Английская Википедия:Historical names of Transylvania
Transylvania has had different names applied to it in several traditions.
Transylvania
The first reference to the region was as the Medieval Latin expression Шаблон:Lang ("land beyond the forest") in a document dating to 1075. The expression Шаблон:Lang ("area beyond the forest") appears in the 12th century in Шаблон:Lang and subsequently as Шаблон:Lang in medieval documents of the Hungarian kingdom.
Шаблон:Vanchor/Шаблон:Vanchor
The first Hungarian form recorded was Шаблон:Lang (12th century, in the Gesta Hungarorum) while the first Romanian form recorded was in 1432 as Ardeliu.[1][2] The initial a/e difference between the names can be found in other Hungarian loans in Romanian, such as Hungarian Шаблон:Lang ‘gooseberry’ → Romanian Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, as well as in placenames, e.g., Шаблон:Lang → Шаблон:Lang, and Шаблон:Lang.
In the early 16th century, the Erdőség form, literally 'forest', was also used in Hungarian (Érdy-codex).[3]
According to the Romanian linguist Nicolae Drăganu, the Romanian Ardeal came from the Hungarian Erdély. The Hungarian name of Transylvania evolved over time from Erdőelü, Erdőelv, Erdőel, Erdeel in chronicles and written charters from 1200 up to late 1300. In written sources from 1390, we can find also the form Erdel, which can be read also as Erdély. There is evidence for that in the written Wallachian Chancellery Charters expressed in Slavonic where the word appears as Erûdelû (1432), Ierûdel, Ardelîu (1432), ardelski (1460, 1472, 1478–1479, 1480, 1498, 1507–1508, 1508), erdelska, ardelska (1498). With the first texts written in Romanian (1513) the name Ardeal appears to be written.
Drăganu takes into consideration the form Ardalos for the inherited word, dismissing it by proving that the evolution of such an etymon according to Romanian phonetics does not match the current form. Drăganu claims that the greatest Romanian philologists and historians maintain that Ardeal came from Hungarian.[4] This theory is also supported by the Romanian historian Ioan-Aurel Pop, according to which the Romanians didn't have a name for the region as a whole. Transylvania, not being a state organized and ruled by a Romanian political power, did not have a specific name in the Romanian language. For administrative, communication and coexistence reasons, the name Ardeal was adopted from the Hungarian Erdély.[5][6]
The consensus of linguists and historians on the etymology of both Erdély and Transylvania is as follows:
- The modern Hungarian form Erdély was derived from the Old Hungarian Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang[7] (transcription: Шаблон:Lang), literally ‘beyond the forest’ (Шаблон:Lang-hu). Шаблон:Wikt-lang means ‘woods, forest’, and the elv suffix meant ‘beyond’ and was applied to a type of border region (gyepű) and the associated social and economic organisation; for example, Шаблон:Lang (near Ungvár), and archaic Шаблон:Lang, ‘Wallachia’, lit. "beyond the snowy mountains" (Шаблон:Lang in Latin, modern Шаблон:Lang), refers to a region lying beyond the Carpathian mountains if viewed from Hungary, and was under strong Hungarian political influence during the Middle Ages.[8] If viewed from Hungary, Erdő-elü probably refers to the fact that the Transylvanian plateau is separated in the northwest from the Great Hungarian Plain and Crișana plains by the well-forested Apuseni mountains.[9] Alternatively, from the point of view east of the Carpathians, the name could suggest that the Hungarian name was created in Etelköz/Atelkuzu (Hungarian homeland in southern Ukraine), prior to settling on the Hungarian plain.
- The Medieval Latin form Шаблон:Lang (1077), later Шаблон:Lang (from another point of view after the foundation of Hungary in 895), was a direct translation from the Hungarian form.[10]
In Ukrainian and German, the names Zalissia (Шаблон:Lang-uk) and Überwald, both meaning "beyond the forest" are also used.
Siebenbürgen
The oldest occurrences of this form are from the 13th century:
- In the year 1241: in Annales Sancti Trudperti and in the Annals of Zwifalt: "Шаблон:Lang”[11][12]
- In the year 1242: in the notes of the friar Erfurt: "Шаблон:Lang”[13]
- In the year 1285: "Шаблон:Lang” and "Шаблон:Lang”.[14]
- In the year 1296: a reference to a particular "maister Dietrich von Siebenbuergen”.[15]
- In the year 1300: Ottacher of Styria mentions "Sybenburger”.[16]
There exist a number of theories on the etymology of Шаблон:Lang, the German name for Transylvania.
The most widely accepted theory is that Шаблон:Lang refers to the seven principal fortified towns of the Transylvanian Saxons. The name first appeared in a document from 1296. An alternate Medieval Latin version, Шаблон:Lang ("Seven fortresses") was also used in documents. The towns alluded to are Bistritz (Bistrița, Beszterce), Hermannstadt (Sibiu, Nagyszeben), Klausenburg (Cluj-Napoca, Kolozsvár), Kronstadt (Brașov, Brassó), Mediasch (Mediaș, Medgyes), Mühlbach (Sebeș, Szászsebes), and Schässburg (Sighișoara, Segesvár). Шаблон:Citation needed
Other theories include:
- Siebenbürgen means "Seven Castles" but does not refer to the towns of the Transylvanian Saxons. Transylvania and the Mureș valley seem to have been the first portion of land within the Carpathians where Magyars gained a foothold. According to legend, each of the seven Magyar chieftains erected an earthen 'castle' in this region.[17]
- Siebenbürgen means explicitly "Seven Towns" or "Seven Castles". However, this etymology seems to originate in the dialectical tradition of the first, mainly Low German, Flemish and Dutch settlers, in whose homelands there are hilly regions called "Zevenbergen" (a town in North Brabant, the Netherlands) and "Sevenbergen" (east of the town of Hameln on the river Weser, Germany).[18]
- Saxon settlement in Transylvania began in Sibiu. An early German name for the town was Cibinburg (akin to the Cibiniensis Latin name of the area). The alternate name Cibinburg was corrupted into Siebenbürgen, and became the name for the whole region.[10]
The Slavic names of the region Sedmigradsko or Sedmogradsko (Седмиградско or Седмоградско) in Bulgarian, Sedmogradska in Croatian, Sedmograjska in Slovene, Sedmihradsko in Czech, Sedmohradsko in Slovak, Siedmiogród in Polish, Semihorod (Семигород) in Ukrainian), as well as its Walloon name (Zivenbork), are translations of the German one.
Caucaland
According to Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus, "due to the high forests and mountains Caucaland is an inaccessible place". ("Caucalandensis locus, altitudine silvarum inacessus et montium") Modern historians agree that the territory he mentions is Transylvania. Archaeologist Kornél Bakay linked this toponym with the Hungarian mountain names in the Southern Carpathians, usually ending in -kő (stone).[19]
References
- ↑ Lucy Mallow, Transylvania, 2nd edn. (Bradt Travel Guides, 2013), 16.
- ↑ Rupprecht Rohr, Kleines rumänisches etymologisches Wörterbuch: 1. Band: A-B, s.v. “Ardeal” (Frankfurt am Main: Haag + Herchen, 1999), 82.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Armin Hetzer, “Alloglotte Sprechergruppen in den romanischen Sprachräumen: Südostromania”, Romanische Sprachgeschichte, vol. 23, part 2 (Berlin-NY: Walter de Gruyter, 2006), 1843.
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 Engel, Pál (2001). Realm of St. Stephen: History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526 (International Library of Historical Studies), London: I.B. Tauris. Шаблон:ISBN
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
