Английская Википедия:Human Development Index

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World map
World map of countries and territories by HDI scores in increments of 0.050 (based on 2022 data, published in 2024) Шаблон:Legend-col

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistical composite index of life expectancy, education (mean years of schooling completed and expected years of schooling upon entering the education system), and per capita income indicators, which is used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country scores a higher level of HDI when the lifespan is higher, the education level is higher, and the gross national income GNI (PPP) per capita is higher. It was developed by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul-Haq and was further used to measure a country's development by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)'s Human Development Report Office.[1][2][3]

The 2010 Human Development Report introduced an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI). While the simple HDI remains useful, it stated that "the IHDI is the actual level of human development (accounting for inequality), while the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development (or the maximum level of HDI) that could be achieved if there was no inequality."[4]

The index is based on the human development approach, developed by Mahbub ul-Haq, anchored in Amartya Sen's work on human capabilities, and often framed in terms of whether people are able to "be" and "do" desirable things in life. Examples include – being: well fed, sheltered, and healthy; doing: work, education, voting, participating in community life. The freedom of choice is central – someone choosing to be hungry (e.g. when fasting for religious reasons) is quite different from someone who is hungry because they cannot afford to buy food, or because the country is in a famine.[5]

The index does not take into account several factors, such as the net wealth per capita or the relative quality of goods in a country. This situation tends to lower the ranking of some of the most developed countries, such as the G7 members and others.[6]

Origins

The origins of the HDI are found in the annual Human Development Reports produced by the Human Development Report Office of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). These annual reports were devised and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul-Haq in 1990, and had the explicit purpose "to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people-centered policies". He believed that a simple composite measure of human development was needed to convince the public, academics and politicians that they can, and should, evaluate development not only by economic advances but also improvements in human well-being.

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The underlying principles behind the Human Development Index[5]

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Dimensions and calculation

New method (2010 HDI onwards)

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HDI trends between 1990 and 2021
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Published on 4 November 2010 (and updated on 10 June 2011), the 2010 Human Development Report calculated the HDI combining three dimensions:[7][8]

In its 2010 Human Development Report, the UNDP began using a new method of calculating the HDI. The following three indices are used:

1.Шаблон:Anchor Life Expectancy Index (LEI) <math>= \frac{\textrm{LE} - 20}{85-20}</math><math>= \frac{\textrm{LE} - 20}{65}</math>

LEI is equal to 1 when life expectancy at birth is 85 years, and 0 when life expectancy at birth is 20 years.

2. Education Index (EI) <math>= \frac{{\textrm{MYSI} + \textrm{EYSI}}} {2}</math>[9]

2.1 Mean Years of Schooling Index (MYSI) <math>= \frac{\textrm{MYS}}{15}</math>[10]
Fifteen is the projected maximum of this indicator for 2025.
2.2 Expected Years of Schooling Index (EYSI) <math>= \frac{\textrm{EYS}}{18}</math>[11]
Eighteen is equivalent to achieving a master's degree in most countries.

3. Income Index (II) <math>= \frac{\ln(\textrm{GNIpc}) - \ln(100)}{\ln(75,000) - \ln(100)}</math><math>= \frac{\ln(\textrm{GNIpc}) - \ln(100)}{\ln(750)}</math>

II is 1 when GNI per capita is $75,000 and 0 when GNI per capita is $100.

Finally, the HDI is the geometric mean of the previous three normalized indices:

<math>\textrm{HDI} = \sqrt[3]{\textrm{LEI}\cdot \textrm{EI} \cdot \textrm{II}}.</math>

LE: Life expectancy at birth
MYS: Mean years of schooling (i.e. years that a person aged 25 or older has spent in formal education)
EYS: Expected years of schooling (i.e. total expected years of schooling for children under 18 years of age, incl. young men and women aged 13–17)
GNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita
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Old method (HDI before 2010)

The HDI combined three dimensions last used in its 2009 report:

Файл:Human Development Index trends.svg
HDI trends between 1975 and 2004
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This methodology was used by the UNDP until their 2011 report.

The formula defining the HDI is promulgated by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).[12] In general, to transform a raw variable, say <math>x</math>, into a unit-free index between 0 and 1 (which allows different indices to be added together), the following formula is used:

  • <math>x\text{ index} = \frac{x - a}{b - a}</math>

where <math>a</math> and <math>b</math> are the lowest and highest values the variable <math>x</math> can attain, respectively.

The Human Development Index (HDI) then represents the uniformly weighted sum with Шаблон:Frac contributed by each of the following factor indices:

  • Life Expectancy Index <math>= \frac{LE - 25} {85-25}</math><math>= \frac{LE - 25} {60}</math>
  • Education Index = <math>\frac{2} {3} \times ALI + \frac{1} {3} \times GEI</math>
  • GDP <math>= \frac{\log\left(GDPpc\right) - \log\left(100\right)} {\log\left(40000\right) - \log\left(100\right)}</math><math>= \frac{\log\left(GDPpc\right) - \log\left(100\right)} {\log\left(400\right)}</math>

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2022 Human Development Index (2024 report)

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Average annual HDI growth from 2010 to 2021 (published in 2022)Шаблон:Legend-col

The Human Development Report 2023/24 by the United Nations Development Programme was released on 13 March 2024; the report calculates HDI values based on data collected in 2022.

Ranked from 1 to 69 in the year 2022, the following countries are considered to be of "very high human development":[13]

Шаблон:Sronly
Rank Nation HDI
2021 data (2022 report)Шаблон:Zero width space Change since 2015Шаблон:Zero width space 2022 data (2024 report)Шаблон:Zero width space[13] Average annual growth (2010–2022)Шаблон:Zero width space
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.967 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.966 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.959 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.956 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.952 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.950 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.949 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.946 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.942 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.940 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.939 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.937 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.935 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.929 Шаблон:Sort
20 Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.927 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.926 Шаблон:Sort
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24 Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.920 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.915 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.911 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.910 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.907 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.906 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.899 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.895 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.893 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.888 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.884 Шаблон:Sort
36 Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.881 Шаблон:Sort
37 Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.879 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.878 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.875 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Sort
42 Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.874 Шаблон:Sort
43 Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.867 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.860 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.855 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.851 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.849 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.847 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.844 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.838 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.830 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.827 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.826 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.823 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.821 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.820 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Sort
59 Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.819 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.814 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.809 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.807 Шаблон:Sort
64 Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.806 Шаблон:Sort
65 Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.805 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.803 Шаблон:Sort
67 Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.802 Шаблон:Sort
Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Sort
69 Шаблон:Sort Шаблон:Flag 0.801 Шаблон:Sort

Past top countries

The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the Human Development Index. Norway has been ranked the highest sixteen times, Canada eight times, and Switzerland, Japan, and Iceland have each ranked twice.

In each original HDI

The year represents the time period from which the statistics for the index were derived. In parentheses is the year when the report was published. Шаблон:Columns-list Шаблон:Break

Geographical coverage

The HDI has extended its geographical coverage: David Hastings, of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, published a report geographically extending the HDI to 230+ economies, whereas the UNDP HDI for 2009 enumerates 182 economies and coverage for the 2010 HDI dropped to 169 countries.[14][15]

Country/region specific HDI lists

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Criticism

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HDI in relation to consumption-based Шаблон:Chem2 emissions per capita

The Human Development Index has been criticized on a number of grounds, including alleged lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilization,Шаблон:Citation needed focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking, lack of attention to development from a global perspective, measurement error of the underlying statistics, and on the UNDP's changes in formula which can lead to severe misclassification in the categorisation of "low", "medium", "high" or "very high" human development countries.[16]

There have also been various criticism towards the lack of consideration regarding sustainability[17] (which later got addressed by the planetary pressures-adjusted HDI), and towards social inequality[18] (which got addressed by the inequality-adjusted HDI)

Sources of data error

Economists Hendrik Wolff, Howard Chong and Maximilian Auffhammer discuss the HDI from the perspective of data error in the underlying health, education and income statistics used to construct the HDI. They have identified three sources of data error which are: (i) data updating, (ii) formula revisions and (iii) thresholds to classify a country's development status. They conclude that 11%, 21% and 34% of all countries can be interpreted as currently misclassified in the development bins due to the three sources of data error, respectively. Wolff, Chong and Auffhammer suggest that the United Nations should discontinue the practice of classifying countries into development bins because the cut-off values seem arbitrary, and the classifications can provide incentives for strategic behavior in reporting official statistics, as well as having the potential to misguide politicians, investors, charity donors and the public who use the HDI at large.[16]

In 2010, the UNDP reacted to the criticism by updating the thresholds to classify nations as low, medium, and high human development countries. In a comment to The Economist in early January 2011, the Human Development Report Office responded[19] to an article published in the magazine on 6 January 2011[20] which discusses the Wolff et al. paper. The Human Development Report Office states that they undertook a systematic revision of the methods used for the calculation of the HDI, and that the new methodology directly addresses the critique by Wolff et al. in that it generates a system for continuously updating the human-development categories whenever formula or data revisions take place.

In 2013, Salvatore Monni and Alessandro Spaventa emphasized that in the debate of GDP versus HDI, it is often forgotten that these are both external indicators that prioritize different benchmarks upon which the quantification of societal welfare can be predicated. The larger question is whether it is possible to shift the focus of policy from a battle between competing paradigms to a mechanism for eliciting information on well-being directly from the population.[21]

See also

Indices

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Other

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Notes

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References

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External links

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Шаблон:Global economic classifications Шаблон:Population country lists Шаблон:Quality of life country lists Шаблон:Deprivation Indicators Шаблон:Authority control

sah:HDI

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  10. Mean years of schooling (of adults) (years) is a calculation of the average number of years of education received by people ages 25 and older in their lifetime based on education attainment levels of the population converted into years of schooling based on theoretical duration of each level of education attended. Source: Шаблон:Cite journal
  11. (ESYI is a calculation of the number of years a child is expected to attend school, or university, including the years spent on repetition. It is the sum of the age-specific enrollment ratios for primary, secondary, post-secondary non-tertiary and tertiary education and is calculated assuming the prevailing patterns of age-specific enrollment rates were to stay the same throughout the child's life. Expected years of schooling is capped at 18 years. (Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2010). Correspondence on education indicators. March. Montreal.)
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