Английская Википедия:Holocene calendar

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Версия от 12:56, 22 марта 2024; EducationBot (обсуждение | вклад) (Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{Short description|Calendar era that uses 10,000 BC as 1 HE}} {{redirect|Holocene era|the geological epoch|Holocene}} {{redirect|Human Era|the album|Human Era (album)}} {{Human history}} The '''Holocene calendar''', also known as the '''Holocene Era''' or '''Human Era''' ('''HE'''), is a year numbering system that adds exactly 10,000 years to the currently dominant ([...»)
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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Redirect Шаблон:Redirect Шаблон:Human history The Holocene calendar, also known as the Holocene Era or Human Era (HE), is a year numbering system that adds exactly 10,000 years to the currently dominant (AD/BC or CE/BCE) numbering scheme, placing its first year near the beginning of the Holocene geological epoch and the Neolithic Revolution, when humans shifted from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to agriculture and fixed settlements. The current year by the Gregorian calendar, AD 2024, is 12024 HE in the Holocene calendar. The HE scheme was first proposed by Cesare Emiliani in 1993 (11993 HE),[1] though similar proposals to start a new calendar at the same date had been put forward decades earlier.[2][3]

Overview

Cesare Emiliani's proposal for a calendar reform sought to solve a number of alleged problems with the current Шаблон:Lang era, also called the Common Era, which number the years of the commonly accepted world calendar. These issues include:

  • The Шаблон:Lang era is based on the erroneous or contentious estimates of the birth year of Jesus of Nazareth. The era places Jesus's birth year in AD 1, but modern scholars have determined that it is more likely that he was born in or before 4 BC.[4] Emiliani argued that replacing the contested date with the approximate beginning of the Holocene makes more sense.
  • The birth date of Jesus is a less universally relevant epoch event than the approximate beginning of the Holocene.
  • The years BC/BCE are counted down when moving from past to future, making calculation of time spans difficult.
  • The Шаблон:Lang era has no year "zero", with 1 BC followed immediately by AD 1, complicating the calculation of timespans further.

Instead, HE uses the "beginning of human era" as its epoch, arbitrarily defined as 10,000 BC and denoted year 1 HE, so that AD 1 matches 10,001 HE.[1] This is a rough approximation of the start of the current geologic epoch, the Holocene (the name means entirely recent). The motivation for this is that human civilization (e.g. the first settlements, agriculture, etc.) is believed to have arisen within this time. Emiliani later proposed that the start of the Holocene should be fixed at the same date as the beginning of his proposed era.[5]

Benefits

Human Era proponents claim that it makes for easier geological, archaeological, dendrochronological, anthropological and historical dating, as well as that it bases its epoch on an event more universally relevant than the birth of Jesus. All key dates in human history can then be listed using a simple increasing date scale with smaller dates always occurring before larger dates. Another gain is that the Holocene Era starts before the other calendar eras, so it could be useful for the comparison and conversion of dates from different calendars.

Accuracy

When Emiliani discussed the calendar in a follow-up article in 1994, he mentioned that there was no agreement on the date of the start of the Holocene epoch, with estimates at the time ranging between 12,700 and 10,970 years BP.[5] Since then, scientists have improved their understanding of the Holocene on the evidence of ice cores and can now more accurately date its beginning. A consensus view was formally adopted by the IUGS in 2013, placing its start at 11,700 years before 2000 (9701 BC), about 300 years more recent than the epoch of the Holocene calendar.[6]

Equivalent proposals

In 1924 Gabriel Deville proposed the use of Calendrier nouveau de chronologie ancienne (CNCA), which would start 10,000 years before AD 1, which is identical to Emiliani's much later proposal.[2]


In 1963 E.R. Hope proposed the use of Anterior Epoch (AE), which also begins at the same point.[3]

Conversion

Conversion from Julian or Gregorian calendar years to the Human Era can be achieved by adding 10,000 to the AD/CE year. The present year, 2024, can be transformed into a Holocene year by adding the digit "1" before it, making it 12 024 HE. Years BC/BCE are converted by subtracting the BC/BCE year number from 10,001.

Calendar epochs and milestones in the Holocene calendar
Gregorian year ISO 8601 Holocene year Event
10002 BC -10001 -1 HE
10001 BC -10000 0 HE
10000 BC -9999Шаблон:Efn 1 HE Beginning of the Holocene Era
9701 BC -9700 300 HE End of the Pleistocene and beginning of the Holocene epoch[6]
4714 BC -4713 5287 HE Epoch of the Julian day system: Julian day 0 starts at Greenwich noon on January 1, 4713 BC of the proleptic Julian calendar, which is November 24, 4714 BC in the proleptic Gregorian calendar[7]Шаблон:Rp
3761 BC -3760 6240 HE Beginning of the Шаблон:Lang calendar era in the Hebrew calendar[7]Шаблон:Rp
3102 BC -3101 6899 HE Beginning of the Kali Yuga in Hindu cosmology[8]
2250 BC -2249 7751 HE Beginning of the Meghalayan age, the current and latest of the three stages in the Holocene epoch.[9][10]
45 BC -0044 9956 HE Introduction of the Julian calendar
1 BC 0000 10000 HE Year zero at ISO 8601
1 AD 0001 10001 HE Beginning of the Common Era and Шаблон:Lang, from the estimate by Dionysius of the Incarnation of Jesus
622 0622 10622 HE Migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina (Hijrah), starting the Islamic calendar[11][12] at 1 AH
1582 1582 11582 HE Introduction of the Gregorian calendar[7]Шаблон:Rp
1912 1912 11912 HE Epoch of the Juche[13] and Minguo calendars[14]
1950 1950 11950 HE Epoch of the Before Present dating scheme[15]Шаблон:Rp
1960 1960 11960 HE UTC Epoch
1970 1970 11970 HE Unix Epoch[16]
1993 1993 11993 HE Publication of the Holocene calendar
2024 2024 12024 HE Current year
10000 +10000 20000 HE

Шаблон:Notelist

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Further reading

Шаблон:Calendars Шаблон:Time measurement and standards Шаблон:Chronology