Английская Википедия:History of Armenian Americans in Los Angeles

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Ethnic Los Angeles sidebar The Los Angeles metropolitan area has a significant Armenian American population. As of 1990, this single area holds the largest Armenian American community in the United States as well as the largest population of Armenians in the world outside Armenia.[1]

Anny P. Bakalian, the author of Armenian-Americans: From Being to Feeling Armenian, wrote that "Los Angeles has become a sort of Mecca for traditional Armenianness."[2] Since 1965 and as of 1993, the majority of immigration of ethnic Armenians from Iran or the former Soviet Union have gone to the Los Angeles area.[2] Armenians in Los Angeles are plentiful and make up a large part of the local Middle Eastern population.

History

Early and mid 20th Century

The first Armenian families began to settle in the Los Angeles area starting in the late 19th century. Aram Yeretzian, a social worker and Protestant Christian minister who wrote a 1923 University of Southern California thesis on the Armenians of Los Angeles, stated that the first Armenian in Los Angeles arrived in around 1900. According to Yeretzian, the first Armenian was a student who left the East Coast due to health concerns. Yeretzian stated that the second Armenian was a vendor of Oriental rugs.[3]

The first significant wave of Armenian immigration occurred from western Armenia, due to the Armenian genocide during the violent disruption and break-up of the Ottoman Empire.[4] Most of the early Armenian settlers in Los Angeles were from Western Armenia- a territory located in modern-day eastern Turkey.[5] Circa 1923 there were an estimated 2,500 to 3,000 Armenians in the city.[3] By the mid-1920s more Armenians were settling in the Pasadena area. In 1924 the Varoujan Club was founded by 20 young Armenians to organize Armenian cultural and social events. During this period, the Armenian General Benevolent Union (AGBU) and the Compatriotic Reconstruction Union of Hadjin were founded. By 1933 there were 120 Armenian families in Pasadena. Nearly all of these immigrants were from the Ottoman Empire; very few were from the Russian Empire. The Pasadena Armenians settled in the area of Allen Avenue and Washington Boulevard, near the Church of the Nazarene, which was used by the Protestant Armenians.[6]

Файл:Armenian Genocide Memorial, Montebello, California.jpg
Montebello Genocide Memorial, opened in 1968

Another wave of immigration to Los Angeles occurred in the 1940s. Most Armenians then settled in Little Armenia in Hollywood.[7] The Montebello Genocide Memorial opened in Montebello in 1968.[8]

Late 20th century

The Lebanese Civil War beginning in 1975 resulted in Lebanese Armenians immigrating here.[5] Other political conflicts around the same time were catalysts for Iranian Armenians and Egyptian Armenians to settle in Los Angeles as well. Armenians from Fresno and the East Coast also moved to Los Angeles because of the large community there.[4]

Approximately 9,500 Armenians came to the United States in 1979 and 1980, and most settled in Hollywood. In August 1987, as part of glasnost, the Soviet Union began approving for exit visas for Armenians wishing to emigrate to the United States to reunite with relatives. As a result, from October 1987 through March 1988, 2,000 Armenians arrived in Los Angeles County. That March, county officials were expecting an additional 8,000 Armenians to arrive. The county officials stated that the expected immigration of 10,000 Armenians from the Soviet Union was the single largest arrival of an ethnic group after the late 1970s Vietnamese immigration.[9] Some Los Angeles-area Armenian leaders believed that increased settlement in the United States would dilute the Armenian presence in the Soviet Union and area around Armenia, and therefore felt ambivalence.[9] This wave of immigration eventually established Little Armenia in Hollywood.[7]Шаблон:Failed verification spanШаблон:Cn

In 1988, up to 3,000 Iranian Armenians were scheduled to arrive in the Los Angeles area.[9] From 1987 to 1989, 90% of Armenians leaving the Soviet Union settled in Los Angeles.[10] By the 1990s political conflict in the former Soviet Union caused more Armenians in that area to move to Los Angeles.[4]

In 1993, Anny Bakalian, author of Armenian-Americans: From Being to Feeling Armenian, wrote that many poorer Armenians, especially low income refugees from the former Soviet Union and the Middle East who arrived in the 1980s, had been forced to take an Armenian identity.[2] He argued that many of the poor are not familiar with American customs and are uneducated, this therefore "risks increasing prejudice and discrimination against group members."[2] Bakalian stated her belief that "Los Angeles is not representative of Armenian-Americans or the Armenian-American community."[2] By 1996, longtime Anglo residents, largely fueled by anti-Armenian sentiment, decried the increased density in South Glendale.[11]

21st Century

In 2010, Kobe Bryant of the Los Angeles Lakers signed a two-year endorsement with Turkish Airlines. Because the company is owned by the Turkish government, which Armenians hold responsible for not acknowledging the 1915 genocide, Armenians in the Los Angeles area and US protested, asking him to give up the contract.[12]

By 2014, the Los Angeles area had received additional Armenian refugees from Egypt and Syria.[13] The ongoing Syrian civil war is responsible for the recent wave in refugee arrival.

The 2015 Armenian March for Justice saw over 130,000 people march from the Little Armenia neighborhood of Hollywood to the Turkish Consulate of Los Angeles to demand recognition and justice for the Armenian Genocide on the centennial anniversary of the tragedy.[14]

An Armenian Genocide memorial opened in Grand Park in September 2016.[15]

Geographic distribution

Файл:Revealing the Sign.jpg
Honorary Mayor of Little Armenia Garbis Keurjikian and Councilwoman Jackie Goldberg, revealing official signage for Little Armenia.

The Burbank/Glendale, East Hollywood, Montebello, and Pasadena areas are the primary settlement points of Armenians, according to the 1980 U.S. Census; as of that census, Armenians in the areas together made up 90% of Armenians in Los Angeles County.[5] Together, Armenians have created one of the largest sub ethnicities in the United States within Los Angeles.[16] As of 1991 the established Armenian communities in the area included Encino and Hollywood in Los Angeles as well as the cities of Montebello and Pasadena. The Burbank/Glendale settlement is newer.[17]

The Little Armenia in Hollywood historically had Armenians from Armenia. In 1980, Armenians in East Hollywood made up 56% of Armenians in Los Angeles County.[5] In 1988, Mark Arax and Esther Schrader wrote that Hollywood "has become something of a port of entry for the Soviet refugees."[9] In 1989 Vered Amit Talai wrote that "the Soviet Armenian emigrants form a very visible community in Hollywood".[18] In 1988 the Los Angeles-area chairperson of the Hunchak Party, Harry Diramarian, stated "'Going to Hollywood, going to Hollywood.' You hear it all the time on the streets of Yerevan."[9] In 1988, Little Armenia, had many Armenian residents operating bakeries and living in apartments above the businesses.[9] Zankou Chicken had opened in Hollywood in 1984.[19] In 1989 Talai wrote that Armenians in Hollywood had a negative effect on the Armenian reputation in California because they were "visible" and "indigent" but that the indigent status is "unusual" relative to the overall Armenian diaspora.[18]

In the 1980 U.S. Census, Armenians in Glendale comprised 25% of Armenians in Los Angeles County.[5] In the Glendale Unified School District, by 1988 Armenians along with students from the Middle East had become the largest ethnic group in the public schools, having a larger number than the Latinos. Alice Petrossian, the GUSD director of intercultural education, stated that Burbank lies within the middle of other Armenian communities, so it attracted more Armenians.[17] Levon Marashlian, an Armenian history teacher at Glendale Community College, stated that Glendale's Armenian population became larger than Hollywood's by the early 1990s.[7] As the 2000 U.S. Census, 30% of the residents of Glendale were Armenian.[20] By 2000 Glendale had the largest Armenian population outside of Yerevan.[7]

Historically many U.S.-born Armenians settled Montebello and Pasadena. In 1980, Armenians in Pasadena were 9% of the county's total number of Armenians.[5] By 1989, the makeup of the Armenian community in Pasadena had changed: of Armenians in Pasadena, 33% were born in Lebanon, 17% were U.S.-born, 16% were born in Armenia, 12% were born in Syria, and the remainder were born in other places. The city government had gathered the data through a special census.[21]

By 1988 many Armenians were moving from Hollywood to suburban Glendale, Burbank, and other areas.[9] By that time, some immigrants settled directly in Glendale and Burbank.[9] Historically many of the Glendale Armenians were from Iran.[22]

On October 6, 2000, the community in East Hollywood was named Little Armenia by the Los Angeles City Council. The city council noted that "the area contains a high concentration of Armenian businesses and residents and social and cultural institutions including schools, churches, social and athletic organizations."[23]

Culture

The Armenian American Museum is under construction in Glendale.[24] The nearly 60,000-square-foot museum was designed by Glendale's Alajajian-Marcoosi Architects. The heavily engraved facade simultaneously references both Mount Ararat, as well as the Verdugo Mountains surrounding the city of Glendale. The two-story museum will include an indoor auditorium and a demonstration kitchen.[25]

Religion

Шаблон:See also Armenian Apostolicism

Файл:St Leon Armenian Cathedral.jpg
St. Leon Cathedral

In 1994, Karekin II, Catholicos of the Holy See of Cilicia, visited Los Angeles. At the time, an estimated 300,000 Armenians in Southern California were associated with either wing of the Armenian Apostolic Church.[26]

In 2005, both Karekin II, Catholicos of the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin and Aram I, Catholicos of the Holy See of Cilicia, visited Los Angeles.[27] In an interview, Aram II stated that although he hoped for greater collaboration between the two sees, he believed the existence of two Catholicosates has turned out to be a blessing. "Two-headed eagle is stronger," he said, pointing to a gold seal with a double-headed eagle on a gold chain around his neck.[28]

Catholicism

Файл:St. Gregory Armenian Catholic Church, Glendale, California.JPG
St. Gregory the Illuminator Cathedral

In 1951, Cardinal Gregorio Pietro Agagianian, the Patriarch of Cilicia, was invited to visit Los Angeles by Cardinal James Francis McIntyre, the Archbishop of Los Angeles. That same year, Mekhitarist priest Michael Akian arrived in Los Angeles to assist with establishing a local Armenian parish.[29] Founded in Boyle Heights in 1952, Our Lady Queen of Martyrs became the center of Catholic Armenian life in Los Angeles, but most of its parishioners have since died or moved to more affluent neighborhoods. Since 2001, the church's prominence has been overshadowed by St. Gregory the Illuminator Cathedral in Glendale.[30]

Demographics

The Armenian population is subdivided according to their countries of birth, where groups had developed distinctly different cultures. In addition to those born in Armenia, these include those born in the United States, Iranian Armenians, Lebanese Armenians, and Turkish Armenians,[31] as well as those from elsewhere in the former Soviet Union and the Middle East.[32]

Aram Yeretzian's 1923 University of Southern California study found that there were around 2,500 to 3,000 Armenians in the city of Los Angeles. 12 Armenian men had married women from several backgrounds including American and Spanish, and three Armenian women had married American men. At the time the majority of Armenians were Turkish Armenians while some came from what was Russia at the time.[3] The main push factor for Armenians was the Armenian genocide—however, most Armenians ended up dispersed in countries such as Iran, Syria, Lebanon and Egypt.

With turbulent situations in Lebanon, Egypt and Iran during the 1970s, many Armenians came to the U.S. via family reunification channels.[33]

Immigration had been heavy in the 1970s. As of 1980 about 66% of Armenian immigrants overall, 70% of immigrants from the former Soviet Union, Iran, and Lebanon, and 60% of Armenians from Turkey, had arrived between 1975 and 1980.[5]

As of 1980 the median age of U.S.-born Armenians in Los Angeles was 25. The median age for Turkish Armenians was 64; they had resided in the U.S. the longest. The median ages for other Armenians born outside of the U.S. ranged from 26 to 36.[5]

By the 1980 U.S. Census, there were 52,400 Armenians in Los Angeles.[31] Citing a 1988 work by Lieberson and Waters, Bakalian wrote, "scholars find that these statistics from the 1980 census underestimate the actual number of Armenians in Los Angeles, and elsewhere in the U.S. for that matter".[34] Of these Armenians, foreign-born made up more than twice the number of native-born: 14,700 were born in the United States and 37,700 were born outside of the United States. Of those born in the U.S., 10,200 were born in California and 4,500 were born elsewhere. Of those born outside of the U.S., 7,700 came from Iran, 7,500 from the former Soviet Union, 6,000 from Lebanon, 5,100 from Turkey, 6,200 from elsewhere in the Middle East, and 5,200 from other countries.[32]

As of the 1990 U.S. Census, there were 115,000 Armenians in the Los Angeles region, making up 37% of the total number of Armenians in the country.[1]

Politics

Due to the lack of recognition that exists across the globe in reference to the Armenian genocide, many of the new generation of Armenian Americans are pursuing a career in politics. One of their accomplishments, the recognition of the beginning of the Genocide, April 24, as a day of remembrance of "mans inhumanity to man". Together with the Jewish-American lobby, they have sponsored exhibitions, publications, and conferences.[35]

In 2006, Paul Krekorian was elected to the 43rd district of the California State Assembly.[36] In 2009, Krekorian won a seat on the Los Angeles City Council, representing Los Angeles City Council District 2.[37] On October 18, 2022, Krekorian was elected the president of the Los Angeles City Council following the resignation of former council president Nury Martinez.[38]

As of 2023, three-fifths of Glendale's City Council members are of Armenian descent: Ardy Kassakhian, Elen Asatryan, and Ara Najarian.[39]

Economy

Armenians in Los Angeles consist of a large group of entrepreneurs. As of 1996, the self-employment rate of Armenian managers and professionals in Los Angeles is over 66%.[40]

As of 1980, of the total number of Armenian men 16 and older, 25% worked as executives and professionals.[41] Of the same total, 44% were craftsmen and operators. As of that year, 32% of U.S.-born Armenian and Iranian-born Armenian men worked as executives and professionals, and about 33% of the same group worked as craftsmen and operators.[42] As of the same year, 15% of Armenian men from Armenia worked as executives and professionals,[43] and about 66% of the same group worked as craftsmen and operators.[42]

The 1980 self-employment rate of Armenians in total was 18%. Of the Turkish Armenians the rate was 32%. The other Armenian groups had self-employment rates close to 18%. Armenia-born Armenians had an 11% self-employment rate. Der-Martirosian, Sabagh, and Bozorgmehr wrote that the Armenia-born Armenians were less likely to start their own businesses compared to other groups because "the tradition of entrepreneurship may not have been as strong in the Soviet socialist economy as it remained in Middle Eastern market economies."[42] In addition, this group had arrived with no or very little capital and the members were not permitted to take money out of the former Soviet Union. The 1980 percentage of general employment of the general Los Angeles population was 9%.[42]

According to Yeretzian's 1923 study, 39.5% of Los Angeles Armenians were skilled laborers, 23.5% were agricultural laborers, 2.3% were professionals, and the remainder worked in other occupations as laborers.[34]

Media

As of 2013, Glendale was home to eight Armenian-American television stations and no fewer than ten Armenian-American newspapers.[44]

Other notable Armenian media in Los Angeles include:

  • Horizon Armenian Television is the first 24-hour Armenian language television network in America.[46]
  • In 2012 PanArmenian Media Group created Panarmenian TV for the Armenian American audience.[47]
  • In 2014, USArmenia began airing Glendale Life, a reality TV show about Armenians in Glendale. Critics of the show started a Facebook page called "Stop 'Glendale Life' Show" and a change.org petition. In a two-week span, the petition received over 1,600 signatures and the Facebook page got almost 6,000 likes.[48]
  • KLOS-HD3 airs Armenian music and is branded as "SoCal Armenian".[49]

Education

Claudia Der-Martirosian, Georges Sabagh, and Mehdi Bozorgmehr, authors of "Subethnicity: Armenians in Los Angeles," wrote that in 1980 "the general level of education among all Armenians in Los Angeles was fairly high."[21] Different subgroups of Armenian immigrants had differing levels of education. As of 1980, almost no U.S.-born Armenian men, and fewer of one out of ten Armenian-born Armenians and Iranian Armenians had low levels of education; these groups had the highest modal education category, with men achieving university degrees and women not having university degrees. Almost half of Turkish Armenian men, who were older compared to other Armenians, had some elementary school education. The modal education category of Turkish Armenians was the lowest, with both men and women having elementary education. Almost one quarter of Lebanese Armenian men and Armenian men from elsewhere in the Middle East had a limited elementary school education. Der-Martirosian, Sabagh, and Bozorgmehr wrote that "Although women, generally, had a lower educational achievement than did men, internal differences among subgroups were comparable to those of the Armenian men."[21] Because of the presence of uneducated Armenians, overall there were fewer Los Angeles Armenians with a postgraduate university education compared to those who had only an elementary level education.[21]

In June 2021, Adrin Nazarian announced $9 million in state funding to establish a location of TUMO Center for Creative Technologies in the southeast San Fernando Valley.[50] Serj Tankian, a member of TUMO's Advisory Board, has stated that the Los Angeles center will be located in North Hollywood. He has emphasized "the fact that it's in L.A., we can get actors, we can get filmmakers. I think the creative side, especially the entertainment creative side of the TUMO L.A, is gonna have a VIP list. I'm gonna get hassled to hassle people basically, for the next couple of years.[51]

Institutions

Public schools

As of 1990, the largest immigrant group speaking an ethnic home language in the Glendale Unified School District was Armenians.[52] In 1987 the district had eight Armenian-speaking teachers and teaching aides, and that year had hired five additional Armenian-speaking teachers and teacher aides.[9] By 2004 over 33% of the Glendale district students were Armenian. That year, due to high levels of student absence around the Armenian Christmas the Glendale district considered making Armenian holidays school holidays.[20] In 2016 it also began having no school on April 24, known as the anniversary of the start of the Armenian genocide (Red Sunday); it was the first American school district to do this.[53]

As of 2010 20% of the students at Grant High School in Valley Glen (Los Angeles USD) were Armenian.[54]

Armenian schools

Файл:Rose and Alex Pilibos Armenian school.jpg
Rose and Alex Pilibos Armenian School

As of 1993 there were twelve Armenian day schools in the Los Angeles area, with five of them being high schools. These Los Angeles-area Armenian day schools are the majority of Armenian day schools in the United States.[34] Ferrahian Armenian School in Encino, Los Angeles in the San Fernando Valley is the first Armenian day school in the United States, opening in 1964.[55]

TCA Arshag Dickranian Armenian School closed in 2015.[57] AGBU Vatche and Tamar Manoukian High School in Pasadena closed in 2020.[58]

Post-secondary education

The Mashdots College is located in Glendale. It includes college, career, and certificate programs.[59]

Relations with other communities

Файл:Multilingual road sign in Glendale, CA.jpg
A sign in Spanish, English, and Armenian in Glendale

The emergence of increasingly visible ethnic groups — including Armenians, Cubans and Filipinos and Koreans — changed the official discourse in Glendale. In 1972, C.E. Perkins, then city manager, encouraged the Rotary Club of Glendale to prepare itself as the city, historically a sundown town, could no longer remain isolated in an increasingly diverse America.[60]

During the 1992 Los Angeles uprising, Armenians largely remained on the sidelines and watched the events unfold from their ethnic enclaves. Chahe Keuroghlian of the Glendale Police Department surmised that this isolationism was cultural, stating "We lived in the Ottoman Empire as a minority in forced isolation. In the countries of the Middle East that same seclusion continued. We built community and a whole structure accordingly. Then we moved those substructures to other countries. And because we manage to survive, we think that a sequestered, inward-looking lifestyle has been the backbone of our survival. I don't think that's really justified. The more we cooperate with and learn about other communities, the better it is for everyone."[61]

Armenian immigration altered the ethnic composition of certain neighborhoods, causing backlash.[62] Within a two-month span in 2000, there were three murders and one attempted murder in the Los Angeles area as a result of tensions between Armenians and Latinos.[63]

In January 2019, a masked individual zip-tied Turkish flags on the gates of AGBU Manoogian-Demirdjian School and Holy Martyrs Ferrahian High School, in Canoga Park and Encino, respectively. Authorities investigated the incidents, which sparked concern and outrage among local Armenians.[64]

In November 2020, during the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War, the Mexican community of Glendale erected a Day of the Dead altar in support of the Armenian community.[65]

The 2022 Los Angeles City Council scandal revealed that Los Angeles City Council president Nury Martinez referred to Areen Ibranossian, an advisor to councilmember Paul Krekorian, as "The guy with one eyebrow." With Martinez unable to recall Ibranossian's last name, Gil Cedillo replied "It ends in i-a-n, I bet you."[66] The Armenian National Committee of America denounced this incident.[67]

Individuals protesting the 2022–2023 blockade of the Republic of Artsakh outside the Turkish Consulate General In Los Angeles, in Beverly Hills, discovered numerous Armenophic flyers in the vicinity. Mayor Lili Bosse immediately denounced the flyers on social media as the Beverly Hills Police Department reviewed surveillance camera footage.[68] This incident was condemned by a number of local officials, including President of the Los Angeles City Council Paul Krekorian, West Hollywood Mayor Sepi Shyne, California State Assemblymember Wendy Carrillo, and Los Angeles County Supervisor Lindsey Horvath.[69]

School conflicts

For decades, Latinos were the dominant minority ethnic group in Glendale, but by 2000, Armenians had become the new "majority minority." During this era, Glendale's Herbert Hoover High School grappled with violence between Latino and Armenian students, culminating in the death of student Raul Aguirre in 2000.[70] A 2018 altercation resulted in the cancellation of the "Battle for the Victory Bell," an annual football match between rivals Hoover High School and Glendale High School. In response, Shant Sahakian, Glendale's Arts and Culture Commissioner, stated "This incident brings back painful memories without closure for our entire community."[71]

At Ulysses S. Grant High School, in Van Nuys, ethnic tensions exploded on October 21, 1999, when a fight between an Armenian girl and a Latina girl turned into a fight among 200 students. The fight resulted in 40 students being detained and minor injuries being inflicted on 10 students, some teachers, and a maintenance worker.[72] In January 2000, the students signed a "peace treaty" to prevent future fighting. By February, banners were erected which promoted peace.[73] By October of that year, there were discussion programs aimed at further reducing tension.[74] Ethnic tensions flared up again in 2005, resulting in a fight involving nearly 500 students.[75] By 2019, Grant had become "a predominately Armenian school[.]"[76]

Gang violence

Armenian Power has had a history of conflict with Mexican American Sureño gangs. Armen "Silent" Petrosyan, a founder of Armenian Power, was shot to death in Little Armenia on May 22, 2000, by Jose Argueta, a member of the Sureño White Fence gang.[77]

Allegations of crime

In October 2010 the Federal Government of the United States accused 52 persons of being involved in a Medicare fraud operation orchestrated by an Armenian organized crime group; the persons were arrested. In February 2011 the federal government accused the Armenian Power gang (formed in the 1990s in response to aggression by Mexican gangs) of committing white-collar crime. That month, 74 people were arrested in Southern California.[78] The federal authorities revealed the indictments at the Glendale police headquarters.[79] The charges were racketeering and fraud. Jason Wells and Veronica Rocha of the Glendale News-Press wrote that in Glendale, as a result of the 2011 arrests, "news of the arrests raised fears of what seems to be the inevitable: a rush by a vocal few to reinforce stereotypes."[80]

Notable residents

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

  • Bakalian, Anny. Armenian-Americans: From Being to Feeling Armenian (Armenian Research Center collection). Transaction Publishers, 1993. Шаблон:ISBN, 9781560000259.
  • Bozorgmehr, Mehdi, Claudia Der-Martirosian, and Georges Sabagh. "Middle Easterners: A New Kind of Immigrant" (Chapter 12). In: Waldinger, Roger and Mehdi Bozorgmehr (editors). Ethnic Los Angeles. Russell Sage Foundation, December 5, 1996. Start page 345. Шаблон:ISBN, 9781610445474.
  • Der-Martirosian, Claudia, Georges Sabagh, and Mehdi Bozorgmehr. "Subethnicity: Armenians in Los Angeles" (Chapter 11). In: Light, Ivan Huberta and Parminder Bhachu. Immigration and Entrepreneurship: Culture, Capital, and Ethnic Networks. Transaction Publishers, year unstated. Start page: 243. Шаблон:ISBN, 9781412825931.

Further reading

External links

Шаблон:Portal

Шаблон:Armenian diaspora Шаблон:Ethnic groups in Los Angeles

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Bozorgmehr, Der-Martirosian, Sabagh, "Middle Easterners: A New Kind of Immigrant," p. 352.
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 Bakalian, p. 429.
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 Bakalian, p. 15.
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 Der-Martirosian, Sabagh, and Bozorgmehr, p. 247.
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 5,4 5,5 5,6 5,7 Der-Martirosian, Sabagh, and Bozorgmehr, "Subethnicity: Armenians in Los Angeles," p. 250.
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 Texeira, Erin P. "Ethnic Friction Disturbs Peace of Glendale." Los Angeles Times. June 25, 2000. p. 1 Шаблон:Webarchive. Retrieved on March 24, 2014. "Armenians fleeing violence and oppression at home began arriving in Los Angeles around the 1940s. Most settled in Hollywood--once called "Little Armenia"--and aspired to homes in Glendale, among other cities."
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 9,3 9,4 9,5 9,6 9,7 9,8 9,9 Arax, Mark and Esther Schrader. "County Braces for Sudden Influx of Soviet Armenians." Los Angeles Times. March 8, 1988. online page 1 Шаблон:Webarchive. Print: Vol.107, p.1. Available from Cengage Learning, Inc. Retrieved on July 2, 2014.
  10. ↑ Schrader, Esther. "Undertow: LA copes with the flood of Soviet emigres." The New Republic. December 4, 1989. Vol.201(23), p.11(2). Шаблон:ISSN. "for many years home to the largest community of Armenians outside Yerevan. ... Nine out of ten Armenians leaving the Soviet Union in the past two years have come here, joining relatives and friends."
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  12. ↑ "Kobe Bryant's deal with Turkish Airlines outrages Armenian Americans Шаблон:Webarchive." Los Angeles Times. December 15, 2010. Retrieved on July 2, 2014.
  13. ↑ Gonzalez, David. "Following the Global Armenian Diaspora Шаблон:Webarchive." The New York Times. April 24, 2014. Retrieved on July 2, 2014.
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  15. ↑ Boxall, Bettina. "Memorial to Armenian genocide unveiled in L.A.'s Grand Park Шаблон:Webarchive." Los Angeles Times. September 17, 2016. Retrieved on September 19, 2016.
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 Clifford, Frank and Anne C. Roark. "Racial Lines in County Blur but Could Return: Population: Times study of census finds communities far more mixed. Some experts fear new ethnic divisions." Los Angeles Times. May 6, 1991. p. 2 Шаблон:Webarchive. Retrieved on March 24, 2014.
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 Talai, Vered Amit. "Armenians in London: The Management of Social Boundaries" (Issue 4 of Anthropological Studies of Britain/Armenian Research Center collection/Volume 4 of Studies on East Asia). Manchester University Press, 1989. Шаблон:ISBN, 9780719029271. p. 93.
  19. ↑ Satzman, Darrell. "Zankou Chicken's tragic family rift impedes chain's growth Шаблон:Webarchive." Los Angeles Times. March 18, 2010. Retrieved on July 2, 2014.
  20. ↑ 20,0 20,1 Pang, Kevin. "Glendale Unified May Add Armenian Holiday Шаблон:Webarchive." Los Angeles Times. February 8, 2004. Retrieved on July 2, 2014.
  21. ↑ 21,0 21,1 21,2 21,3 Der-Martirosian, Sabagh, and Bozorgmehr, "Subethnicity: Armenians in Los Angeles," p. 251.
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  31. ↑ 31,0 31,1 Der-Martirosian, Sabagh, and Bozorgmehr, "Subethnicity: Armenians in Los Angeles," p. 246.
  32. ↑ 32,0 32,1 Der-Martirosian, Sabagh, and Bozorgmehr, "Subethnicity: Armenians in Los Angeles," p. 248.
  33. ↑ Light, Ivan Hubert., and Parminder Bhachu. Immigration and Entrepreneurship: Culture, Capital, and Ethnic Networks. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction, 1993.
  34. ↑ 34,0 34,1 34,2 Bakalian, p. 16.
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  37. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  40. ↑ Bozorgmehr, Der-Martirosian, Sabagh, "Middle Easterners: A New Kind of Immigrant," p. 353.
  41. ↑ Der-Martirosian, Sabagh, and Bozorgmehr, "Subethnicity: Armenians in Los Angeles," p. 252.
  42. ↑ 42,0 42,1 42,2 42,3 Der-Martirosian, Sabagh, and Bozorgmehr, "Subethnicity: Armenians in Los Angeles," p. 253.
  43. ↑ Der-Martirosian, Sabagh, and Bozorgmehr, "Subethnicity: Armenians in Los Angeles," p. 252-253.
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