Английская Википедия:Heilongjiang

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:For Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Stack HeilongjiangШаблон:Efn is a province in northeast China. It is the northernmost and easternmost province of the country and contains China's northernmost point (in Mohe City along the Amur) and easternmost point (at the junction of the Amur and Ussuri rivers).

The province is bordered by Jilin to the south and Inner Mongolia to the west. It also shares a border with Russia (Amur Oblast, Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Khabarovsk Krai, Primorsky Krai and Zabaykalsky Krai) to the north and east. The capital and the largest city of the province is Harbin. Among Chinese provincial-level administrative divisions, Heilongjiang is the sixth-largest by total area, the 15th-most populous, and the second-poorest by GDP per capita after only Gansu province.

The province takes its name from the Amur River (see the etymology section below for details) which marks the border between the People's Republic of China and Russia.

Heilongjiang has significant agricultural production,[1] and raw materials, such as timber, oil and coal.

Etymology

The province takes its name from the Amur River, whose Mandarin name is Heilongjiang which is a literal and same-word-order translation of "black dragon river". Hei means "black". Long comes from the Mandarin word for "dragon". Jiang means "river" in Mandarin.

History

Шаблон:Moresources

Файл:Saint Sofia Church.jpg
Saint Sofia Church, Harbin

Ancient Chinese records and other sources state that Heilongjiang was inhabited by people such as the Sushen, Buyeo, the Mohe, and the Khitan. Mongolic Donghu people lived in Inner Mongolia and the western part of Heilongjiang.[2] Some names are Manchu or Mongolian.[3] The eastern portion of Heilongjiang was ruled by the Bohai Kingdom between the 7th and 10th centuries, followed by the Khitan Liao dynasty. The Jurchen Jin dynasty (1115–1234) that subsequently ruled much of north China arose within the borders of modern Heilongjiang.

Файл:CEM-44-La-Chine-la-Tartarie-Chinoise-et-le-Thibet-1734-Amur-2572.jpg
Heilongjiang and Jilin Provinces on a French map dated to 1734

Heilongjiang as an administrative entity was created in 1683, during the Kangxi era of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, from the northwestern part of the Jilin province.[4] This Heilongjiang Province only included the western part of today's Heilongjiang Province, and was under the supervision of the General of Heilongjiang (Sahaliyan Ula i Jiyanggiyūn) (the title is also translated as the Military Governor of Heilongjiang; jiyanggiyūn is the Manchu reading of the Chinese word Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Transl; "military leader, general" and is cognate with Japanese shōgun), whose power extended, according to the Treaty of Nerchinsk, as far north as the Stanovoy Mountains. The eastern part of what's today Heilongjiang remained under the supervision of the General of Jilin (Girin i Jiyanggiyūn), whose power reached the Sea of Japan. These areas deep in Manchuria were closed off to Han Chinese migration.

Файл:镇守黑龙江等处地方将军印，黑龙江将军府.jpg
Seal of the Guard General of Heilongjiang at the Heilongjiang General Mansion

The original seat of the Military Governor of Heilongjiang, as established in 1683, was in Heilongjiang City (also known as Aigun or Heihe, or, in Manchu, Saghalien Ula), located on the Amur River. However, already in 1690 the seat of the governor was transferred to Nenjiang (Mergen) on the Nen River, and, in 1699, further south to Qiqihar. According to modern historians, the moves may have been driven by supply considerations: Nenjiang and Qiqihar are connected by a convenient waterway (Nen River) with southern Manchuria, whereas accessing Aigun (Heihe) would require either sailing all the way down the Sungari River until its confluence with the Amur and then up the Amur to Heihe, or using a portage over the Lesser Xing'an Mountains between the Nen River valley and the Amur valley. An additional advantage of Qiqihar may have been its location at the junction of a northbound road (to Nenjiang) and a westbound one (to Mongolia), enabling its garrison to defend both against the Russians and the Ölöt Mongols.[5]

Little Qing Military presence existed north of Aigun. According to the 18th- and early-20th-century European sources and the reports of the Russians in the 1850s, the farthest Qing "advance guard" post was at Ulusu-Modon (Ulussu-Mudan) (Шаблон:Zh Wūlǔsūmùdān), near the Amur River's famous S-shaped meander. (The post was on the left (north) bank of the river, lost to the Russians in 1860.)

In 1858 and 1860, the Qing government was forced to give up all land beyond the Amur and Ussuri Rivers to the Russian Empire, cutting off the Qing Empire from the Sea of Japan and giving Heilongjiang its present northern and eastern borders. At the same time, Manchuria was opened to Han Chinese migration by the Qing government. By the early twentieth century, due to the Chuang Guandong, the Han Chinese had become the dominant ethnic group in the region.[6]

In 1931, Japanese forces invaded Heilongjiang. In 1932, the Japanese completed their conquest of the province, which became part of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo.

In 1945, Japanese forces in Manchuria were defeated by the Soviet Army. During the Chinese Civil War, Soviet forces aided the Chinese communists. Heilongjiang became the first province to be completely controlled by the communists and Harbin the first major city to be controlled by them.

At the beginning of communist rule, Heilongjiang included only the western portion of the present-day province, and had its capital at Qiqihar. The remaining area was the province of Songjiang; its capital was Harbin. In 1954, these two provinces were merged into present-day Heilongjiang. During the Cultural Revolution, Heilongjiang was also expanded to include Hulunbuir League and some other areas previously in Inner Mongolia; this has since mostly been reversed.

Файл:Jixi Xingguo Middle Road.jpg
Jixi

Geography

Шаблон:Unsourced Heilongjiang is a land of varied topographies. Much of the province is dominated by mountain ranges such as the Greater Khingan Range and Lesser Khingan Range, Zhangguangcai Mountains, Laoye Mountains, and Wanda Mountains. The highest peak is Datudingzi Mountain at Шаблон:Convert, located on the border with Jilin province. The Greater Khingan Range contains China's largest remaining virgin forest and is an important area for China's forestry industry.

The east and southwest of the province, which are relatively flat and low in altitude, feature the Muling River, the Naoli River, the Songhua River, the Nen River, and the Mudan River, all tributaries of the Amur, while the northern border forms part of the Amur valley. Xingkai Lake (or Khanka Lake) is found on the border with Russia's Primorsky Krai.

Climate

Файл:雾凇 QQ696847 - panoramio.jpg
Winter in Heilongjiang

A humid continental climate (Köppen Dwa or Dwb) predominates in the province, though areas in the far north are subarctic (Köppen Dwc).[7] Winters are long and bitter, with an average of Шаблон:Convert in January, and summers are short and warm to very warm with an average of Шаблон:Convert in July. The annual average rainfall is Шаблон:Convert, concentrated heavily in summer. Clear weather is prevalent throughout the year, and in the spring, the Songnen Plain and the Sanjiang Plain provide abundant sources of wind energy.

The province's largest cities include Harbin, Qiqihar, Mudanjiang, Jiamusi, Daqing, Jixi, Shuangyashan, Hegang, Qitaihe, Yichun, and Heihe.

Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for some locations in Heilongjiang province of China
City July (°C) July (°F) January (°C) January (°F)
Harbin 27.9/18.3 82.2/64.9 –12.5/–24.1 9.5/–11.4
Jiamusi 27.6/17.7 81.7/63.9 –12.7/–24 9.1/–11.2
Hegang 26.5/17.4 80/63.3 –12.7/–20.8 9.1/–5.4
Yichun 27.1/15.5 80.8/59.9 –14.5/–29.1 5.9/–20.4

Transport

Roads

Heilongjiang boasts an extensive road network. As of October 2020, it has Шаблон:Cvt of expressways,[8] highways and other roads. The Beijing - Harbin Expressway is the most significant expressway corridor to the province, which begins at the Heilongjiang - Jilin border and ends within the Harbin Ring Expressway. The Harbin - Tongjiang Expressway runs northeast and it links far-flung counties within the jurisdiction of Harbin, Jiamusi and other major counties in Northeast Heilongjiang. Near the end of Harbin - Tongjiang Expressway, Jiansanjiang–Heixiazi Island Expressway branches off the main expressway at Jiansanjiang and connects many state-owned farms at the far east of the province before ending near the Sino-Russian border. The Suifenhe - Manzhouli Expressway is another major corridor, it runs southeast to northwest and connects some of the most significant population centers of the province, including Mudanjiang, Harbin, Daqing and Qiqihar, before ending at the Heilongjiang - Inner Mongolia border. The Hegang - Dalian Expressway runs between Hegang and the Heilongjiang - Jilin border in East Heilongjiang, is another major expressway that facilitates the transportation of lumber and coal.

Railways

There are 60 railway lines of around Шаблон:Convert including a section of the Eurasian Land Bridge. The Harbin–Dalian high-speed railway, completed in 2012, stretches from Harbin, Heilongjiang's capital, to Dalian in Liaoning province via Changchun and Shenyang comprising 23 stops. It is expected to transport 37 million passengers per year by 2020 and 51 million by 2030.

Airports

Major airports include Harbin Taiping International Airport, Qiqihar Airport, Mudanjiang Airport, Jiamusi Airport and Heihe Airport. Harbin International Airport is capable of handling six million passengers every year and connects to over 70 domestic and international cities.

Waterways

Tongjiang-Nizhneleninskoye railway bridge

Шаблон:Main

The Tongjiang-Nizhneleninskoye railway bridge was proposed in 2007 by Valery Solomonovich Gurevich, the vice-chairman of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in Russia. The railway bridge over the Amur River will connect Tongjiang with Nizhneleninskoye, a village in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast.[9]

The Chinese portion of the bridge was finished in July 2016.[10] In December 2016, work began on the Russian portion of the bridge. Completion of structural link between the two sides of the bridge was completed in March 2019.[11][12] Opening to rail traffic has been repeatedly delayed, with the December 2019 estimate being "the end of 2020",[13] and then 3rd quarter of 2021.[14]

Administrative divisions

Шаблон:Main Heilongjiang is divided into thirteen prefecture-level divisions: twelve prefecture-level cities (including a sub-provincial city) and one prefecture:

Administrative divisions of Heilongjiang

Шаблон:Image label begin Шаблон:Image label Шаблон:Image label Шаблон:Image label Шаблон:Image label Шаблон:Image label Шаблон:Image label Шаблон:Image label Шаблон:Image label Шаблон:Image label Шаблон:Image label Шаблон:Image label Шаблон:Image label Шаблон:Image label Шаблон:Image label

Шаблон:Image label end
Division code[15] Division Area in km2[16] Population 2010[17] Seat Divisions[18]
Districts* Counties Aut. counties CL cities
230000 Heilongjiang Province 454,800.00 38,312,224 Harbin city 54 45 1 21
230100 Harbin city 53,523.50 10,635,971 Songbei District 9 7 2
230200 Qiqihar city 42,205.81 5,367,003 Jianhua District 7 8 1
230300 Jixi city 22,488.46 1,862,161 Jiguan District 6 1 2
230400 Hegang city 14,679.98 1,058,665 Xiangyang District 6 2
230500 Shuangyashan city 26,483.00 1,462,626 Jianshan District 4 4
230600 Daqing city 22,161.00 2,904,532 Sartu District 5 3 1
230700 Yichun city 39,017.00 1,148,126 Yimei District 4 5 1
230800 Jiamusi city 31,528.00 2,552,097 Qianjin District 4 3 3
230900 Qitaihe city 6,221.42 920,419 Taoshan District 3 1
231000 Mudanjiang city 40,233.00 2,798,723 Dong'an District 4 1 5
231100 Heihe city 66,802.65 1,673,898 Aihui District 1 2 3
231200 Suihua city 34,964.17 5,416,439 Beilin District 1 6 3
232700 Daxing'anling Prefecture 46,755.00≈ 511,564 Jiagedaqi District** (de facto); Mohe city (de jure) 4** 2 1
Шаблон:Legend

* – including Ethnic districts
** – administrative districts not registered under the Ministry of Civil Affairs (not included in the total Districts' count)
≈ – not including territories within Inner Mongolia (if included: Шаблон:Convert)

Шаблон:Multiple image

(Additional information regarding the last prefecture can be found at Greater Khingan.)

These 13 prefecture-level divisions are subdivided into 128 county-level divisions (65 districts, 20 county-level cities, 42 counties, and one autonomous county). Those are in turn divided into 1,284 township-level divisions (473 towns, 400 townships, 58 ethnic townships, and 353 subdistricts).

Urban areas

Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
# City Urban area[19] District area[19] City proper[19] Census date
1 HarbinШаблон:Efn 4,933,054 5,878,939 10,635,971 2010-11-01
(1) Harbin Шаблон:SmallШаблон:Efn 244,898 825,634 Шаблон:Small 2010-11-01
2 Daqing 1,433,698 1,649,825 2,904,532 2010-11-01
3 Qiqihar 1,314,720 1,553,788 5,367,003 2010-11-01
4 Mudanjiang 790,623 965,154 2,798,723 2010-11-01
5 Jixi 746,889 862,959 1,862,165 2010-11-01
6 YichunШаблон:Efn 694,019 428,306 1,148,126 2010-11-01
7 Jiamusi 631,357 881,711 2,552,097 2010-11-01
8 Hegang 600,941 664,471 1,058,665 2010-11-01
9 Qitaihe 503,678 620,987 920,471 2010-11-01
10 Shuangyashan 481,110 501,827 1,462,626 2010-11-01
11 Suihua 364,225 877,114 5,418,153 2010-11-01
12 Zhaodong 358,606 903,067 Шаблон:Small 2010-11-01
13 Shangzhi 269,699 585,386 Шаблон:Small 2010-11-01
14 Wuchang 259,836 881,224 Шаблон:Small 2010-11-01
15 Bei'an 248,471 436,444 Шаблон:Small 2010-11-01
16 TieliШаблон:Efn 235,148 349,369 Шаблон:Small 2010-11-01
17 Nehe 233,724 625,892 Шаблон:Small 2010-11-01
18 Anda 223,486 472,826 Шаблон:Small 2010-11-01
19 Hailin 216,633 400,859 Шаблон:Small 2010-11-01
20 Fujin 215,237 437,165 Шаблон:Small 2010-11-01
21 Hulin 193,028 317,884 Шаблон:Small 2010-11-01
22 Hailun 188,461 769,437 Шаблон:Small 2010-11-01
23 Mishan 176,612 407,451 Шаблон:Small 2010-11-01
24 Wudalianchi 148,465 326,391 Шаблон:Small 2010-11-01
25 Heihe 147,042 211,313 1,673,899 2010-11-01
26 JiagedaqiШаблон:Efn 142,465 154,359 Шаблон:Small 2010-11-01
27 Ning'an 128,469 437,452 Шаблон:Small 2010-11-01
28 Suifenhe 128,363 132,315 Шаблон:Small 2010-11-01
29 Muling 112,882 293,271 Шаблон:Small 2010-11-01
(30) DongningШаблон:Efn 112,425 200,716 Шаблон:Small 2010-11-01
31 Tongjiang 99,829 179,791 Шаблон:Small 2010-11-01
(32) FuyuanШаблон:Efn 74,435 126,694 Шаблон:Small 2010-11-01
(33) MoheШаблон:Efn 71,307 83,414 Шаблон:Small 2010-11-01

Шаблон:Notelist Шаблон:Largest cities

Politics

Шаблон:Prose Шаблон:Further

Файл:黑龙江省人民政府大楼2017夏.jpg
Heilongjiang Province People's Government

List of secretaries of the Chinese Communist Party Heilongjiang Committee:

  1. Zhang Qilong (Шаблон:Lang; 1949–1950)
  2. Zhao Dezun (Шаблон:Lang; 1950–1953)
  3. Feng Jixin (Шаблон:Lang; 1953–1954)
  4. Ouyang Qin (Шаблон:Lang; 1954–1965)
  5. Pan Fusheng (Шаблон:Lang; 1965–1971)
  6. Wang Jiadao (Шаблон:Lang; 1971–1974)
  7. Liu Guangtao (Шаблон:Lang; 1977)
  8. Yang Yichen (Шаблон:Lang; 1977–1983)
  9. Li Li'an (Шаблон:Lang; 1983–1985)
  10. Sun Weiben (Шаблон:Lang; 1985–1994)
  11. Yue Qifeng (Шаблон:Lang; 1994–1997)
  12. Xu Youfang (Шаблон:Lang; 1997–2003)
  13. Song Fatang (Шаблон:Lang; 2003–2005)
  14. Qian Yunlu (Шаблон:Lang; 2005–2008)
  15. Ji Bingxuan (Шаблон:Lang; 2008–2013)
  16. Wang Xiankui (Шаблон:Lang; March 2013 – April 2017)
  17. Zhang Qingwei (Шаблон:Lang; April 2017 – October 2021)
  18. Xu Qin (Шаблон:Lang; October 2021 - present)

List of governors:

  1. Yu Yifu (Шаблон:Lang; 1949–1952)
  2. Zhao Dezun (Шаблон:Lang; 1952–1953)
  3. Chen Lei (Шаблон:Lang; 1953–1954)
  4. Han Guang (Шаблон:Lang; 1954–1956)
  5. Ouyang Qin (Шаблон:Lang; 1956–1958)
  6. Li Fanwu (Шаблон:Lang; 1958–1966)
  7. Pan Fusheng (Шаблон:Lang; 1967–1971)
  8. Wang Jiadao (Шаблон:Lang; 1971–1974)
  9. Liu Guangtao (Шаблон:Lang; February 1977 – December 1977)
  10. Yang Yichen (Шаблон:Lang; December 1977 – 1979)
  11. Chen Lei (Шаблон:Lang; 1979–1985)
  12. Hou Jie (Шаблон:Lang; 1985–1989)
  13. Shao Qihui (Шаблон:Lang; 1989–1994)
  14. Tian Fengshan (Шаблон:Lang; 1994–2000)
  15. Song Fatang (Шаблон:Lang; 2000–2003)
  16. Zhang Zuoji (Шаблон:Lang; 2003 – December 2007)
  17. Li Zhanshu (Шаблон:Lang; December 2007 – August 2010)
  18. Wang Xiankui (Шаблон:Lang; August 2010 – March 2013)
  19. Lu Hao (Шаблон:Lang; March 2013 – March 2018)
  20. Wang Wentao (Шаблон:Lang; March 2018 – December 2020)
  21. Hu Changsheng (Шаблон:Lang; February 2021 – December 2022)
  22. Liang Huiling (Шаблон:Lang; December 2022 – present)

Economy

Шаблон:More citations needed section

In 2022, Heilongjiang's GDP was 1.59 trillion RMB ($236 billion in GDP nominal), with a per capita GDP of Шаблон:CNY (Шаблон:US$ in nominal).[20] Its primary, secondary, and tertiary industries contributed ¥360 billion (22.7%), ¥465 billion (29.2%), and ¥764 billion (48%) to GDP, respectively.[20]

Heilongjiang's GDP has been rising steadily since 2003, growing 37% from 2003 to 2007. The value of the private economy reached RMB234 billion in 2006 and accounted for 37.6 percent of the GDP. In that year, the tax revenue from private enterprises hit RMB20.5 billion.

Private enterprises in Heilongjiang led the overall economic growth of the province. Many leading private enterprises have begun to emerge. The province's three major private enterprises, namely the Heilongjiang Sunflower Medicine Ltd, Qitaihe Yidaxin Coal Co., and Heilongjiang Yiyang Group, each contributed more than RMB100 million in tax revenue in 2007.Шаблон:Citation needed

During the first decade of this century, many private investors were involved in large construction projects in Heilongjiang. In 2006, 928 large projects absorbed private capital of RMB5 million each, and 101 projects attracted RMB100 million each within the province. In line with the central government's policy to revitalize the Northeast, Heilongjiang also restructured its six pillar industries, namely equipment manufacturing, petrochemicals, food processing, energy, pharmaceuticals, and forest and timber processing.Шаблон:Citation needed

Agriculture

Heilongjiang is home to China's largest plantations of rice, corn and soybeans, with a total of Шаблон:Convert of grain plantation area, including Шаблон:Convert of rice plantation and Шаблон:Convert of corn.[21][22] Heilongjiang has vast tracts of black soil (chernozem), one of the most fertile soil types.[23][24] Since the early 20th century, cultivation in the black soil belt has expanded by almost 100-fold, and after the 1960s agriculture in the region transformed to modern agriculture with heavy mechanization and an increase of fertilizer use.[23] Heilongjiang is one of the Asia's leading production areas for japonica rice, known for high quality brand rice varieties.[25][26] The introduction of cold-resistant varieties, favorable policies and climate change have all contributed to a significant increase in rice production in recent years.[27] Commercial crops grown include beets, flax, sunflowers.[26]

Heilongjiang is also an important source of lumber for China. Pine, especially the Korean pine and larch are the most important forms of lumber produced in Heilongjiang. Forests are mostly found in the Greater Khingan Mountains and Lesser Khingan Mountains, which are also home to protected animal species such as the Siberian tiger, the red-crowned crane, and the lynx.

Herding in Heilongjiang is centered upon horses and cattle; the province has the largest number of milk cows and the highest production of milk among all the province-level divisions of China.

Industry

Heilongjiang is part of northeast China, the country's traditional industrial base. Industry is focused upon coal, petroleum, lumber, machinery, and food. Due to its location, Heilongjiang is also an important gateway for trade with Russia. Since a wave of privatization led to the closure of uncompetitive factories in the 1990s, Manchuria has suffered from stagnation. As a result, the government has started the Revitalize Northeast China campaign to deal with this problem, promoting the private sectors as the preferred method of economic reform.

Petroleum is of great importance in Heilongjiang, and the Daqing oilfields are an important source of petroleum for China. Coal, gold, and graphite are other important minerals to be found in Heilongjiang. Heilongjiang also has great potential for wind power, with potential capacity for 134 gigawatts of power production.[28]

Development zones

  • Daqing New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
Daqing New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was constructed in April 1992 and was then approved as a national high-tech zone by the State Council later that year. Its initial zone area is Шаблон:Cvt, and it recently expanded the area by Шаблон:Cvt.[29]
  • Heihe Border Economic Cooperation Area
  • Harbin Economic and Technological Development Zone
  • Harbin New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
Harbin High-tech Zone was set up in 1988 and was approved by the State Council as a national development zone in 1991. It has a total area of Шаблон:Cvt in the centralized parks, subdivided into Nangang, Haping Road and Yingbin Road Centralized Parks. The Nangang Centralized Park is designated for the incubation of high-tech projects and research and development base of enterprises as well as tertiary industries such as finance, insurance, services, catering, tourism, culture, recreation and entertainment, where the headquarters of major well-known companies and their branches in Harbin are located; the Haping Road Centralized Park is a comprehensive industrial basis for the investment projects of automobile and automobile parts manufacturing, medicines, foodstuffs, electronics, textile; the Yingbin Road Centralized Park is mainly for high-tech incubation projects, high-tech industrial development.[30]
  • Sino-Russia Dongning-Piurtaphca Trade Zone
Sino-Russia Dongning-Piurtaphca Trade Zone was approved by the State Council in 2000 and was completed in 2005. The zone has a planned area of 275.4 hectares. The Chinese part of the zone has a 22-hectare trade center with four subsidiary areas, A, B, C, and D, in which more than 6,000 stalls are already set up, mainly dealing with clothes, household appliances, food, construction materials, etc.[31]
  • Suifenhe Border Economic Cooperation Area
Suifenhe Border Economic Cooperation District (Suifenhe BECD) is located in the north of Suifenhe City, and borders Russia to the east. Suifenhe BECD is the largest among the three state-level border-trade zones of Heilongjiang, in terms of investor numbers. Suifenhe BECD has a convenient transport network. The Binzhou-Suifenhe Railway, which connects the Russian Far East Railway, is an important port for export. The railway distance between Suifenhe and Harbin is Шаблон:Convert. Buguranikinai, the corresponding Russian port city, is Шаблон:Convert away.[32]

Demographics

Файл:China Heilongjiang pop SbA5y pyramid2019.png
Heilongjiang population pyramid in 2019

Шаблон:Historical populations Heilongjiang's population is estimated to be 30.9 million in 2022, down from its peak at 38.3 million in 2010.[20] Шаблон:As of, the population is 65.7% urban and 34.3% rural.[20]

The majority of Heilongjiang's population is Han Chinese, while other ethnic minorities include the Manchus, Koreans, Mongols, Hui, Xibe, and Hezhen.

Ethnic groups in Heilongjiang (2000 census)
Nationality Population Percentage
Han Chinese 34,465,039 95.20%
Manchus 1,037,080 2.86%
Koreans 388,458 1.07%
Mongols 141,495 0.39%
Hui 124,003 0.34%
Xibe 43,608 0.12%
Hezhe 8,886 0.03%

Excludes members of the People's Liberation Army in active service.
Source:[33]

Religion

Шаблон:Further

Файл:ハルビン極楽寺玄関.jpg
Ji Le Temple (Temple of Bliss), a Buddhist temple in Harbin

Most of Heilongjiang's residents are either non-religious or practice Chinese folk religions, including Taoism. Manchu shamanism is practiced by many Manchu people. Chinese Buddhism and Tibetan Buddhism have an important presence in the province.

Culture

Heilongjiang's culture is part of a culture of Northeast China that is relatively homogeneous across this region, known in Mandarin Chinese as "Dongbei" (the northeast).

Media

Файл:黑龙江日报报业集团2017.jpg
Heilongjiang Daily Press Group

Heilongjiang Television and Harbin Economy Radio serve as broadcasters.

Tourism

Файл:Harbin Siberian Tiger Park 2.JPG
A Siberian tiger at Harbin Siberian Tiger Park

Harbin, the provincial capital, is a city of contrasts, with Chinese, Russian, and eclectic worldwide influences clearly apparent. Bukui Mosque, a national heritage site, is the largest glazed-tile building in the province.[34] Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Protestant churches as well as synagogues dot the city.[35]

The long, cold winter is the backdrop for its famed ice sculpture exhibitions. In 2007 already the 8th Ice and Snow World opened to visitors in Harbin. More than 2,000 ice sculptures were on display at the annual event.[36]

Wudalianchi Lakes are a series of five lakes formed between 1719 and 1721 when volcanic eruption shaped one section of a tributary of the Amur into five interconnected lakes. The second lake in particular is renowned for its irregular geological sights. Lake Jingbo, in Ning'an County, is a section of the Mudan River that has been narrowed and shaped by volcanic eruption into a series of sights, including the Diaoshuilou Falls.

The province has a zoological park called "Harbin Siberian Tiger Park".[37]

Colleges and universities

Шаблон:See also

Partial list of universities:

Sports

Heilongjiang is in the forefront of promoting winter sports and winter-featured sports industry in China.[38] For example, it is promoting bandy as an Olympic sport.[39]

Events and leagues

Notable people

See also

Шаблон:Portal

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Commons

Шаблон:Geographic location

Шаблон:Heilongjiang topics Шаблон:Heilongjiang Шаблон:Province-level divisions of the People's Republic of China

Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Origins of Minority Ethnic Groups in Heilongjiang Шаблон:Webarchive
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  5. ↑ Edmonds (1985), pp. 115–117
  6. ↑ Patrick Fuliang Shan, "Taming China's Wilderness: Immigration, Settlement, and the Shaping of the Heilongjiang Frontier, 1900–1931", Ashgate, 2014, Шаблон:ISBN
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Proposed bridge to boost bilateral trade, China Daily, 19 June 2007.
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 19,2 Шаблон:Cite book
  20. ↑ 20,0 20,1 20,2 20,3 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок data2022 не указан текст
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  23. ↑ 23,0 23,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  26. ↑ 26,0 26,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  29. ↑ RightSite.asia | Daqing New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
  30. ↑ RightSite.asia | Harbin New & Hi-Tech Industrial Zone
  31. ↑ RightSite.asia | Sino-Russia Dongning-Piurtaphca Trade Zone
  32. ↑ RightSite.asia | Suifenhe Border Economic Cooperation District
  33. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book, 2 volumes
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  37. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  39. ↑ Heilongjiang Province Promotes Bandy as Olympic Sport!
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