Английская Википедия:Heinz Strüning

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox military person Heinz Strüning (13 January 1912 – 24 December 1944) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator during World War II, a night fighter ace credited with 56 nocturnal aerial victories claimed in 280 combat missions.[Note 1]

All of his victories were claimed over the Western Front in Defense of the Reich missions against the Royal Air Force's Bomber Command. He was shot down and killed in action on Christmas Eve, 24 December 1944.

Early life and career

Strüning was born on 13 January 1912 in Neviges, at the time in the Rhine Province of the German Empire. He was the son of electrician Karl Strüning. Following graduation from the Realgymnasium—a secondary school built on the mid-level Realschule—in Langenberg he began his vocational education as a merchant. In March 1935, he joined the Luftwaffe and was trained as a pilot.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn

Holding the rank of Unteroffizier, he was posted to 5. Staffel (5th squadron) of Zerstörergeschwader 26 "Horst Wessel" (ZG 26—26th Destroyer Wing), named after the Nazi martyr Horst Wessel, on 2 August 1939.Шаблон:Sfn[Note 2]

World War II

World War II in Europe began on Friday, 1 September 1939, when German forces invaded Poland. Flying with ZG 26, he flew several patrol missions on the Western Front during the Phoney War period. On 9 April 1940, the Wehrmacht launched Operation Weserübung, the German assault on Denmark and Norway. Two days later, Strüning was reassigned to the Zerstörrerstaffel of Kampfgeschwader 30 (KG 30—30th Bomber Wing). Until 9 June, he flew escort missions in support of the German troops at Narvik. For his service in Norway, he was awarded the Iron Cross second Class (Шаблон:Lang) on 15 July 1940. On 1 August 1940, Strüning was promoted to Feldwebel (sergeant).Шаблон:Sfn

Night fighter career

Файл:Kammhuber Line Map - Agent Tegal.png
A map of part of the Kammhuber Line. The 'belt' and night fighter 'boxes' are shown.

Following the 1939 aerial Battle of the Heligoland Bight, Royal Air Force (RAF) attacks shifted to the cover of darkness, initiating the Defence of the Reich campaign.Шаблон:Sfn By mid-1940, Generalmajor (Brigadier General) Josef Kammhuber had established a night air defense system dubbed the Kammhuber Line. It consisted of a series of control sectors equipped with radars and searchlights and an associated night fighter. Each sector named a Himmelbett (canopy bed) would direct the night fighter into visual range with target bombers. In 1941, the Luftwaffe started equipping night fighters with airborne radar such as the Lichtenstein radar. This airborne radar did not come into general use until early 1942.Шаблон:Sfn

In July 1940, elements of (Z)KG 30 were trained and converted to flying night fighter missions. These elements then became the 4. Staffel in the II. Gruppe (2nd group) of the newly created Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 (NJG 1—1st Night Fighter Wing). On 11 September, II. Gruppe of NJG 1 was reassigned and became the I. Gruppe of Nachtjagdgeschwader 2 (NJG 2—2nd Night Fighter Wing), subsequently Strünning became a pilot of 1./NJG 2.Шаблон:Sfn Kammhuber had created I./NJG 2 with the idea of utilizing the Junkers Ju 88 C-2 and Dornier Do 17 Z as an offensive weapon, flying long range intruder (Шаблон:Lang) missions into British airspace, attacking RAF airfields. Until October 1941, I. Gruppe operated from the Gilze-Rijen Air Base.Шаблон:Sfn

With this unit, Strüning flew 66 intruder missions over England at night,Шаблон:Sfn and claimed his first aerial victory on the night of 23 November 1940 over a Vickers Wellington bomber Шаблон:Convert west of Scheveningen.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Two days later, he received the Iron Cross first Class (Шаблон:Lang). For his service in Norway, he was presented the Narvik Shield on 30 January 1941.Шаблон:Sfn On the evening of 15 February 1941, Strüning claimed a Lockheed Hudson Шаблон:Convert east of Great Yarmouth and a Wellington Шаблон:Convert east-northeast of Southend-on-Sea.Шаблон:Sfn Following his fifth aerial victory, he received the Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe (Шаблон:Lang) on 12 June 1941. On 1 July 1941, Strüning was promoted to Oberfeldwebel (Master Sergeant).Шаблон:Sfn He claimed his ninth and last intruder aerial victory on 13 October 1941 over a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress in the vicinity of Upwood over England.Шаблон:Sfn

In the timeframe 24 October 1940, the date of I. GruppeШаблон:'s first aerial victory, to 12 October 1941, the intruder Gruppe claimed approximately 100 RAF aircraft destroyed, additionally further aircraft were damaged as well as RAF ground targets attacked. This came at the expense of 26 aircraft lost. In October 1941, Hitler ordered the intruder operations stopped as he was skeptical of the results. The unit was then ordered to Catania, Sicily in the Mediterranean theater of operations.Шаблон:Sfn Strüning however stayed at Gilze-Rijen and was transferred to the Ergänzungsjagdgruppe, a supplementary unit of NJG 2.Шаблон:Sfn

In November 1941, he was transferred to 7./NJG 2. With this unit, Strüning gained 15 victories until mid-September 1942. He received the German Cross in Gold (Шаблон:Lang) in July 1942, after his 19th claim. In mid September 1942 he was promoted to Leutnant and awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Шаблон:Lang) in October 1942. Strüning is then transferred to 2./NJG 1 in May 1943.

Staffelkapitän and death

Файл:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1972-004-32, Heinkel He 219 als Nachtjäger.jpg
Heinkel He 219

Strüning was promoted to Oberleutnant (first lieutenant) on 1 August 1943.Шаблон:Sfn On 15 August, he was then appointed Staffelkapitän of 3. Staffel of Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 (NJG 1—1st Night Fighter Wing). On 23 August 1943, Strüning claimed a Lancaster shot down Шаблон:Convert east of Eindhoven.Шаблон:Sfn

Strüning coordinated the introduction of the new Heinkel He 219 "Uhu". With this aircraft, Strüning downed three bombers on the night of 31 August 1943, a Halifax Шаблон:Convert west of Mönchengladbach.Шаблон:Sfn On 22 June 1944, he shot down three RAF bombers. Strüning was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Шаблон:Lang) on 20 July 1944.

On 7 October, Helmut Lent, the Geschwaderkommodore of NJG 3, died of wounds sustained in a flying accident the day before. Lent's state funeral was held in the Reich Chancellery, Berlin, on Wednesday 11 October 1944. Strüning, together with Oberstleutnant Hans-Joachim Jabs, Major Rudolf Schoenert, Oberstleutnant Günther Radusch, Hauptmann Karl Hadeball and Hauptmann Paul Zorner, formed the guard of honor.Шаблон:Sfn On 15 November, Strüning again participated in a guard of honor. He and Leutnant Karl Schnörrer, Oberst Gordon Gollob, Major Georg Christl, Major Rudolf Schoenert, Major Josef Fözö formed the guard of honor at Walter Nowotny funeral at the Zentralfriedhof in Vienna. Nowotny had been killed in action on 8 November 1944. The eulogy was delivered by Generaloberst Otto Deßloch.Шаблон:Sfn

At about 6 pm on 24 December 1944 his Messerschmitt Bf 110 G-4 (Werknummer 740 162—factory number) G9+CT was shot down by 10-kill ace F/L R.D. Doleman and F/L D.C. Bunch of No. 157 Squadron RAF in a de Havilland Mosquito Intruder while he tried to attack a Lancaster bomber over Cologne.Шаблон:Sfn He bailed out but struck the tail of his plane and fell to his death. His body was found two months after his death.Шаблон:Sfn Strüning was buried at the Ostfriedhof (eastern cemetery) in Westönnen in field X, grave 14.Шаблон:Sfn

Summary of career

Aerial victory claims

During his career, Hauptmann Heinz Strüning had made 280 combat missions (250 at night), and claimed 56 victories at night (including two Mosquitoes).

Foreman, Parry and Mathews, authors of Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939 – 1945, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 56 nocturnal victory claims.Шаблон:Sfn Mathews and Foreman also published Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, listing Strüning with 56 aerial victories claimed in 280 combat missions.Шаблон:Sfn

Chronicle of aerial victories
Claim Date Time Type Location Serial No./Squadron No.
– 1. Staffel of Nachtjagdgeschwader 2 –Шаблон:Sfn
1 23 November 1940 18:40 Wellington Шаблон:Convert west of ScheveningenШаблон:Sfn
2 15 February 1941 09:15 Hudson Шаблон:Convert east of Great YarmouthШаблон:Sfn
3 15 February 1941 19:58 Wellington Шаблон:Convert east-northeast of Southend-on-SeaШаблон:Sfn
4 7 May 1941 02:08 Wellington PeterboroughШаблон:Sfn Wellington R3227/No. 11 Operational Training Unit RAFШаблон:Sfn
5 9 May 1941 23:30 Wellington over the North SeaШаблон:Sfn
6 5 July 1941 01:57 Wellington vicinity of Bircham NewtonШаблон:Sfn
7 19 August 1941 01:20 Blenheim vicinity of GranthamШаблон:Sfn
8 19 August 1941 02:00 Blenheim vicinity of GranthamШаблон:Sfn
9 13 October 1941 22:20 B-17 vicinity of UpwoodШаблон:Sfn
– Ergänzungsjagdgruppe of Nachtjagdgeschwader 2 –Шаблон:Sfn
10 26 January 1942 22:35 WhitleyШаблон:Sfn
11 29 April 1942 01:15 Boston Шаблон:Convert southeast of NoordschansШаблон:Sfn
12 9 May 1942 01:02 StirlingШаблон:Sfn
13 20 May 1942 00:56 StirlingШаблон:Sfn Stirling DJ977/No. 218 (Gold Coast) Squadron RAFШаблон:Sfn
14 31 May 1942 00:27 BostonШаблон:Sfn Manchester L7429/No.49 Conversion Flight RAFШаблон:Sfn
15 2 June 1942 03:10 B-24Шаблон:Sfn
16 2 June 1942 03:25 WellingtonШаблон:Sfn Stirling R9318/No. 15 Squadron RAFШаблон:Sfn
17 6 June 1942 03:35 StirlingШаблон:Sfn
18 20 June 1942 03:27 WellingtonШаблон:Sfn
19 26 June 1942 01:13 B-24Шаблон:Sfn
– 8. Staffel of Nachtjagdgeschwader 2 –Шаблон:Sfn
20 22 July 1942 01:45 Halifax Шаблон:Convert south of UtrechtШаблон:Sfn
21 26 July 1942 02:30 Wellington northeast of AmersfoortШаблон:Sfn
22 30 July 1942 03:55 WellingtonШаблон:Sfn
23 10 September 1942 22:50 Wellington Шаблон:Convert northeast of HelmondШаблон:Sfn
24 16 September 1942 23:34 WellingtonШаблон:Sfn Stirling DF550/No. 142 Squadron RAFШаблон:Sfn
– 2. Staffel of Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 –Шаблон:Sfn
25 14 May 1943 01:49 Halifax Шаблон:Convert north of BreskensШаблон:Sfn
26 14 May 1943 02:26 Halifax Шаблон:Convert west of WalcherenШаблон:Sfn Halifax W7935/No. 102 Squadron RAFШаблон:Sfn
27 24 May 1943 02:14 Stirling Шаблон:Convert south of UtrechtШаблон:Sfn Stirling BK783/No. 75 Squadron RAFШаблон:Sfn
28 26 May 1943 02:33 Wellington LoosduinenШаблон:Sfn Wellington HE228/No. 192 Squadron RAFШаблон:Sfn
29 28 May 1943 01:54 Mosquito Шаблон:Convert southeast of GoudaШаблон:Sfn
30 17 June 1943 02:06 Halifax Шаблон:Convert northwest of EuddorpШаблон:Sfn
31 22 June 1943 02:02 LancasterШаблон:Sfn Lancaster ED885/No. 156 Squadron RAFШаблон:Sfn
32 23 June 1943 02:39 Halifax Шаблон:Convert east of UtrechtШаблон:Sfn Halifax DT700/No. 77 Squadron RAFШаблон:Sfn
33 25 June 1943 02:49 Lancaster Шаблон:Convert west of SchouwenШаблон:Sfn Lancaster LM327/No. 97 Squadron RAFШаблон:Sfn
34 25 June 1943 02:56 Halifax Шаблон:Convert west-northwest of SchouwenШаблон:Sfn Halifax JD250/No. 51 Squadron RAFШаблон:Sfn
35 25 June 1943 03:02 Stirling Шаблон:Convert west of SchouwenШаблон:Sfn Stirling BK628/No. 90 Squadron RAFШаблон:Sfn
– 3. Staffel of Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 –Шаблон:Sfn
36 14 July 1943 01:40 Halifax Venlo railway stationШаблон:Sfn Halifax BB323/No. 419 Squadron RCAFШаблон:Sfn
37 23 August 1943 01:43 Lancaster Шаблон:Convert east of EindhovenШаблон:Sfn Lancaster ED701/No. 103 SquadronШаблон:Sfn
38 31 August 1943 03:20 Halifax Шаблон:Convert west of MönchengladbachШаблон:Sfn Halifax LK894/No. 434 (Bluenose) Squadron RCAFШаблон:Sfn
39 31 August 1943 03:45 Halifax west of MönchengladbachШаблон:Sfn Stirling EH938/No. 75 Squadron RAFШаблон:Sfn
40 31 August 1943 03:45 Halifax Шаблон:Convert west-southwest of MönchengladbachШаблон:Sfn Halifax HR739/No. 158 Squadron RAFШаблон:Sfn
41 1 September 1943 01:05 Halifax BrandenburgШаблон:Sfn
42 25 March 1944 00:30 four-engined bomber 230° from DortmundШаблон:Sfn Lancaster LM471/No. 576 Squadron RAFШаблон:Sfn
43 11 May 1944 00:15 Lancaster Шаблон:Convert northeast of BrugesШаблон:Sfn Halifax LV985/No. 427 Squadron RCAFШаблон:Sfn
44 13 May 1944 00:48 Halifax Шаблон:Convert south-southeast of BrusselsШаблон:Sfn Halifax MZ629/No. 431 (Iroquois) Squadron RCAFШаблон:Sfn
45 22 May 1944 01:32 Lancaster north of FessenhoutШаблон:Sfn Lancaster LL951/No. 460 Squadron RAAFШаблон:Sfn
46 23 May 1944 01:14 Lancaster vicinity of GiessenШаблон:Sfn
47 25 May 1944 00:47 Halifax vicinity of LeopoldsburgШаблон:Sfn Halifax HX352/No. 429 Squadron RCAFШаблон:Sfn
48 25 May 1944 01:15 Viermot Off OstendШаблон:Sfn
49 3 June 1944 00:36 Halifax Schouwen IslandШаблон:Sfn
50 6 June 1944 02:30 Mosquito Noord BrabantШаблон:Sfn Mosquito NS950/No. 515 SquadronШаблон:Sfn
51 17 June 1944 01:07 four-engined bomber beacon "Gorilla"Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn
52 17 June 1944 01:13 four-engined bomber beacon "Gorilla"Шаблон:Sfn[Note 3]
53 22 June 1944 01:13 Lancaster VenloШаблон:Sfn
54 22 June 1944 01:17 B-17 vicinity of MaastrichtШаблон:Sfn B-17 SR382/No. 214 Squadron RAFШаблон:Sfn
55 22 June 1944 02:30 four-engined bomber beacon "Hamster"Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn
56 19 July 1944 01:55 Mosquito Шаблон:Convert west of BerlinШаблон:Sfn Mosquito MM136/No. 571 Squadron RAFШаблон:Sfn

Awards

Dates of rank

1 August 1940: Feldwebel (Technical Sergeant)Шаблон:Sfn
1 July 1941: Oberfeldwebel (Master Sergeant)Шаблон:Sfn
1 August 1942: Leutnant (Second Lieutenant)Шаблон:Sfn
1 August 1943: Oberleutnant (First Lieutenant)Шаблон:Sfn
1 April 1944: Hauptmann (Captain)Шаблон:Sfn

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

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