Английская Википедия:History of Madurai
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use Indian English Madurai is a major city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu[1][2] It is the administrative headquarters of Madurai District and a popular Hindu pilgrimage centre.[3][4][5]
History
Madurai has been inhabited since at least the 3rd century BCE.Шаблон:Sfn Megasthenes may have visited Madurai during the 3rd century BCE, with the city referred as "Methora" in his accounts.Шаблон:Sfn The view is contested by some scholars who believe "Methora" refers to the north Indian city of Mathura, as it was a large and established city in the Mauryan Empire.Шаблон:Sfn Madurai is also mentioned in Kautilya's (370–283 BCE)Шаблон:Sfn Arthashastra.Шаблон:Sfn Sangam literature like Maturaikkāñci records the importance of Madurai as a capital city of the Pandyan dynasty.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Madurai is mentioned in the works of Roman historians Pliny the Younger (61 – c. 112 CE), Ptolemy (c. 90 – c. CE 168), those of the Greek geographer Strabo (64/63 BCE – c. 24 CE),Шаблон:Sfn and also in Periplus of the Erythraean Sea.Шаблон:Sfn
Kalabhra dynasty
After the Sangam age, most of present-day Tamil Nadu, including Madurai, came under the rule of the Kalabhra dynasty, which was ousted by the Pandyas around 590 CE.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Pandya dynasty
A series of Pandya kings ruled Madurai between 590 CE and 920 CE.
Chola dynasty
The Pandyas were ousted from Madurai by the Chola dynasty during the early 9th century.Шаблон:Sfn The city remained under the control of the Cholas until the early 13th century, when the second Pandyan empire was established with Madurai as its capital.Шаблон:Sfn
Delhi and Madurai Sultanates
Шаблон:Further After the death of Kulasekara Pandian (1268–1308 CE), Madurai came under the rule of the Delhi Sultanate.Шаблон:Sfn The Madurai Sultanate then seceded from Delhi and functioned as an independent kingdom until its gradual annexation by the Vijayanagar Empire in 1378 CE.Шаблон:Sfn
Vijayanagar dynasty and Madurai Nayaks
Шаблон:Further Madurai became independent from Vijayanagar in 1559 CE under the Nayaks.Шаблон:Sfn The Nayaks ruled over Madurai for over 200 years with the capital city switching between Madurai and Tiruchirapally. Nayak rule ended in 1736 CE and Madurai was repeatedly captured several times by Chanda Sahib (1740 – 1754 CE), Arcot Nawab and Muhammed Yusuf Khan (1725 – 1764 CE) in the middle of 18th century.Шаблон:Sfn
British Colonial period
In 1801, Madurai came under the direct control of the British East India Company and was annexed to the Madras Presidency.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The British government made donations to the Meenakshi temple and participated in the Hindu festivals during the early part of their rule.Шаблон:Sfn The city evolved as a political and industrial complex through the 19th and 20th centuries to become a district headquarters of a larger Madurai district.Шаблон:Sfn In 1837, the fortifications around the temple were demolished by the British.Шаблон:Sfn The moat was drained and the debris was used to construct new streets – Veli, Marat and Perumaal Mesthiri streets.Шаблон:Sfn
The city was constituted as a municipality in 1866 CE.Шаблон:Sfn The British government faced initial hiccups during the earlier period of the establishment of municipality in land ceiling and tax collection in Madurai and Dindigul districts under the direct administration of the officers of the government.Шаблон:Sfn The city, along with the district, was resurveyed between 1880 and 1885 CE and subsequently, five municipalities were constituted in the two districts and six taluk boards were set up for local administration.Шаблон:Sfn Police stations were established in Madurai city, housing the headquarters of the District Superintendent.Шаблон:Sfn Under the British Madurai prospered. It was in Madurai, in 1921, that Mahatma Gandhi, pre-eminent leader of Indian nationalism in British-ruled India, first adopted the loin cloth as his mode of dress after seeing agricultural labourers wearing it.Шаблон:Sfn Leaders of the independence movement in Madurai included N.M.R. Subbaraman,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Karumuttu Thiagarajan Chettiar and Mohammad Ismail Sahib.Шаблон:Sfn The Temple Entry Authorization and Indemnity Act passed by the government of Madras Presidency under C. Rajagopalachari in 1939 removed restrictions prohibiting Shanars and Dalits from entering Hindu temples. The temple entry movement was first led in Madurai Meenakshi temple by independence activist A. Vaidyanatha Iyer in 1939.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Notes
Works cited
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Шаблон:History of India by City
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ "Ptolemy (2nd century ce), commenting on the brisk trading relations between 'Modura', the Greeks and the Romans, calls it 'the Mediterranean emporium of the south'" Madurai (2002). In Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend, Thames & Hudson.
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