Английская Википедия:Hešeri
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:More citations needed Шаблон:Contains special characters Hešeri (Шаблон:Zh; Manchu: Шаблон:MongolUnicode Hešeri), is a clan of Manchu nobility with Jianzhou Jurchens roots, originally hailing from the area which is now the modern Chinese provinces of Jilin and Liaoning. It was once one of the most important and powerful noble families in the early Qing dynasty in China, second only to the royal House of Aisin Gioro, to whom they were closely related by marriage.[1][2]
The power of the Hešeri family reached its zenith in the period of Duke Hešeri Sonin and his third son Lord Hešeri Songgotu (from approximately 1650 to 1705).Шаблон:Citation needed Although its influence declined following Songgotu's death, the Hešeri clan continued to be the hereditary nobility and play a role in Chinese politics until the demise of the Qing dynasty in early 1912.
History
Origins
The name Hešeri was first recorded in the Thirty Common Surnames of Jurchen during the later Tang dynasty (c. 800-850), and is said to be derived from the name of an ancestral river (šeri loosely translating to water-spring in the Manchu language). Alternatively, some have suggested that the name may stem from that of an ancient tribe. During the Tang dynasty, the Hešeri lived on the northern outskirts of the empire, co-existing to some degree with the then extant Khitan and the Liao dynasty they founded (which dynasty the Jurchen ultimately conquered and destroyed in 1125[3]); while the bulk of the clan maintained their ancestral residencies, the (second) ascendancy of the Jurchen (renamed by this time to Manchu) during the Qing dynasty and the administrative and military appointments clan Hešeri enjoyed as a result saw moderate diffusion of Hešeri throughout the more interior northern and central provinces.
After the Xinhai Revolution of 1911 and the resulting 1912 collapse of the Qing dynasty, the vast majority of Hešeri saw fit to distance themselves from their Manchu origins. To accomplish this, the more Han-sounding diminutive He (Chinese: 赫 / 何) was adopted as a replacement surname (commonly spelled Ho in Hong Kong and several other Cantonese-speaking regions); a few Hešeri went further and changed their surnames completely to Gao (高), Kang (康), Zhang (张), Lu (芦), He (贺), Suo (索), Ying (英), Hao (郝), Hei (黑), Pu (普), Li (李), or Man (满).
Notable figures
Jin dynasty
Шаблон:Expand list In the 119-year history of the Jin dynasty, at least 52[4] people from this clan were powerful enough to affect the government's decisions. Their names were recorded in the History of Jin.
- Lihua, Empress Qinxian (Шаблон:Lang), wife of Taizu of Jin
- Zhining, Prince Jinyuan of the Second Rank (Шаблон:Lang).
- Liangbi, Prince Jinyuan of the Second Rank (Шаблон:Lang).
- Ziren (Шаблон:Lang).
- Cupei (Шаблон:Lang).
- Machan (Шаблон:Lang), Cupei's brother.
- General Heshilie Zhizhong (紇石烈執中; also known as Hushahu 胡沙虎)
- Yawuta (Шаблон:Lang; ?-1231), a general.
- Heshilie Zhushennu (紇石烈諸神奴), husband of Emperor Shizong of Jin,s 14th daughter
Qing dynasty
Males
- Šose (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang), Sonin's father. Fluent in Mandarin, Mongolian and Manchu. Awarded the honorific Baksi ("Knowledgeable Man", Chinese: 巴克什 Bākèshí) by the Qing dynasty's founding father, Nurhaci.Шаблон:Citation needed
- Sonin (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang; ?-1667), Duke of the First Rank (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang), Chief minister, Grand Councillor (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang) of the Shunzhi Emperor. Senior among the Four Regents of the Kangxi Emperor;
- Gabula (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang; ?-1681), first son of Sonin, Duke of the First Rank (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang). Father in law and Chief Minister (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang) of the Kangxi Emperor.
- Songgotu (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang; ?-1703), third son of Sonin, Grand Councillor (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang), Baohe Scholar (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang) Chief Minister of the Kangxi Emperor, main signatory of the Treaty of Nerchinsk.
- Xinyu (Chinese: 心裕), fifth son of Sonin, Earl of the First Rank (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang).
- Fabao (Chinese: 法保), sixth son of Sonin, inherited the Duke of the First Rank from his father.
- Sonin (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang; ?-1667), Duke of the First Rank (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang), Chief minister, Grand Councillor (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang) of the Shunzhi Emperor. Senior among the Four Regents of the Kangxi Emperor;
- Hife (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang; ?-1662), Šose's brother. Viscount of the Third Rank (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang). He had the same language skill as his elder brother. Also awarded the honorific Baksi and honored as one of only three companions to the then-emperor with the epithet "[one] whose merit aided our Way."[5]
- Suwayamboo (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang; 1641–1684), son of Hife, Sonin's cousin. Viscount of the Third Rank (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang) . Minister of River Transport for the Kangxi Emperor (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang).
- Sungseo (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang; ?-1755), grandson of Suwayamboo (Шаблон:Lang), Viscount of the First Rank (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang), Co-minister of Rites (Шаблон:Lang).
- Suwayamboo (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang; 1641–1684), son of Hife, Sonin's cousin. Viscount of the Third Rank (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang) . Minister of River Transport for the Kangxi Emperor (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang).
- Erdeni (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang, not to be confused with Panchen Erdeni), originally from the Nara clan, one of the two inventors of the Manchu script. He was inducted into the clan and given the surname Hešeri by the Qing ruler Hong Taiji as a reward for his contributions.[6]
- Dingshou (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang; ?-1731), the General of Light Chariot of the Third Rank (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang) one of the greatest military generals of the early Qing dynasty. Ultimately served as Vice Governor of the Mongolian Plain Yellow Banner.
- Songzhu (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang; 1657–1735), Grand Councillor (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang), Minister of Rites(Chinese: Шаблон:Lang), Wenhua Scholar (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang), Royal Tutor (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang)
- Giyamo (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang; 1711-1777), Minister of River Transport (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang), Minister of Home Office (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang).
- Guangliang (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang; ?-1800), General of Heilongjiang.
- Fuzhina (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang; ?-1810), Viceroy (or more precisely Governor-General) of Guizhou (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang).
- Saicungga (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang; ?-1826), Baron of the Second Rank (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang), Governor of the Mongolian Plain Yellow Banner. Served also as the Governor of the Manchu Plain Red Banner and the Mongolian Bordered Blue Banner prior to this appointment. Awarded the posthumous title 'Taizitaishi (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang)'.
- Jirun (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang; ?-1826), Governor of the Manchu Plain Blue Banner, Minister of River Transport (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang), Governor of Shandong (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang), Co-Minister of Works (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang).
- Fulehungga (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang; ?-1829), Baron of the First Rank (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang),内阁学士, Co-Minister of Wars (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang), Co-Minister of Foreign Affairs (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang)
- Nadanju (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang; ?-1832), Minister of Rites (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang), Co-Minister of Wars (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang).
- Shutong'a (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang; 1776–1836), Vice Military Conmmander of Zhili (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang).
- Chunqing (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang; ?-1847), Viceroy of Yunnan and Guizhou (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang).
- Mutengge (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang; 1780–1852), General of Jiangnin (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang).
- Šuhingga (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang; ?-1858), Viceroy of Shanxi and Gansu (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang), Co-Minister of Wars (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang), 軍機大臣, dead as 雲南巡撫.
- Shuyuan (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang; ?-1859), Supreme Court Shaoqing (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang), 盛京戶部侍郎兼奉天府府尹, 戶部右侍郎兼管錢法堂事務.
- Hebao (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang), 兵部员外郎, 通政司参议.
- Yinggui (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang; ?-1879), Viceroy of Fujian and Zhejiang (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang), General of the Army (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang). Gained title 太子太保 after his death.
- Warda (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang), a general.
- Tundali (Chinese:Шаблон:Lang), an important military commander.
- Hechun (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang; ?-1860), Viceroy and Imperial Admiral of Jiangnan (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang) and military commander.
- Encang (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang), a military commander.
- Rushan (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang), Magistrate of Sichuan (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang).
- Sebjengge (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang; ?-1907), General of Ningxia (Chinese: Шаблон:Lang)[7][8]
- Prince Consort
Date | Prince Consort | Background | Princess |
---|---|---|---|
1768 | Kumeng (Шаблон:Lang) | Yunqi's sixth daughter (b. 1753) by secondary consort (Xiang) |
Females
Imperial Consort
- Empress
- Empress Xiaochengren (1654–1674), the Kangxi Emperor's first empress, the mother of Chenghu (1670–1672) and Yunreng (1674–1725)
- Imperial Noble Consort
- Imperial Noble Consort Xianzhe (1856–1932), the Tongzhi Emperor's consort
- Consort
- Consort Ping (d. 1696), the Kangxi Emperor's consort, the mother of Yinji (1691)
- Consort Chang (1808–1860), the Daoguang Emperor's noble lady
- Imperial Concubine
- Imperial Concubine Xi (d. 1702), the Kangxi Emperor's imperial concubine
- Second Class Female Attendant
- Second Class Female Attendant Mu (d. 1832), the Daoguang Emperor's second class female attendant
Princess Consort
- Primary Consort
- Yun'e's second primary consort
- Secondary Consort
Modern Era
- Ying Lianzhi (Chinese:英斂之; 1867–1926), also known as Ying Hua (英华), founder of the prominent newspaper Ta Kung Pao, and founding member of The Catholic University of Peking.
Gallery
-
Consort Chang in daily dress ("Imperial Court in 1844" by He Shikui)
-
Empress Xiaochengren
See also
References
External links
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Michal Biran (2005). The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World. Cambridge University Press. pp. 29-30. Шаблон:ISBN
- ↑ 《金史·列传》
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 清史稿
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web