Английская Википедия:Hells Canyon
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Other uses Шаблон:Infobox valley Hells Canyon is a Шаблон:Convert canyon in the Western United States, located along the border of eastern Oregon, western Idaho, and a small section of eastern Washington. It is part of the Hells Canyon National Recreation Area which is also located in part of the Wallowa-Whitman National Forest.[1] It is North America's deepest river gorge at Шаблон:Convert,[2] running deeper than the Grand Canyon in Arizona.[3]
The canyon was carved by the waters of the Snake River, which flows more than Шаблон:Convert below the canyon's west rim on the Oregon side and Шаблон:Convert below the peaks of Idaho's Seven Devils Mountains to the east. This area includes Шаблон:Cvt of wilderness.[4] Most of the area is inaccessible by road.[5]
Geology
The geologic history of the rocks of Hells Canyon began 300 million years ago with an arc of volcanoes that emerged from the waters of the Pacific Ocean. Over millions of years, the volcanoes subsided and limestone built up on the underwater platforms. The basins between them were filled with sedimentary rock. Between 130 and 17 million years ago, the ocean plate carrying the volcanoes collided with and became part of the North American continent. A period of volcanic activity followed, and much of the area was covered with floods of basalt lava, which smoothed the topography into a high plateau. The Snake River began carving Hells Canyon out of the plateau about 6 million years ago. Significant canyon-shaping events occurred as recently as 15,000 years ago during a massive outburst flood from Glacial Lake Bonneville in Utah.[6] The canyon contains dense forests, scenic overlooks and mountain peaks. At the bottom of the canyon, the area is a dry, desert environment.[1]
History
through Hells Canyon
Inhabitants
The earliest known residents in Hells Canyon were the Nez Percé tribe. Others tribes visiting the area were the Shoshone-Bannock, northern Paiute and Cayuse Indians. The mild winters and ample plant and wildlife attracted human habitation. Pictographs and petroglyphs on the walls of the canyon are a record of the Indian settlements.[7]
In 1806, three members of the Lewis and Clark Expedition entered the Hells Canyon region along the Salmon River. They turned back without seeing the deep parts of the canyon. It was not until 1811 that the Wilson Price Hunt expedition explored Hells Canyon while seeking a shortcut to the Columbia River. Hunger and cold forced them to turn back, as also did many explorers who were defeated by the canyon's inaccessibility. There remains no evidence in the canyon of their attempts; their expedition journals are the only documentation.[7] Early explorers sometimes called this area Box Canyon or Snake River Canyon.
The early miners were next to follow. In the 1860s, gold was discovered in river bars near present-day Hells Canyon National Recreation Area, and miners soon penetrated Hells Canyon; however, gold mining there was not profitable. Evidence of their endeavors remains visible along the corridor of the Snake River. Later efforts concentrated on hard-rock mining, requiring complex facilities. Evidence of these developments is visible today, especially near the mouth of the Imnaha River.[7]
In the 1880s there was a short-lived homesteading boom, but the weather was unsuited to farming and ranching, and most settlers soon gave up.[7] However, some ranchers still operate within the boundaries of the National Recreation Area.[7]
In May 1887, 34 Chinese gold miners were ambushed and killed in the area, in an event known as the Hells Canyon Massacre. No one was held accountable. Groups of white men ambushed the Chinese gold miners because of an Anti-Chinese movement that made its way to Oregon.[8][9]
Damming the Snake River
After completion of large hydropower dams on the Columbia River in the 1930s through the 1950s, several entities sought approval from the Federal Power Commission to build dams on the Snake River, including a high dam in Hells Canyon.[10] In 1955, the commission issued a license to the Idaho Power Company to build a three-dam complex in the canyon:
- The first of the three, Brownlee Dam, at river mile (RM) 285 or river kilometer (RK) 459, was finished in 1960.[10]
- Oxbow Dam, Шаблон:Convert downstream, was finished in 1972.
- Hells Canyon Dam, Шаблон:Convert below Oxbow, was completed in 1987.[10]
The three dams have a combined generating capacity of 1,167 megawatts (MW) of electricity.[11] The complex, which provides about 70 percent of Idaho's hydroelectricity, blocks migration of salmon and other anadromous fish upstream of Hells Canyon Dam.[12]
Two additional dams, Mountain Sheep and Pleasant Valley, were proposed in 1955 above the mouth of the Salmon River and below the Hells Canyon Dam. The Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968 held up progress, but with the energy crisis, they were revived in 1975; these projects were sponsored by consortiums Pacific Northwest Power Company and Washington Public Power Supply System (WPPSS).[13][14] At the end of that year, President Gerald Ford signed legislation to create the Hells Canyon National Recreation Area and the projects Шаблон:Nowrap
The first river runners were on the canyon rapids by 1928.[15]
Recreation
In 1975, Congress had declared Шаблон:Cvt to be the recreational area for the Hells Canyon National Forest.[4] There are many recreational activities available within the canyon.[16] Activities in Hells Canyon include fishing, jet boat tours, hunting, hiking, camping, and whitewater sports (mainly rafting and kayaking). Much of these activities rely on the mighty Snake River, which is the main factor in the creation of Hells Canyon. The Snake River is home to numerous fish species, an abundance of class I-IV rapids (some of the largest in the Pacific Northwest), diverse wildlife and miles of systems. There is one boat ramp that is located at the upper end of the Snake River.[17] The wildlife is made up of over 350 species and this includes big game, small game, bird, and waterfowl hunting.[4] Trophy hunting in this area consists of elk, mountain goats, mountain lions, mule deer, whitetail deer, and black bears.[18] These key components make Hells Canyon an outdoor recreation mecca that brings in tourists from around the world. Hells canyon offers tours year round, while most of the whitewater activities peak in summer months. To participate in these recreational activities one can utilize commercial charters or private trips.
from Pittsburg Landing
Access
There are three roads that lead to Snake River and they are located between Hells Canyon Dam and the Oregon-Washington state line. There are no roads that cross Hells Canyon.[5] From Oxbow Bridge near Copperfield, Oregon, Hells Canyon Road follows the Idaho side of the river Шаблон:Convert downstream to the Hells Canyon Dam.[19] The road crosses the dam and continues another mile to the Hells Canyon Visitor Center on the Oregon side.
Farther north on the Idaho side, Deer Creek Road connects White Bird, Idaho, to the river at Pittsburg Landing.[20] Near the northern end of the canyon, Forest Road 4260 (Lower Imnaha Road), the last part of which is too rough for most cars, reaches the river at Dug Bar, Шаблон:Convert from Imnaha, Oregon.[21] On the canyon rims, viewpoints accessible by road include Hat Point and Buckhorn in Oregon and Heavens Gate in Idaho.[21]
Points of interest
| No. | Feature | Coordinates | River mile[22] | Elevation[23] | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Dug Bar | Шаблон:Coord[24] | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Lower Imnaha Road on the Oregon side reaches the Snake at this river bar.[21] |
| 2 | Pittsburg Landing | Шаблон:Coord[25] | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Deer Creek Road reaches the river and a United States Forest Service campground here, on the Idaho side.[20] |
| 3 | Lower end | Шаблон:Coord[26] | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Official canyon ends here, according to the Geographic Names Information System.[26] |
| 4 | Hells Canyon Dam | Шаблон:Coord[27] | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Furthest downstream in the three-dam Hells Canyon Complex. The only dam in the official canyon. |
| 5 | Upper end | Шаблон:Coord[26] | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Official canyon begins here, according to the Geographic Names Information System.[26] |
| 6 | Oxbow Dam | Шаблон:Coord[28] | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Middle dam of the three-dam Hells Canyon Complex. Upstream of the official canyon. |
| 7 | Brownlee Dam | Шаблон:Coord[29] | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Furthest upstream in the three-dam Hells Canyon Complex; not in the official canyon. |
| 8 | Hat Point Lookout | Шаблон:Coord[30] | Шаблон:Center | Шаблон:Convert | Viewpoint on the Oregon side of the canyon rim.[21] |
| 9 | Buckhorn Lookout | Шаблон:Coord[31] | Шаблон:Center | Шаблон:Convert | Viewpoint on the Oregon side of the canyon rim.[21] |
| 10 | Kinney Point | Шаблон:Coord[32] | Шаблон:Center | Шаблон:Convert | Viewpoint on the Idaho side of the canyon rim.[33] |
See also
References
Works cited
- Orr, Elizabeth L., and Orr, William N. (1999). Geology of Oregon, fifth edition. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. Шаблон:ISBN.
- Sullivan, William L. (2002). Exploring Oregon's Wild Areas, third edition. Seattle: The Mountaineers Press. Шаблон:ISBN.
Further reading
- Brooks, Karl Boyd (2009). Public Power, Private Dams: The Hells Canyon High Dam Controversy. Seattle: University of Washington Press. Шаблон:ISBN.
External links
Шаблон:GeoGroup Шаблон:Commons category
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 7,4 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Recreation: Wallowa-Whitman National Forest. Retrieved December 2, 2014, from http://www.fs.usda.gov/recmain/wallowa-whitman/recreation
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 20,0 20,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 21,0 21,1 21,2 21,3 21,4 Sullivan, pp. 268–76
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web The maps include river-mile markers along the Snake. By convention, the markers are arranged in ascending order, starting with zero at the Snake's confluence with the Columbia River.
- ↑ Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) except canyon source elevation, which derives from a Google Earth search using GNIS source coordinates.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 26,0 26,1 26,2 26,3 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Orr, p. 47
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