Английская Википедия:Hericium
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Automatic taxobox
Hericium is a genus of edible mushrooms in the family Hericiaceae. Species in this genus are white and fleshy and grow on dead or dying wood; fruiting bodies resemble a mass of fragile icicle-like spines that are suspended from either a branched supporting framework or from a tough, unbranched cushion of tissue. This distinctive structure has earned Hericium species a variety of common names—monkey's head, lion's mane, and bear's head are examples. Taxonomically, this genus was previously placed within the order Aphyllophorales, but recent molecular studies now place it in the Russulales.
Etymology
Hericium means hedgehog in Latin.[1] See Wiktionary entries Шаблон:Linktext and Шаблон:Linktext.
History
The genus Hericium was originally described by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1794. It was mentioned by Elias Magnus Fries in the Systema Mycologicum (1822); Fries considered it to be synonymous with the tribe Merisma of the genus Hydnum. In 1825 he recognized Hericium as a distinct genus, although not in the same sense as the genus would be known later.[2]
Phylogenetics
In 2004, the phylogenetic relationships of Hericium species were analysed by comparing the rDNA internal transcribed spacer sequences of H. abietis, H. alpestre, H. americanum, H. coralloides, H. erinaceum, H. erinaceus and H. laciniatum. This analysis separated H. erinaceum from the six other Hericium species, and showed that H. erinaceus, H. abietis, H. americanum, and H. coralloides are closely related each to other but genetically diverged from H. alpestre and H. laciniatum.[3] Molecular genetic markers have been developed that allow for quick and sensitive identification of Hericium species using the polymerase chain reaction.[4]
The family Hericiaceae, to which Hericium belongs, belongs to the russuloid clade of basidiomycetes, making it phylogenetically related to the Auriscalpiaceae, the Bondarzewiaceae, and the Echinodontiaceae.[5][6]
Description
The fruit bodies typically have short stalks and are attached laterally to the host tree. Mature specimens are easily identified by drooping spines which hang down; the spines may be arranged in clusters or more usually, in rows. Positive identification of immature specimens can be more difficult as they often begin as a single clump, developing their branches as they age. They have no caps and contain spiny amyloid spores and numerous gloeopleurous hyphae filled with oil droplets.[7][8] The spores are spherical to ellipsoid, smooth or covered with very fine warts.[9]
Distribution and habitat
Hericium species are found extensively in the northern parts of the world, including North America, Europe, and Asia, often growing on old, fallen logs in dark and shaded areas of deciduous and Alpine forests.[10]
Uses
Hericium species are commonly found and consumed in North America and China.Шаблон:Citation needed The species is readily cultivated.[10] Hericium is used in the folk medicine of China and Japan,[11] but there is no high-quality clinical research as of 2020 to indicate that it has any medicinal or biological properties. The genus Hericium produces the phytochemicals, erinacines and hericenones, which are cyathane metabolites under basic research.[12]
Species
| Image | Scientific name | Description | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
| Файл:Hericium abietis 109093.jpg | Hericium abietis | Found on dead wood of conifers, especially fir and Douglas fir. | North America |
| Файл:Hericium americanum Ginns 923240.jpg | Hericium americanum ("Bear's-head tooth") | Solitary or clustered on dead or living deciduous wood, rarely on conifers | east of the Great Plains |
| Hericium bembedjaense[13] | The only Hericium species that has pleurocystidia and grows in Central Africa | Cameroon | |
| Hericium bharengense[14] | Sikkim Himalaya (India) | ||
| Hericium botryoides | Found growing on Quercus myrsinifolia. | Sapporo, Japan | |
| Файл:Mushroomtime again^^ This Hericium cirrhatum Syn. Creolophus cirrhatus, GB= Tiered Tooth Fungus, D= Dorniger stachelbart Syn. Dorniger Stachelseitling, F= Créolophe ondulé, NL= Gelobde pruikzwam) grows on the same b - panoramio.jpg | Hericium cirrhatum ("Spine-face") | This species' fruiting body is branched, with shell-shaped caps.[15] | southern England |
| Файл:Hericium clathroides (Scop.) Pers. (15689953975).jpg | Hericium clathroides | Europe | |
| Файл:2009-09-25 Hericium coralloides (Scop.) Pers 58068 crop.jpg | Hericium coralloides ("Comb tooth"; "coral spine fungus") | Found on beech (Fagus sylvatica) and fir. Spores have dimensions of 3.5–5 by 3–4 µm.[16] | Widely distributed in Europe |
| Файл:Igelstachelbart, Hericium erinaceus.jpg | Hericium erinaceus ("Bearded tooth", "tree hedgehog", "monkeyhead") | Found on living oak and beech trees.[16] | North America, Europe and Asia |
| Hericium fimbriatum | Pennsylvania, USA | ||
| Hericium fimbrillatum[17] | East Asia | ||
| Файл:Hericium in the Karwendel 3.jpg | Hericium flagellum | A European species, confirmed—using sexual incompatibility studies—to be a distinct species from H. coralloides in 1983. Found in montane areas, typically on newly fallen trunks and stumps of Fir (Abies species). Spores are 5–6.5 by 4.5–5.5 µm.[16][18] | Slovenia |
| Файл:Hericium novae-zealandiae 204071753.jpg | Hericium novae-zealandiae ("Pekepeke-Kiore") | Found growing on rotten logs in native forest, traditional applications in rongoā herbal medicine[19][20] | New Zealand |
| Hericium ptychogasteroides | Observed growing on dead trunk of Quercus mongolica in Ussurisky Nature Reserve.[21] | Russia | |
| Hericium rajendrae[22] | Himalayas | ||
| Hericium rajchenbergii | Grows on dead stems of Lithraea molleoides | Argentina[23] | |
| Hericium yumthangense[24] | Small rooting base, intricate three tier branching system, 8-13mm long spines | India: Sikkim |
References
Further reading
- Ginns, J. (1985). Hericium in North America: cultural characteristics and mating behavior. Canadian Journal of Botany 63: 1551–1563.
- Harrison, K. A. (1973). The genus Hericium in North America. Michigan Botanist 12: 177–194.
Шаблон:Taxonbar Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ Spore Print Шаблон:Webarchive, Quarterly Newsletter of the Edmonton Mycological Society
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
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- ↑ 10,0 10,1 Шаблон:Cite web
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- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
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- ↑ 16,0 16,1 16,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Chen ZG, Bishop KS, Tanambell H, Buchanan P, Quek SY. Assessment of In Vitro Bioactivities of Polysaccharides Isolated from Hericium Novae-Zealandiae. Antioxidants (Basel). 2019 Jul 8;8(7):211. Шаблон:Doi Шаблон:PMID
- ↑ Chen ZG , Bishop KS , Tanambell H , Buchanan P , Smith C , Quek SY . Characterization of the bioactivities of an ethanol extract and some of its constituents from the New Zealand native mushroom Hericium novae-zealandiae. Food Funct. 2019 Oct 16;10(10):6633-6643. Шаблон:Doi Шаблон:PMID
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal Шаблон:Open access
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