Kraków, then the capital of Poland, had a loose association with the Hansa.[49]Шаблон:Rp The lack of customs borders on the River Vistula after 1466 helped to gradually increase Polish grain exports, transported to the sea down the Vistula, from Шаблон:Convert per year, in the late 15th century, to over Шаблон:Convert in the 17th century.[50] The Hansa-dominated maritime grain trade made Poland one of the main areas of its activity, helping Danzig to become the Hansa's largest city. The Polish kings soon began to reduce the towns' political freedoms.[45]Шаблон:Rp

The Griffin dukes of Pomerania beginning with the middle of the 15th century were in constant conflict over control of the Pomeranian Hanseatic towns. While not very successful at first, Bogislav X eventually subjugated Stettin and Köslin curtailing the region's economy and independence.[45]Шаблон:Rp

Файл:Gdańsk Rybackie Pobrzeże.jpg
View of the Шаблон:Interlanguage link in the port city of Gdańsk (Danzig), today in Poland
Файл:Hanseatic museum Bergen.jpg
Hanseatic museum in Bergen, Norway

A major economic advantage for the Hansa was its control of the shipbuilding market, mainly in Lübeck and Danzig. The League sold ships throughout Europe.Шаблон:Citation needed

The economic crises of the late 15th century did not spare the Hansa. Nevertheless, its eventual rivals emerged in the form of the territorial states, whether new or revived. New vehicles of credit were imported from Italy.Шаблон:Citation needed

When Flanders and Holland became part of the Duchy of Burgundy, Burgund Dutch and Prussian cities increasingly excluded Lübeck from their grain trade in the 15th and 16th century. Burgund Dutch demand for Prussian and Livonian grain grew in the late 15th century. These trade interests differed from Wendish interests, threatening political unity, but it also showed a trade where the Hanseatic system was unpractical.[27]Шаблон:Rp Hollandish freight costs were much lower than those of the Hansa, and the Hansa were excluded as middlemen.Шаблон:Citation needed After several naval wars between Burgundy and the Hanseatic fleets, Amsterdam gained the position of leading port for Polish and Baltic grain from the late 15th century onwards.Шаблон:Citation needed

Nuremberg in Franconia developed an overland route to sell formerly Hansa-monopolised products from Frankfurt via Nuremberg and Leipzig to Poland and Russia, trading Flemish cloth and French wine in exchange for grain and furs from the east. The Hansa profited from the Nuremberg trade by allowing Nurembergers to settle in Hanseatic towns, which the Franconians exploited by taking over trade with Sweden as well. The Nuremberger merchant Albrecht Moldenhauer was influential in developing the trade with Sweden and Norway, and his sons Wolf Moldenhauer and Burghard Moldenhauer established themselves in Bergen and Stockholm, becoming leaders of the local Hanseatic activities.

King Edward IV of England reconfirmed the league's privileges in the Treaty of Utrecht despite the latent hostility, in part thanks to the significant financial contribution the League made to the Yorkist side during the Wars of the Roses of 1455–1487.[51]Шаблон:Rp Tsar Ivan III of Russia closed the Hanseatic Kontor at Novgorod in 1494 and deported its merchants to Moscow, in an attempt to reduce Hanseatic influence on Russian trade.[52]Шаблон:Rp At the time only 49 traders were at the Peterhof.[53]Шаблон:Rp The fur trade was redirected to Leipzig, taking out the Hansards;[33]Шаблон:Rp while the Hanseatic trade with Russia moved to Riga, Reval and Pleskau.[53]Шаблон:Rp When the Peterhof reopened in 1514, Novgorod wasn't a trade hub any longer.[51]Шаблон:Rp In the same period the burghers of Bergen tried to develop an independent intermediate trade with the northern population, against the Hansards' obstruction.[36]Шаблон:Rp The very existence of the League and its privileges and monopolies created economic and social tensions that often crept over into rivalries between League members.

End of the Hansa

Файл:Heinrich Sudermann.jpg
Heinrich Sudermann

The development of the Transatlantic trade after the discovery of the Americas caused the remaining kontors' decline, especially in Bruges, because it centred on other ports. It also changed business practice to short-term contracts and made the Hanseatic model of privileged guaranteed trade outdated.[31]Шаблон:Rp

The trends of local feudal lords asserting control over towns and suppressing their autonomy, and of foreign rulers repressing Hanseatic traders continued in the next century.

In the Swedish War of Liberation 1521–1523 the Hanseatic League was successful in opposition in an economic conflict it had over the trade, mining and metal industry in Bergslagen[54] (the main mining area of Sweden in the 16th century) with Jakob Fugger (early extremely rich industrialist in the mining and metal industry on the continent) and his unfriendly business take-over attempt. Fugger allied with his financially dependent pope Leo X, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor and Christian II of Denmark/Norway. Both sides made huge costly investments in support of larger amounts of expensive hired mercenaries to win the war. After the war Gustav Vasa's Sweden and Frederick I's Denmark pursued independent policies and didn't support Lübeck's effort against Dutch trade.[37]Шаблон:Rp

However, Lübeck under Jürgen Wullenwever overextended in the Count's Feud in Scania and Denmark and lost influence in 1536 after Christian III's victory.[36]Шаблон:Rp Lübeck's attempts at forcing competitors out of the Sound eventually alienated even Gustav Vasa.[37]Шаблон:Rp Its influence in the Nordic countries began to decline.

The Hanseatic towns of Guelders were obstructed in the 1530s by Charles II, Duke of Guelders. The strict Catholic Charles objected to the Lutheranism, in his words "Lutheran heresy", of Lübeck and other north German cities. This frustrated but did not end the towns' Hanseatic trade and there was a small resurgence later.[55]

Later in the 16th century, Denmark-Norway took control of much of the Baltic Sea. Sweden had regained control over its own trade, the Kontor in Novgorod had closed, and the Kontor in Bruges had become effectively moribund because the Zwin inlet was closing up.[31]Шаблон:Rp Finally, the growing political authority of the German princes constrained the independence of the Hanse's towns.

The league attempted to deal with some of these issues: it created the post of syndic in 1556 and elected Heinrich Sudermann to the position, who worked to protect and extend the diplomatic agreements of the member towns. In 1557 and 1579 revised agreements spelled out the duties of towns and some progress was made. The Bruges Kontor moved to Antwerp in 1520[31]Шаблон:Rp and the Hansa attempted to pioneer new routes. However the league proved unable to prevent the growing mercantile competition.

In 1567, a Hanseatic League agreement reconfirmed previous obligations and rights of league members, such as common protection and defense against enemies.[56] The Prussian Quartier cities of Thorn, Elbing, Königsberg and Riga and Dorpat also signed. When pressed by the King of Poland–Lithuania, Danzig remained neutral and would not allow ships running for Poland into its territory. They had to anchor somewhere else, such as at Pautzke (Puck).

The Antwerp Kontor, moribund after the Fall of Antwerp, closed in 1593. In 1597 Queen Elizabeth of England expelled the League from London, and the Steelyard closed and sequestered in 1598. The Kontor was returned in 1606 under King James but it couldn't recover.[51]Шаблон:Rp The Bergen Kontor continued until 1754; of all the Kontore, only its buildings, the Bryggen, survive.

Not all states tried to suppress their cities' former Hanseatic links; the Dutch Republic encouraged its eastern former members to maintain ties with the remaining Hanseatic League. The States-General relied on those cities in diplomacy at the time of the Kalmar War.[29]Шаблон:Rp

The Thirty Years War was destructive for the Hanseatic League and members suffered heavily from both the imperials, the Danes and the Swedes. At the beginning, Saxon and Wendish faced attacks because of the desire of Christian IV of Denmark to control the Elbe and Weser. Pomerania had a very strong population decline. Sweden took Bremen-Verden (excluding the city of Bremen), Swedish Pomerania (including Stralsund, Greifswald, Rostock) and Swedish Wismar, preventing their cities from participating in the League, and controlled the Oder, Weser and Elbe, and could levy tolls on their traffic.[37]Шаблон:Rp The league became increasingly irrelevant despite its inclusion in the Peace of Westphalia.[26]Шаблон:Rp

In 1666, the Steelyard in London was burned down by the Great Fire of London. The Kontor-manager sent a letter to Lübeck appealing for immediate financial assistance for a reconstruction. Hamburg, Bremen, and Lübeck called for a Hanseatic Day in 1669. Only a few cities participated and those who came were very reluctant to contribute financially to the reconstruction. It was the last formal meeting, without any of the parties knowing it would be the last. This date is often taken in retrospect as the effective end date of the Hansa, but the Hansa was never formally disbanded. It simply disintegrated and petered out silently.[57]Шаблон:Rp[7]Шаблон:Rp

After disintegration

The Hanseatic League, however, lived on in the public mind. Leopold I even requested Lübeck to call a Tagfahrt to rally support for him against the Turks.[57]Шаблон:Rp

Lübeck, Hamburg and Bremen continued to attempt common diplomacy, although interests had already diverged by the Peace of Ryswick.[57]Шаблон:Rp Nonetheless, the Hanseatic Republics were able to jointly perform some diplomacy, such as a joint delegation to the United States in 1827, led by Vincent Rumpff; later the U.S. established a consulate to the Hanseatic and Free Cities from 1857 to 1862.[58] Britain maintained diplomats to the Hanseatic Cities until the unification of Germany in 1871. The three cities also had a common "Hanseatic" representation in Berlin until 1920.[57]Шаблон:Rp

Three kontors also remained as, often unused, Hanseatic property after the League's effective disbandment, as the Peterhof was already closed in the 16th century. Bryggen was sold to Norwegian owners in 1754. The Steelyard in London and the Oostershuis in Antwerp were long impossible to sell. The Steelyard was finally sold in 1852 and the Oostershuis, closed in 1593, was sold in 1862.[57]Шаблон:Rp[51]Шаблон:Rp

Hamburg, Bremen, and Lübeck remained as the only members until the League's formal end in 1862, on the eve of the 1867 founding of the North German Confederation and the 1871 founding of the German Empire under Kaiser Wilhelm I. Despite its collapse, they still cherished the link to the Hanseatic League. Until German reunification, these three cities were the only ones that retained the words "Hanseatic City" in their official German names. Hamburg and Bremen continue to style themselves officially as "free Hanseatic cities", with Lübeck named "Hanseatic City". For Lübeck in particular, this anachronistic tie to a glorious past remained important in the 20th century. In 1937, the Nazi Party revoked its imperial immediacy through the Greater Hamburg Act.[59] Since 1990, 24 other German cities have adopted this title.[60]


Organization

Файл:Siegel Stralsund 1329.preview.png
Hanseatic Seal of Stralsund

The Hanseatic League was a complex and loose-jointed constellation of protagonists pursuing their own interests, which coincided in a shared program of economic domination in the Baltic region, and by no means a monolithic organization or a 'state within a state'.[61]Шаблон:Rp It gradually grew from a network of merchant guilds to develop a more formal association of cities and was never even formed into a legal person.[53]Шаблон:Rp

The members of the Hanseatic League were Low German speaking merchants, with the exception of Dinant, whose towns were where these merchants held citizenship. Not all towns with Low German merchant communities were members of the league (e.g., Emden, Memel (today Klaipėda), Viborg (today Vyborg) and Narva never joined). However, Hansards could also come from settlements without German town law—the premise for league membership was birth to German parents, subjection to German law, and a commercial education. The league served to advance and defend the common interests of its heterogeneous members: commercial ambitions such as enhancement of trade, and political ambitions such as ensuring maximum independence from the noble territorial rulers.[62]Шаблон:Rp

Decisions and actions of the Hanseatic League were the result of a consensus-based procedure. If an issue arose, the league's members were invited to participate in a central meeting, the Tagfahrt (Hanseatic Diet, "meeting ride", sometimes also referred to as Hansetag), that some argue already happened around 1300[12]Шаблон:Rp but were formalised since 1358; some date the first diet to 1356.[30]Шаблон:Rp The member communities then chose envoys (Ratssendeboten) to represent their local consensus on the issue at the Diet. Not every community sent an envoy; delegates were often entitled to represent a set of communities. Consensus-building on local and Tagfahrt levels followed the Low Saxon tradition of Einung, where consensus was defined as absence of protest: after a discussion, the proposals which gained sufficient support were dictated aloud to the scribe and passed as binding Rezess if the attendees did not object; those favouring alternative proposals unlikely to get sufficient support were obliged to remain silent during this procedure. If consensus could not be established on a certain issue, it was found instead in the appointment of a number of league members who were then empowered to work out a compromise.[62]Шаблон:Rp

The Hanseatic League was characterised by legal pluralism and the diets could not issue laws. But the cities cooperated to achieve limited trade regulation, like measures against fraud, or worked together on a regional level. There was also interest in harmonising maritime law, a long series of ordinances on maritime law was issued in the 15th and 16th centuries. The most extensive maritime ordinance was the Ship Ordinance and Sea Law of 1614, but it's dubious that it was ever enforced.[63]Шаблон:Rp

Kontors

Файл:Hansehausantwerpen.jpg
The Oostershuis, a kontor in Antwerp

The Hanseatic Kontore, which operated like an early stock exchange,[64]Шаблон:Rp were settlements of Hansards and organised in the mid 14th century as private corporations that each had their own treasury, court, legislation and seal. Burkhardt suggests that they were first established to provide security, but would also serve to secure privileges and engage in diplomacy.[31]Шаблон:Rp The quality of goods was also examined at kontors, increasing the efficiency of trade, and the kontors served as bases to develop connections with local rulers and as sources of economic and political information.[53]Шаблон:RpШаблон:Efn Most kontors were also physical locations containing several buildings, that were integrated and segregated from citylife to different degrees. The kontor of Bruges was an exception in this regard; it didn't acquire any buildings until the 15th century.[31]Шаблон:Rp Like the guilds, the Kontore were usually led by Ältermänner ("eldermen", or English aldermen). The Stalhof, as a special case, had a Hanseatic and an English alderman. In Novgorod the aldermen were replaced by a hofknecht in the 15th century.[51]Шаблон:Rp The kontors' statutes were read aloud to the present merchants once a year.[31]Шаблон:Rp

In 1347 the Kontor of Bruges modified its statute to ensure an equal representation of the league's members. To that end, member communities from different regions were pooled into three circles (Drittel ("third [part]"): the Wendish and Saxon Drittel, the Westphalian and Prussian Drittel as well as the Gothlandian, Livonian and Swedish Drittel). The merchants from their respective Drittel would then each choose two aldermen and six members of the Eighteen Men Council (Achtzehnmännerrat) to administer the Kontor for a set period of time.[53]Шаблон:Rp[31]Шаблон:Rp

In 1356, during a Hanseatic meeting in preparation for the first Tagfahrt, or one of the first, the league confirmed this statute. All trader settlements including the Kontors were subordinated to the Diet's decisions around this time, and their envoys also received the right to attend and speak at Diets but they lacked voting power.[53]Шаблон:RpШаблон:Efn

Drittel

The league gradually divided the organisation into three constituent parts called Drittel (German thirds), as shown in the table below.[62]Шаблон:Rp[65]Шаблон:Rp[66][67]Шаблон:Rp

Drittel (1356–1554) Regions Chief city (Vorort)
Wendish-Saxon Holstein, Saxony, Mecklenburg, Pomerania, Brandenburg Lübeck
Westphalian-Prussian Westphalia, Rhineland, Prussia Dortmund, later Cologne
Gothlandian-Livonian-Swedish Gotland, Livonia, Sweden Visby, later Riga

The Hansetag was the only central institution of the Hanseatic League. However, with the division into Drittel, the members of the respective subdivisions frequently held a Dritteltage ("Drittel meeting") to work out common positions which could then be presented at a Hansetag. On a more local level, league members also met, and while such regional meetings were never formalized into a Hanseatic institution, they gradually gained importance in the process of preparing and implementing the Diet's decisions.[68]Шаблон:Rp

Quarters

From 1554, the division into Drittel was modified to reduce the circles' heterogeneity, to enhance the collaboration of the members on a regional level and thus to make the League's decision-making process more efficient.[69]Шаблон:Rp The number of circles rose to four, so they were called Quartiere (quarters):[65]

Quartier (since 1554) Chief city (Vorort)
Wendish and Pomeranian[70] Lübeck[70]
Saxon, Thuringian and Brandenburg[70] Brunswick,[70] MagdeburgШаблон:Citation needed
Prussia, Livonia and Sweden[70] – or East Baltic[71]Шаблон:Rp Danzig (now Gdańsk)[70]
Rhine, Westphalia and the Netherlands[70] Cologne[70]

This division was however not adopted by the Kontore, who, for their purposes (like Ältermänner elections), grouped the league members in different ways (e.g., the division adopted by the Stalhof in London in 1554 grouped the league members into Dritteln, whereby Lübeck merchants represented the Wendish, Pomeranian Saxon and several Westphalian towns, Cologne merchants represented the Cleves, Mark, Berg and Dutch towns, while Danzig merchants represented the Prussian and Livonian towns).[72]Шаблон:Rp

Hanseatic ships

A number of different types of ships was used in the Hanseatic League for transport over sea and inland waters.

The type that was the most used by the Hansa, and the most emblematic, was the cog. The cog was a multi-purpose clinker-built ship with carvel bottom, a stern rudder and a square rigged mast. Most cogs were privately owned merchant ships, but they were also used as warships. It was built in a variety of sizes and specifications and was used to navigate seas and rivers. They could be outfitted with castles starting from the thirteenth century. The cog was depicted on many seals and several coats of arms of Hanseatic cities, like Stralsund, Elbląg and Wismar. Several ship wrecks of cogs have been found. The most famous one is the well preserved Bremen cog.[34]Шаблон:Rp It could carry a cargo of about 125 tons.[73]Шаблон:Rp The hulk began to replace the cog by 1400 and cogs lost their dominance to them around 1450.[74]Шаблон:Rp

Файл:Adler von Lübeck.jpg
Modern, faithful painting of the Adler von Lübeck – the world's largest ship in its time

The hulk was a bulkier ship that could carry larger loads; Elbl estimates they could carry up to 500 tons by the 15th century. It could be clinker or carvel-built.[74]Шаблон:Rp[75]Шаблон:Rp No archeological evidence of a hulk has been found.

In 1464 Danzig acquired a French carvel ship through a legal dispute and renamed it the Peter von Danzig. It was 40 m long and had three masts, being one of the largest ships of its time. Danzig adopted carvel construction around 1470,[52]Шаблон:Rp other cities also shifted to carvel type starting from this time. An example is the Jesus of Lübeck, later sold to England for use as a warship and slave ship.[76]

The galleonlike carvel warship Adler von Lübeck was constructed by Lübeck for military use against Sweden during the Northern Seven Years' War (1563–70), launched in 1566, but was never put to military use after the Treaty of Stettin. It was the biggest ship of its day at 78 m long and had four masts, including a bonaventure mizzen. It served as a merchant ship until it was damaged in 1581 on a return voyage from Lisbon and broken up in 1588.[52]Шаблон:Rp[77]

Lists of former Hanseatic cities

Файл:Kaart Hanzesteden en handelsroutes.jpg
Map of the Hanseatic League, showing principal Hanseatic cities

Hansa Proper

In the hidden table below, the names listed in the column labelled Quarter have been summarised as follows:

The remaining column headings are as follows:

  • City – the city's name, with any variants
  • Territory – the jurisdiction to which the city was subject at the time of the League
  • Now – the modern nation-state in which the city is located
  • From and Until – the dates at which the city joined and/or left the league
  • Notes – additional details about the city
  • Ref. – one or more references to works about the city

Шаблон:Hidden begin

Quarter City Territory Now From Until Notes Шаблон:Ref heading
Wendish Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:DEU Capital of the Hanseatic League, main town of the Wendish and Pomeranian Circle Шаблон:Plainlist
Wendish Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:DEU Шаблон:Plainlist
Wendish Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:DEU Шаблон:Plainlist
Wendish Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:DEU Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty (Rostocker Landfrieden) in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards). Шаблон:Plainlist
Wendish Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:DEU Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards). Шаблон:Plainlist
Wendish Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:DEU Шаблон:Nts Rügen was a fief of the Danish crown to 1325. Stralsund joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards). From 1339 to the 17th century, Stralsund was a member of the Vierstädtebund with Greifswald, Demmin and Anklam. Шаблон:Plainlist
Wendish Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:DEU Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards). From 1339 to the 17th century, Demmin was a member of the Vierstädtebund with Stralsund, Greifswald and Anklam. Шаблон:Plainlist
Wendish Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:DEU Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards). From 1339 to the 17th century, Greifswald was a member of the Vierstädtebund with Stralsund, Demmin and Anklam. Шаблон:Plainlist
Wendish Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:DEU Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards). From 1339 to the 17th century, Anklam was a member of the Vierstädtebund with Stralsund, Greifswald and Demmin. Шаблон:Plainlist
Wendish Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:POL Шаблон:Nts Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards); since the 14th century gradually adopted the role of a chief city for the Pomeranian Hanse towns to its east Шаблон:Plainlist
Wendish Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:DEU
Wendish Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:POL Шаблон:Plainlist
Wendish Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:POL Шаблон:Plainlist
Wendish Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:POL Шаблон:Plainlist
Wendish Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:POL Шаблон:Plainlist
Baltic Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:SWE Шаблон:Nts In 1285 at Kalmar, the League agreed with Magnus III, King of Sweden, that Gotland be joined with Sweden.Шаблон:Citation needed In 1470, Visby's status was rescinded by the League, with Lübeck razing the city's churches in May 1525. Шаблон:Plainlist
Saxon Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:DEU Шаблон:Ntsh 13th cent. Шаблон:Ntsh 17th cent. Main town of the Saxon, Thuringian and Brandenburg Circle Шаблон:Plainlist
Saxon Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:DEU Шаблон:Nts Шаблон:Plainlist
Saxon Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:DEU Шаблон:Ntsh 13th cent. Main town of the Saxon, Thuringian and Brandenburg Circle Шаблон:Plainlist
Saxon Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:DEU Шаблон:Nts Шаблон:Nts Goslar was a fief of Saxony until 1280. Шаблон:Plainlist
Saxon Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:DEU Шаблон:Plainlist
Saxon Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:DEU Шаблон:Plainlist
Saxon Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:DEU Шаблон:Nts Шаблон:Plainlist
Saxon Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:DEU Шаблон:Plainlist
Saxon Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:DEU Шаблон:Nts Brandenburg was raised to an Electorate in 1356. Elector Frederick II caused all the Brandenburg cities to leave the League in 1442. Шаблон:Plainlist
Saxon Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:DEU Шаблон:Nts Шаблон:Nts Elector Frederick II caused all the Brandenburg cities to leave the League in 1442. Шаблон:Plainlist
Saxon Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:DEU Шаблон:Nts Шаблон:Nts In 1488 the Hanseatic cities of the Altmark region rebelled against a beer tax against Elector of Brandenburg John Cicero. They lost and were punished by being forced to leave the Hanseatic League. Salzwedel and Stendal managed to stay in the Hanseatic League until 1518. Шаблон:Plainlist
Saxon Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:DEU Шаблон:Plainlist
Saxon Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:DEU Шаблон:Nts Шаблон:Nts In 1488 the Hanseatic cities of the Altmark region rebelled against a beer tax against Elector of Brandenburg John Cicero. They lost and were punished by being forced to leave the Hanseatic League. Salzwedel and Stendal managed to stay in the Hanseatic League until 1518. Шаблон:Plainlist
Saxon Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:DEU Шаблон:Plainlist
Baltic Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:POL Шаблон:Nts Main town of the Prussian, Livonian and Swedish (or East Baltic) Circle. Danzig had been first a part of the Duchy of Pomerelia with a Kashubian and German population, then part of the State of the Teutonic Order from 1308 until 1457. After the Second Peace of Thorn (1466) Danzig became an autonomous city under the protection of the Polish Crown until the 18th century when it returned to Prussia. Шаблон:Plainlist
Baltic Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:POL Шаблон:Nts Elbing had originally been part of the territory of the Old Prussians, until the 1230s when it became part of the State of the Teutonic Order. After the Second Peace of Thorn (1466), Royal Prussia, including Elbląg was part of the Kingdom of Poland. Шаблон:Plainlist
Baltic Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:POL Шаблон:Nts Toruń was part of the State of the Teutonic Order from 1233 until 1466. After the Second Peace of Thorn (1466), Royal Prussia, including Toruń, was part of the Kingdom of Poland. Шаблон:Plainlist
Baltic Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:POL Шаблон:Nts Шаблон:Nts Kraków was the capital of the Kingdom of Poland, 1038–1596/1611. It adopted Magdeburg town law and 5000 Poles and 3500 Germans lived within the city proper in the 15th century; Poles steadily rose in the ranks of guild memberships reaching 41% of guild members in 1500. It was very loosely associated with Hansa, and paid no membership fees, nor sent representatives to League meetings. Шаблон:Plainlist
Baltic Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:POL Шаблон:Nts Шаблон:Nts Breslau, a part of the Duchy of Breslau and the Kingdom of Bohemia, was only loosely connected to the League and paid no membership fees nor did its representatives take part in Hansa meetings Шаблон:Plainlist
Baltic Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:POL Шаблон:Plainlist
Baltic Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:RUS Шаблон:Nts Königsberg was the capital of the Teutonic Order, it accepted the sovereignty of the Polish crown in 1466. It became Ducal Prussia in 1525 after secularisation, a German principality that was a fief of the Polish crown until gaining its independence in the 1660 Treaty of Oliva. The city was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946 after East Prussia was divided between the People's Republic of Poland and the Soviet Union at the Potsdam Conference. Шаблон:Plainlist
Baltic Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:LVA Шаблон:Nts During the Livonian War (1558–83), Riga became a Free imperial city until the 1581 Treaty of Drohiczyn ceded Livonia to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until the city was captured by Sweden in the Polish–Swedish War (1621–1625). Шаблон:Plainlist
Baltic Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:EST Шаблон:Nts On joining the Hanseatic League, Reval was a Danish fief, but was sold in 1346, with the rest of northern Estonia, to the Teutonic Order. In 1561, Reval became a dominion of Sweden. Шаблон:Plainlist
Baltic Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:EST Шаблон:Ntsh 1280s The Bishopric of Dorpat had increasing autonomy within the Terra Mariana (Livonian confederation). With the Treaty of Drohiczyn in 1581, Dorpat fell under the rule of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until the city was captured by Sweden in the Polish–Swedish War (1621–1625). Шаблон:Plainlist
Baltic Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:EST Шаблон:Plainlist
Baltic Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:EST Шаблон:Plainlist
Baltic Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:LVA Шаблон:Plainlist
Baltic Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:LVA Шаблон:Plainlist
Baltic Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:LVA Шаблон:Plainlist
Baltic Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:LVA Шаблон:Plainlist
Baltic Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:EST Шаблон:Plainlist
Baltic Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:LVA Шаблон:Plainlist
Baltic Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:LVA Шаблон:Plainlist
Baltic Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:LVA Шаблон:Plainlist
Westphalian Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:DEU Шаблон:Nts Main town of the Rhine-Westphalian and Netherlands Circle until after the Anglo-Hanseatic War (1470–74), when the city was prosecuted in 1475 with temporary trade sanctions (Шаблон:Lang-de) for some years for having supported England; Dortmund was made main town of the Circle. Cologne also was called "Electorate of Cologne" (German: Kurfürstentum Köln or Kurköln). In June 1669 the last Hanseday was held in the town of Lübeck by the last remaining Hanse members, amongst others Cologne. Шаблон:Plainlist
Westphalian Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:DEU After Cologne was excluded after the Anglo-Hanseatic War (1470–74), Dortmund was made the main town of the Rhine-Westphalian and Netherlands Circle. Шаблон:Plainlist
Westphalian Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:BEL Шаблон:Plainlist
Westphalian Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:NLD Шаблон:Nts Шаблон:Plainlist
Westphalian Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:NLD Шаблон:Plainlist
Westphalian Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:NLD Шаблон:Nts Шаблон:Plainlist
Westphalian Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:NLD 1294 Шаблон:Plainlist
Westphalian Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:NLD Шаблон:Plainlist
Westphalian Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:NLD Шаблон:Plainlist
Westphalian Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:NLD Шаблон:Plainlist
Шаблон:Sort Frisia Шаблон:NLD Шаблон:Plainlist
Шаблон:Sort Frisia Шаблон:NLD Шаблон:Plainlist
Westphalian Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:NLD Шаблон:Plainlist
Westphalian Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:NLD Шаблон:Plainlist
Westphalian Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:NLD Шаблон:Plainlist
Westphalian Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:NLD Шаблон:Plainlist
Westphalian Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:NLD Шаблон:Plainlist
Westphalian Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:NLD Шаблон:Plainlist
Westphalian Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:NLD Шаблон:Plainlist
Westphalian Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:NLD Шаблон:Plainlist
Westphalian Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:NLD Шаблон:Plainlist
Westphalian Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:NLD Шаблон:Plainlist
Westphalian Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:NLD Шаблон:Plainlist
Westphalian Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:DEU Шаблон:Plainlist
Westphalian Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:DEU Шаблон:Ntsh 12th cent. Шаблон:Plainlist
Westphalian Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:DEU Шаблон:Plainlist
Westphalian Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:DEU Шаблон:Nts The city was a part of the Electorate of Cologne until acquiring its freedom in 1444–49, after which it aligned with the Duchy of Cleves. Шаблон:Plainlist
Westphalian Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:DEU Шаблон:Plainlist
Westphalian Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:DEU Шаблон:Plainlist
Westphalian Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:DEU Шаблон:Plainlist
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:DEU Шаблон:Plainlist

Шаблон:Hidden end

Kontore

The kontore were the major foreign trading posts of the League, not cities that were Hanseatic members, and are listed in the hidden table below.

Шаблон:Hidden begin

Quarter City Territory Now From Until Notes Шаблон:Ref heading
Kontor Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:RUS Шаблон:Ntsh 1500s Novgorod was one of the principal Kontore of the League and the easternmost. In 1494, Ivan III, Grand Prince of Moscow, closed the Peterhof; it was reopened a few years later, but the League's Russian trade never recovered. Шаблон:Plainlist
Kontor Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:NOR Шаблон:Nts Шаблон:Nts Bryggen was one of the principal Kontore of the League. It was razed by accidental fire in 1476. In 1560, administration of Bryggen was placed under Norwegian administration. Шаблон:Plainlist
Kontor Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:BEL Bruges was one of the principal Kontore of the League until the 15th century, when the seaway to the city silted up; trade from Antwerp benefiting from Bruges's loss. Шаблон:Plainlist
Kontor Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:GBR Шаблон:Nts Шаблон:Nts The Steelyard was one of the principal Kontore of the League. King Edward I granted a Carta Mercatoria in 1303. The Steelyard was destroyed in 1469 and Edward IV exempted Cologne merchants, leading to the Anglo-Hanseatic War (1470–74). The Treaty of Utrecht, sealing the peace, led to the League purchasing the Steelyard outright in 1475, with Edward having renewed the League's privileges without insisting on reciprocal rights for English merchants in the Baltic. London merchants persuaded Elizabeth I to rescind the League's privileges on 13 January 1598; while the Steelyard was re-established by James I, the advantage never returned. Consulates continued however, providing communication during the Napoleonic Wars, and the Hanseatic interest was only sold in 1853. Шаблон:Plainlist
Kontor Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:BEL Antwerp became a major Kontor of the League, particularly after the seaway to Bruges silted up in the 15th century, leading to its fortunes waning in Antwerp's favour, despite Antwerp's refusal to grant special privileges to the League's merchants. Between 1312 and 1406, Antwerp was a margraviate, independent of Brabant. Шаблон:Plainlist

Шаблон:Hidden end

Vitten

The vitten were significant foreign trading posts of the League in Scania, not cities that were Hanseatic members, they are argued by some to have been similar in status to the kontors,[31]Шаблон:Rp and are listed in the hidden table below.

Шаблон:Hidden begin

Quarter City Territory Now From Until Notes Шаблон:Ref heading
Vitte Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:SWE Шаблон:Ntsh 15th cent. Skåne (Scania) was Danish until ceded to Sweden by the 1658 Treaty of Roskilde, during the Second Northern War. Шаблон:Plainlist
Vitte Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:SWE Шаблон:Ntsh 15th cent. Skåne was Danish until ceded to Sweden by the 1658 Treaty of Roskilde, during the Second Northern War. Шаблон:Plainlist

Шаблон:Hidden end

Ports with Hansa trading posts

Шаблон:Hidden begin

Файл:Hanseatic Warehouse King's Lynn.JPG
The Hanseatic Warehouse in King's Lynn is the only surviving League building in England.

Шаблон:Hidden end

Other cities with a Hansa community

Шаблон:Hidden begin Шаблон:Div col

Шаблон:Div col end Шаблон:Hidden end

Legacy

Historiography

Файл:Europäisches Hansemuseum 2015.jpg
The European Hansemuseum in Lübeck

Academic historiography of the Hanseatic League is considered to begin with Georg Sartorius, who started writing his first work in 1795 and founded the liberal historiographical tradition about the Hanseatic League. The German conservative nationalist historiographical tradition was first published with F.W. Barthold's Geschichte der Deutschen Hansa of 1853/1854. The conservative view was associated with Little German ideology and came to predominate from the 1850s until the end of the First World War. Hanseatic history was used to justify a stronger German navy and conservative historians drew a link between the League and the rise of Prussia as the leading German state. This climate deeply influenced the historiography of the Baltic trade for long.[57]Шаблон:Rp[27]Шаблон:Rp

Issues of social, cultural and economic history became more important in German research after the First World War. But a leading historian like Fritz Rörig also promoted a National Socialist perspective. After the Second World War the conservative nationalist view was quickly forsaken, allowing exchanges between German, Swedish and Norwegian historians on the Hanseatic League's role in Sweden and Norway. Views on the League were strongly negative in the Scandinavian countries, especially Denmark, because of associations with German privilege and supremacy.[98]Шаблон:Rp Philippe Dollinger's book The German Hansa became the standard work in the 1960s. From that time on, the dominant perspective has been Ahasver von Brandt's view of a loosely aligned trading network bridging several northern European markets. Marxist historians in the GDR were split on whether the League was a "late feudal" or "proto-capitalist" phenomenon.[57]Шаблон:Rp

There are two museums in Europe dedicated specifically to the history of the Hanseatic League: the European Hansemuseum in Lübeck and the Hanseatic Museum and Schøtstuene in Bergen.

Popular views

From the 19th century Hanseatic history was often used to promote a national cause in Germany. German liberals built a fictional literature around Jürgen Wullenwever, that contained fierce anti-Danish sentiment. Hanseatic subjects were used to propagate nation building, colonialism, fleet building and warfare, and the League was presented as a bringer of culture and pioneer of German expansion.[57]Шаблон:Rp

The preoccupation with a strong navy motivated German painters since the 19th century to paint supposedly Hanseatic ships. They used the traditions of maritime paintings and, not wanting Hanseatic ships to look unimpressive, ignored historical evidence to fictionalise cogs into tall two- or three-masted ships. The depictions were widely reproduced, like on plates of Norddeutscher Lloyd. This misleading artistic tradition influenced public perception for the entire 20th century.[57]Шаблон:Rp

In the late 19th century, a social-critical view developed, where opponents of the League like the likedeelers were presented as heroes and liberators from economic oppression. This was very popular from the end of the First World War into the 30s, and lives on in the Störtebeker Festival on Rügen, founded as the Rügenfestspiele by the GDR.[57]Шаблон:Rp

From the late 1970s, the Europeanness and cooperation of the Hanseatic League has come to prominence in popular culture. It also is associated with innovation, entrepreneurism and internationalness in economic circles.[57]Шаблон:Rp In this way it often used for tourism, city branding and commercial marketing.[29]Шаблон:Rp The League's unique governance structure has been identified as a precursor to the supranational model of the European Union.[99]

Modern transnational organisations named after the Hanseatic League

Union of Cities THE HANSA

Файл:Hanse Bund.jpg
Шаблон:Center

In 1979 Zwolle invited over 40 cities from West Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden and Norway with historic links to the Hanseatic League to sign the recesses of 1669, at Zwolle's 750 year city rights' anniversary in August of the next year.[100] In 1980, those cities established a "new Hanse" in Zwolle, named Städtebund Die Hanse (Union of Cities THE HANSA) in German and reinstituted the Hanseatic diets. This league is open to all former Hanseatic League members and cities that share a Hanseatic heritage.[101]

In 2012 the city league had 187 members. This includes twelve Russian cities, most notably Novgorod, and 21 Polish cities. No Danish cities have joined the Union of Cities though several qualify.[57]Шаблон:Rp The "new Hanse" fosters business links, tourism and cultural exchange.[101]

The headquarters of the New Hansa is in Lübeck, Germany. The current President of the Hanseatic League of New Time is Jan Lindenau, Mayor of Lübeck.[101]

Dutch cities including Groningen, Deventer, Kampen, Zutphen and Zwolle, and a number of German cities including Bremen, Buxtehude, Demmin, Greifswald, Hamburg, Lübeck, Lüneburg, Rostock, Salzwedel, Stade, Stendal, Stralsund, Uelzen and Wismar now call themselves Hanse cities (the German cities' car license plates are prefixed H, e.g. –HB– for "Hansestadt Bremen").

Each year one of the member cities of the New Hansa hosts the Hanseatic Days of New Time international festival.

In 2006, King's Lynn became the first English member of the union of cities.[102] It was joined by Hull in 2012 and Boston in 2016.[103]

New Hanseatic League

The New Hanseatic League was established in February 2018 by finance ministers from Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands and Sweden through the signing of a foundational document which set out the countries' "shared views and values in the discussion on the architecture of the EMU".[104]

Other entities named after the Hanseatic League

The legacy of the Hansa is remembered today in several names: the German airline Lufthansa (lit. "Air Hansa"); F.C. Hansa Rostock, nickamed the Kogge or Hansa-Kogge; Hansa-Park, one of the biggest theme parks in Germany; Hanze University of Applied Sciences in Groningen, Netherlands; Hanze oil production platform, Netherlands; the Hansa Brewery in Bergen and the Hanse Sail in Rostock; Hanseatic Trade Center in Hamburg; DDG Hansa, which was a major German shipping company from 1881 until its bankruptcy and takeover by Hapag-Lloyd in 1980; the district of New Hanza City in Riga, Latvia; and Hansabank in Estonia, which has been rebranded into Swedbank.

Historical maps

In popular culture

  • In the Patrician series of trading simulation video games, the player assumes the role of a merchant in any of several cities of the Hanseatic League.[105]
  • In the Saga of Seven Suns series of space opera novels by American writer Kevin J. Anderson, the human race has colonized multiple planets in the Spiral Arm, most of which are governed by the powerful Terran Hanseatic League (Hansa).[106]
  • Hansa Teutonica is a German board game designed by Andreas Steding and published by Argentum Verlag in 2009.
  • In the Metro franchise of post-apocalyptic novels and video games, a trading alliance of stations called The Commonwealth of the Stations of the Ring Line is also known as the Hanseatic League, usually shortened to Hansa or Hanza.

See also

Шаблон:Portal

Explanatory footnotes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Further reading

Historiography

  • Cowan, Alexander. "Hanseatic League: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide" (Oxford University Press, 2010) online
  • Harrison, Gordon. "The Hanseatic League in Historical Interpretation." The Historian 33 (1971): 385–97. Шаблон:Doi.
  • Szepesi, Istvan. "Reflecting the Nation: The Historiography of Hanseatic Institutions." Waterloo Historical Review 7 (2015). online

External links

Шаблон:Sister project links

Шаблон:Hanseatic League Шаблон:History of Europe Шаблон:Gdańsk Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

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