Английская Википедия:Higher consciousness

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Redirect Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:New Thought beliefs Шаблон:New Age beliefs sidebar Higher consciousness (also called expanded consciousness) is a term that has been used in various ways to label particular states of consciousness or personal development.Шаблон:Sfn It may be used to describe a state of liberation from the limitations of self-concept or ego, as well as a state of mystical experience in which the perceived separation between the isolated self and the world or God is transcended.Шаблон:Sfn It may also refer to a state of increased alertness or awakening to a new perspective.Шаблон:Sfn While the concept has ancient roots, practices, and techniques, it has been significantly developed as a central notion in contemporary popular spirituality, including the New Age movement.

Philosophy

Fichte

Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762–1814) was one of the founding figures of German idealism, which developed from the theoretical and ethical writings of Immanuel Kant.Шаблон:Sfn His philosophy forms a bridge between the ideas of Kant and those of the German idealist Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel.

Fichte distinguished the finite or empirical ego from the pure or infinite ego. The activity of this "pure ego" can be discovered by a "higher intuition".Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Refn Шаблон:Clarify

According to Michael Whiteman, Fichte's philosophical system "is a remarkable western formulation of eastern mystical teachings (of which he seems to have had no direct knowledge)."Шаблон:Sfn

Schopenhauer

In 1812, Arthur Schopenhauer started to use the term "the better consciousness", a consciousness that "lies beyond all experience and thus all reason, both theoretical and practical (instinct)."Шаблон:Sfn

According to Yasuo Kamata, Schopenhauer's idea of "the better consciousness" finds its origin in Fichte's idea of a "higher consciousness" (höheres Bewusstsein)Шаблон:Sfn or "higher intuition",Шаблон:Sfn and also bears resemblance to Schelling's notion of "intellectual intuition".Шаблон:Sfn According to Schopenhauer himself, his notion of a "better consciousness" was different from Schelling's notion of "intellectual intuition", since Schelling's notion required intellectual development of the understanding, while his notion of a "better consciousness" was "like a flash of insight, with no connection to the understanding."Шаблон:Sfn

According to Schopenhauer, Шаблон:Quote

Main types

Different types of higher states of consciousness can arise individually or in various combinations. The list of known types of higher states of consciousness:

modified states of consciousness, achieved with the help of meditative psychotechnics;
optimal experience and the “flow” state;Шаблон:Clarify
euphoria;
lucid dreaming;
out-of-body experience;
near-death experience;
mystical experience (sometimes regarded as the highest of all higher states of consciousness)Шаблон:Sfn

Religion

Schleiermacher

Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768–1834) made a distinction between lower and higher self-consciousness.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn In Schleirmacher's theology, self-consciousness contains "a feeling that points to the presence of an absolute other, God, as actively independent of the self and its 'world'."Шаблон:Sfn For Schleiermacher, "all particular manifestations of piety share a common essence, the sense of dependency on God as the outside 'infinite'."Шаблон:Sfn The feeling of dependency, or "God-consciousness", is a higher form of consciousness.Шаблон:Sfn This consciousness is not "God himself",Шаблон:Sfn since God would then no longer be "an infinite infinite, but a finite infinite, a mere projection of consciousness."Шаблон:Sfn

For Schleiermacher, the lower self-consciousness is "the animal part of mankind", which includes basic sensations such as hunger, thirst, pain and pleasure, as well as basic drives and pleasures, and higher self-consciousness is, in the words of theologian Dawn DeVries, "the part of the human being that is capable of transcending animal instincts",Шаблон:Sfn and the "point of contact with God". Bunge describes this as "the essence of being human".Шаблон:Sfn

When this consciousness is present, "people are not alienated from God by their instincts".Шаблон:Sfn The relation between the lower and the higher consciousness is akin to "Paul's struggle of the spirit to overcome the flesh",Шаблон:Sfn or the distinction between the natural and the spiritual side of human beings.Шаблон:Sfn

19th-century movements

The idea of a "wider self walled in by the habits of ego-consciousness"Шаблон:Sfn and the search for a "higher consciousness" was manifested in 19th century movements such as Theosophy,Шаблон:Sfn New Thought,Шаблон:Sfn Christian Science,Шаблон:Sfn and Transcendentalism.Шаблон:Sfn

The 19th-century Transcendentalists saw the entire physical world as a representation of a higher spiritual world.Шаблон:Sfn They believed that humans could elevate themselves above their animal instincts, attain a higher consciousness, and partake in this spiritual world.Шаблон:Sfn

Higher self is a term associated with multiple belief systems, but its basic premise describes an eternal, omniscient, conscious, and intelligent being, who is one's real self. Blavatsky, who founded the Theosophical Movement, formally defined the higher self as "Atma the inseparable ray of the Universe and one self. It is the God above, more than within, us".Шаблон:Sfn According to Blavatsky, each and every individual has a higher self.Шаблон:Sfn She wrote:

Шаблон:Quote

Blavatsky refers to Fichte in her explanation of Theosophy: Шаблон:Quote

20th-century movements

Aleister Crowley, founder of Thelema, referred to the higher consciousness or self as Harpocrates, which he identified as a name for the Holy Guardian Angel.Шаблон:Sfnp In his early writings, Crowley states that the Holy Guardian Angel is the "silent self", the equivalent of the Genius of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, the Augoeides of Iamblichus, the Ātman of Hinduism, and the Daimon of the ancient Greeks.Шаблон:Sfnp

Clairvoyant Edgar Cayce referred to higher consciousness as "the Christ pattern". This is not necessarily a tenet of Christianity, but the conviction that a regular person can be attuned to reach the same level of spirituality as did the historical Jesus.Шаблон:Sfn

Modern spirituality

The idea of "lower" and "higher" consciousness has gained popularity in modern popular spirituality.Шаблон:Sfn According to James Beverley, it lies at the heart of the New Age movement.Шаблон:Sfn Most New Age literature defines the Higher self as an extension of the self to a godlike state. This Higher Self is essentially an extension of the worldly self. With this perspective, New Age texts teach that the self creates its own reality when in union with the Higher Self.Шаблон:Sfn

Integral theorist Ken Wilber has tried to integrate eastern and western models of the mind, using the notion of "lower" and "higher" consciousness. In his book The Spectrum of Consciousness Wilber describes consciousness as a spectrum with ordinary awareness at one end, and more profound types of awareness at higher levels.Шаблон:Sfn In later works he describes the development of consciousness as a development from lower consciousness, through personal consciousness, to higher transpersonal consciousness.Шаблон:Sfn

Cognitive science

Gerald Edelman distinguishes higher consciousness or "secondary consciousness" from "primary consciousness", defined as simple awareness that includes perception and emotion. Higher consciousness in contrast, "involves the ability to be conscious of being conscious", and "allows the recognition by a thinking subject of his or her own acts and affections". Higher consciousness requires, at a minimal level semantic ability, and "in its most developed form, requires linguistic ability, or the mastery of a whole system of symbols and a grammar".Шаблон:Sfn

Psychotropics

Шаблон:Main

Psychedelic drugs can be used to alter the brain cognition and perception, some believing this to be a state of higher consciousness and transcendence.Шаблон:Sfn Typical psychedelic drugs are hallucinogens including LSD, DMT, cannabis, peyote, and psilocybin mushrooms.Шаблон:Sfn According to Wolfson, these drug-induced altered states of consciousness may result in a more long-term and positive transformation of self.Шаблон:Sfn

According to Dutta, psychedelic drugs may be used for psychoanalytic therapy,Шаблон:Sfn as a means to gain access to the higher consciousness, thereby providing patients the ability to access memories that are held deep within their mind.Шаблон:Sfn

Notes

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References

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Works cited

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External links

Шаблон:New Age Movement Шаблон:Spirituality-related topics Шаблон:Philosophy of religion Шаблон:New Religious Movements Шаблон:Religion topics Шаблон:Meditation Шаблон:Consciousness

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Английская Википедия:Higher consciousness

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