Английская Википедия:Hungarian phonology
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Self reference Шаблон:More citations needed Шаблон:IPA notice Шаблон:Hungarian language
The phonology of the Hungarian language is notable for its process of vowel harmony, the frequent occurrence of geminate consonants and the presence of otherwise uncommon palatal stops.
Consonants
This is the standard Hungarian consonantal system, using symbols from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).
- Шаблон:Note It is debated whether the palatal consonant pair consists of stops or affricates.[3] They are considered affricates or stops, depending on register, by Tamás Szende,[1] head of the department of General Linguistics at PPKE,[4] and stops by Mária Gósy,[3] research professor, head of the Department of Phonetics at ELTE.[5] The reason for the different analyses is that the relative duration of the friction of Шаблон:IPAslink (as compared to the duration of its closure) is longer than those of the stops, but shorter than those of the affricates. Шаблон:IPA has the stop-like nature of having a full duration no longer than those of other (voiceless) stops such as Шаблон:IPA but, considering the average closure time in relation to the friction time of the consonants, its duration structure is somewhat closer to those of the affricates.[6]
Almost every consonant may be geminated, written by doubling a single letter grapheme: Шаблон:Angbr for Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:Angbr for Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:Angbr for Шаблон:IPA etc., or by doubling the first letter of a grapheme cluster: Шаблон:Angbr for Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:Angbr for Шаблон:IPA, etc.
The phonemes Шаблон:IPAslink and Шаблон:IPAslink can appear on the surface as geminates: bridzs Шаблон:IPA ('bridge'). (For the list of examples and exceptions, see Hungarian dz and dzs.)
Hungarian orthography, unlike that of the surrounding Slavic languages, does not use háčky or any other consonant diacritics. Instead, the letters c, s, z are used alone (Шаблон:IPAslink, Шаблон:IPAslink, Шаблон:IPAslink) or combined in the digraphs cs, sz, zs (Шаблон:IPAslink, Шаблон:IPAslink, Шаблон:IPAslink), while y is used only in the digraphs ty, gy, ly, ny as a palatalization marker to write the sounds Шаблон:IPAslink, Шаблон:IPAslink, Шаблон:IPAslink (formerly Шаблон:IPAslink), Шаблон:IPAslink.
The most distinctive allophones are:
- Шаблон:IPAslink becomes Шаблон:IPAblink if between a voiceless obstruent and a word boundary (e.g. lopj Шаблон:IPA 'steal').[7]
- Шаблон:IPA becomes Шаблон:IPAblink e.g. between voiced obstruents, such as dobj be Шаблон:IPA 'throw (one/some) in'[8]
- Шаблон:IPAslink may become Шаблон:IPAblink between two vowels (e.g. tehát Шаблон:IPA 'so'), Шаблон:IPAblink after front vowels (e.g. ihlet Шаблон:IPA 'inspiration'), and Шаблон:IPAblink word-finally after back vowels (e.g. doh Шаблон:IPA 'musty') if it is not deleted (which it often is; e.g. méh Шаблон:IPA 'bee', but even then, some dialects still pronounce it, e.g., Шаблон:IPA).[9][10]
- According to Gósy, it becomes Шаблон:IPA (rather than Шаблон:IPA) in words such as pech, ihlet, technika ('bad luck, inspiration, technology/technique'),[11] while it becomes postvelar fricative in words such as doh, sah, jacht, Allah, eunuch, potroh.[12]
- Шаблон:IPA becomes Шаблон:IPA when geminated, in certain words: dohhal Шаблон:IPA ('with blight'), peches Шаблон:IPA ('unlucky').
Vowels
Hungarian has seven pairs of corresponding short and long vowels. Their phonetic values do not exactly match up with each other, so Шаблон:Angbr represents Шаблон:IPAslink and Шаблон:Angbr represents Шаблон:IPAslink; likewise, Шаблон:Angbr represents Шаблон:IPAslink while Шаблон:Angbr represents Шаблон:IPAslink.[14] For the other pairs, the short vowels are slightly lower and more central, and the long vowels more peripheral:
- Шаблон:IPA are phonetically near-close Шаблон:IPA.[13]
- Шаблон:IPA has been variously described as close-mid Шаблон:IPAblink[15] and mid Шаблон:IPAblink.[13]
- Шаблон:IPA and the marginal Шаблон:IPA are phonetically near-open Шаблон:IPA,[13] but they may be somewhat less open Шаблон:IPA in other dialects.
- Шаблон:IPA is phonetically mid Шаблон:IPAblink.[13]
- Шаблон:IPA and the marginal Шаблон:IPA are phonetically open central Шаблон:IPA.[13]
The sound marked by Шаблон:Angbr is considered to be Шаблон:IPAblink by Tamás Szende[13] and Шаблон:IPAblink by Mária Gósy.[16] Gósy also mentions a different short Шаблон:IPAslink that contrasts with both Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA, present in a few words like Svájc ('Switzerland'), svá ('schwa'), advent ('advent'), hardver ('hardware', this usage is considered hyperforeign),[17] and halló (used when answering the phone; contrasting with haló 'dying', and háló 'web').
There are two more marginal sounds, namely the long Шаблон:IPAslink as well as the long Шаблон:IPAslink. They are used in the name of the letters E and A, which are pronounced Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA, respectively.[9]
Although not found in Standard Hungarian, some dialects contrast three mid vowels Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, and Шаблон:IPAslink, with the latter being written Шаблон:Angbr in some works, but not in the standard orthography.[18] Thus mentek could represent four different words: mëntëk Шаблон:IPA ('you all go'), mëntek Шаблон:IPA ('they went'), mentëk Шаблон:IPA ('I save'), and mentek Шаблон:IPA ('they are exempt'). In Standard Hungarian, the first three collapse to Шаблон:IPA, while the latter one is unknown, having a different form in the literary language (mentesek).
Examples[13] Phoneme Example Шаблон:IPAslink hat Шаблон:Audio-IPA 'six' (Шаблон:IPAslink) a Шаблон:Audio-IPA 'the letter A' (Шаблон:IPAslink) Svájc Шаблон:IPA 'Switzerland' Шаблон:IPAslink lát Шаблон:Audio-IPA 'see' Шаблон:IPAslink ok Шаблон:Audio-IPA 'cause' Шаблон:IPAslink tó Шаблон:Audio-IPA 'lake' Шаблон:IPAslink fut Шаблон:Audio-IPA 'run' Шаблон:IPAslink kút Шаблон:Audio-IPA 'well' Шаблон:IPAslink lesz Шаблон:Audio-IPA 'will be' (Шаблон:IPAslink) e Шаблон:Audio-IPA 'the letter E' Шаблон:IPAslink rész Шаблон:Audio-IPA 'part' Шаблон:IPAslink visz Шаблон:IPA 'carry' Шаблон:IPAslink víz Шаблон:Audio-IPA 'water' Шаблон:IPAslink sör Шаблон:Audio-IPA 'beer' Шаблон:IPAslink bőr Шаблон:Audio-IPA 'skin' Шаблон:IPAslink üt Шаблон:Audio-IPA 'hit' Шаблон:IPAslink tűz Шаблон:Audio-IPA 'fire'
Vowel harmony
As in Finnish, Turkish, and Mongolian, vowel harmony plays an important part in determining the distribution of vowels in a word. Hungarian vowel harmony classifies the vowels according to front vs. back assonance and rounded vs unrounded for the front vowels.[19] Excluding recent loanwords, Hungarian words have either only back vowels or front vowels due to these vowel harmony rules.[19]
Hungarian vowel harmony[19] Front Back unrounded rounded Close Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Mid Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Open Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
While Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, and Шаблон:IPA are all front unrounded vowels, they are considered to be "neutral vowels" in Hungarian vowel harmony.[20] Therefore, if a word contains back vowels, neutral vowels may appear alongside them. However, if only neutral vowels appear in a stem, the stem is treated as though it is of front vowel assonance and all suffixes must contain front vowels.[19]
Vowel harmony in Hungarian is most notable when observing suffixation. Vowel harmony must be maintained throughout the entire word, meaning that most suffixes have variants. For example, the dative case marker Шаблон:IPA vs. Шаблон:IPA. Stems that contain back vowels affix back vowel suffixes, and stems that contain only front vowels affix front vowel suffixes.[19] However, the front vowel stems distinguish rounded vs. unroundedness based on the last vowel in the stem. If the last vowel is front and rounded, it takes a suffix with a front rounded vowel; otherwise it follows the standard rules.[20] While suffixes for most words have front/back vowel variants, there are not many that have rounded/unrounded variants, indicating that this is a rarer occurrence.[20]
One is able to observe the distinction when looking at the plural affix, either Шаблон:IPA (back), Шаблон:IPA (front unrounded), or Шаблон:IPA (front rounded).
Hungarian vowel harmony and suffixation[20] Stem Gloss Description of stem Plural asztal table Only back vowels asztal-ok gyerek child Only neutral (front) vowels, last vowel unrounded. gyerek-ek füzet notebook Only front vowels, last vowel unrounded. füzet-ek ismerős acquaintance Only front vowels, last vowel rounded. ismerős-ök papír paper Back vowel with neutral vowel papír-ok
As can be seen above, the neutral vowels are able to be in both front and back vowel assonance words with no consequence.
However, there are about fifty monosyllabic roots that only contain Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, or Шаблон:IPA that take a back vowel suffix instead of the front vowel suffix.[21]
Irregular suffixation[21] Stem Gloss "At" "From" híd bridge híd-nál híd-tól cél aim cél-nál cél-tól
These exceptions to the rule are hypothesized to have originated from roots originally having contained a phoneme no longer present in modern Hungarian, the unrounded back vowel Шаблон:IPAslinkШаблон:Clarify, or its long counterpart Шаблон:IPA. It is theorized that while these vowels merged with Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA, less commonly Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA, the vowel harmony rules sensitive to the backness of the original sound remained in place.[21] The theory finds support from etymology: related words in other languages generally have back vowels, often specifically unrounded back vowels. For example, nyíl 'arrow' (plural nyíl-ak) corresponds to Komi ньыл Шаблон:IPA, Southern Mansi Шаблон:IPA.
Assimilation
The overall characteristics of the consonant assimilation in Hungarian are the following:[22][23]
- Assimilation types are typically regressive, that is the last element of the cluster determines the change.
- In most cases, it works across word boundaries if the sequence of words form an "accentual unity", that is there is no phonetic break between them (and they bear a common phrase stress). Typical accentual units are:
- attributes and qualified nouns, e.g. hideg tél Шаблон:IPA ('cold winter');
- adverbs and qualified attributes, e.g. nagyon káros Шаблон:IPA ~ Шаблон:IPA ('very harmful');
- verbs and their complements, e.g. nagyot dob Шаблон:IPA ('s/he throws long toss'), vesz belőle Шаблон:IPA ('take some [of it]').
- There are obligatory, optional and stigmatized types of assimilation.
- The palatal affricates behave like stops in assimilation processes. Therefore, in this section, they will be treated as stops, including their IPA notations Шаблон:IPAblink and Шаблон:IPAblink.
Voice assimilation
In a cluster of consonants ending in an obstruent, all obstruents change their voicing according to the last one of the sequence. The affected obstruents are the following:
- In obstruent clusters, retrograde voicing assimilation occurs, even across word boundaries:[24]
Voiced Voiceless Undergoes devoicing Undergoes voicing Causes voicing Causes devoicing b Шаблон:IPAslink p Шаблон:IPAslink dobtam Шаблон:IPA 'I threw (it)' képzés Шаблон:IPA 'training, forming' futball Шаблон:IPA 'soccer' központ Шаблон:IPA 'center' d Шаблон:IPAslink t Шаблон:IPAslink adhat Шаблон:IPA 's/he can give' hétből Шаблон:IPA 'from 7' csapda Шаблон:IPA pénztár Шаблон:IPA 'cash desk' dz Шаблон:IPAslink c Шаблон:IPAslink edzhet Шаблон:IPA 's/he can train' ketrecben Шаблон:IPA 'in (a) cage' alapdzadzíki Шаблон:IPA 'standard tzatziki' abcúg! Шаблон:IPA 'down with him!' dzs Шаблон:IPAslink cs Шаблон:IPAslink bridzstől Шаблон:IPA '(because) of bridge [game of cards]' ácsból Шаблон:IPA 'from (a) carpenter' barackdzsem Шаблон:IPA ~ Шаблон:IPA 'apricot jam' távcső Шаблон:IPA 'telescope' g Шаблон:IPAslink k Шаблон:IPAslink fogtam Шаблон:IPA 'I held (it)' zsákból Шаблон:IPA 'out of (a) bag' állítgat Шаблон:IPA 's/he constantly adjusts' zsebkendő Шаблон:IPA 'handkerchief' gy Шаблон:IPAslink ty Шаблон:IPAslink ágytól Шаблон:IPA 'from (a) bed' pintyből Шаблон:IPA 'from (a) finch' gépgyár Шаблон:IPA 'machine factory' lábtyű Шаблон:IPA 'socks with sleeves for the toes' v Шаблон:IPAslink f Шаблон:IPAslink szívtam Шаблон:IPA 'I smoked/sucked (it)' széfben Шаблон:IPA 'in (a) safe' Шаблон:Ref lábfej Шаблон:IPA 'part of the foot below the ankle' z Шаблон:IPAslink sz Шаблон:IPAslink méztől Шаблон:IPA 'from honey' mészből Шаблон:IPA 'out of lime' alapzat Шаблон:IPA 'base(ment)' rabszolga Шаблон:IPA 'slave' zs Шаблон:IPAslink s Шаблон:IPAslink rúzstól Шаблон:IPA 'from lipstick' hasba Шаблон:IPA 'in(to) (the) stomach' köldökzsinór Шаблон:IPA 'umbilical cord' különbség Шаблон:IPA ~ Шаблон:IPA 'difference' Шаблон:N/a h Шаблон:IPAslink Шаблон:N/a Шаблон:N/a Шаблон:N/a adhat Шаблон:IPA 's/he can give'
- Шаблон:Ref Шаблон:IPAslink is unusual in that it undergoes devoicing, but does not cause voicing,[24] e.g. hatvan ('sixty') is pronounced Шаблон:IPA not Шаблон:IPA. Voicing before Шаблон:IPA occurs only in south-western dialects, though it is stigmatized.Шаблон:Citation needed
- Conversely, Шаблон:IPAslink causes devoicing, but never undergoes voicing in consonant clusters.[24] e.g. dohból Шаблон:IPA 'from (the) musty smell'.
- Other than a few foreign words, morpheme-initial Шаблон:IPAslink does not occur (even its phonemic state is highly debated), therefore it is hard to find a real example when it induces voicing (even alapdzadzíki is forced and not used colloquially). However, the regressive voice assimilation before Шаблон:IPA does occur even in nonsense sound sequences.
Nasal place assimilation
Nasals assimilate to the place of articulation of the following consonant (even across word boundaries):[25]
- only Шаблон:IPAblink precedes a velar consonant (e.g. hang Шаблон:IPA, 'voice'), Шаблон:IPAblink precedes a labiodental consonant (e.g. hamvad Шаблон:IPA, 'smolder'), and Шаблон:IPAblink precedes bilabial consonants.
- Шаблон:IPAblink before labial consonants Шаблон:IPA: színpad Шаблон:IPA ('stage'), különb Шаблон:IPA ('better than'), énmagam Шаблон:IPA ('myself');
- Шаблон:IPAblink before labiodental consonants Шаблон:IPA: különféle Шаблон:IPA ('various'), hamvas Шаблон:IPA ('bloomy');
- Шаблон:IPAblink before palatal consonants Шаблон:IPA: pinty Шаблон:IPA ('finch'), ángy Шаблон:IPA ('wife of a close male relative'), magánnyomozó Шаблон:IPA ('private detective');
- Шаблон:IPAblink before velar consonants Шаблон:IPA: munka Шаблон:IPA ('work'), angol Шаблон:IPA ('English');
- Nasal place assimilation is obligatory within the word, but optional across a word or compound boundary,Шаблон:Citation needed e.g. szénpor Шаблон:IPA ~ Шаблон:IPA ('coal-dust'), nagyon káros Шаблон:IPA ~ Шаблон:IPA ('very harmful'), olyan más Шаблон:IPA ~ Шаблон:IPA ('so different').
Sibilant assimilation
- Voiceless sibilants form a voiceless geminate affricate with preceding alveolar and palatal stops (d Шаблон:IPAslink, gy Шаблон:IPAslink, t Шаблон:IPAslink, ty Шаблон:IPAslink):
- Clusters ending in sz Шаблон:IPAslink or c Шаблон:IPAslink give Шаблон:IPA: metszet Шаблон:IPA 'engraving, segment', ötödször Шаблон:IPA 'for the fifth time', négyszer Шаблон:IPA 'four times', füttyszó Шаблон:IPA 'whistle (as a signal)'; átcipel Шаблон:IPA 's/he lugs (something) over', nádcukor Шаблон:IPA 'cane-sugar'.
- Clusters ending in s Шаблон:IPAslink or cs Шаблон:IPAslink give Шаблон:IPA: kétség Шаблон:IPA 'doubt', fáradság Шаблон:IPA 'trouble', egység Шаблон:IPA 'unity', hegycsúcs Шаблон:IPA 'mountain-top'.
- Two sibilant fricatives form a geminate of the latter phoneme; the assimilation is regressive as usual:
- sz Шаблон:IPAslink or z Шаблон:IPAslink + s Шаблон:IPAslink gives Шаблон:IPA: egészség Шаблон:IPA 'health', község Шаблон:IPA 'village, community';
- sz Шаблон:IPAslink or z Шаблон:IPAslink + zs Шаблон:IPAslink gives Шаблон:IPA: vadászzsákmány Шаблон:IPA 'hunter's game'; száraz zsömle Шаблон:IPA 'dry bread roll';
- s Шаблон:IPAslink or zs Шаблон:IPAslink + sz Шаблон:IPAslink gives Шаблон:IPA: kisszerű Шаблон:IPA 'petty', rozsszalma Шаблон:IPA 'rye straw';
- s Шаблон:IPAslink or zs Шаблон:IPAslink + z Шаблон:IPAslink gives Шаблон:IPA: tilos zóna Шаблон:IPA 'restricted zone', parázs zene Шаблон:IPA 'hot music'.
- Clusters zs+s Шаблон:IPA, s+zs Шаблон:IPA, z+sz Шаблон:IPA and sz+z Шаблон:IPA are rather the subject of the voice assimilation.
- If one of the two adjacent sibilants is an affricate, the first one changes its place of articulation, e.g. malacság Шаблон:IPA, halászcsárda Шаблон:IPA 'Hungarian fish restaurant'. Sibilant affricate–fricative sequences like Шаблон:IPA are pronounced the same as geminate affricate Шаблон:IPA during normal speech.
- Sibilant assimilation can be omitted in articulated speech, e.g. to avoid homophony: rozsszalma Шаблон:IPA ~ Шаблон:IPA 'rye straw' ≠ rossz szalma Шаблон:IPA 'straw of bad quality', and rossz alma Шаблон:IPA 'apple of bad quality' as well.
- NB. Letter cluster szs can be read either as sz+s Шаблон:IPA, e.g. egészség Шаблон:IPA 'health', or as s+zs Шаблон:IPA, e.g. liszteszsák Шаблон:IPA 'bolting-bag' depending on the actual morpheme boundary. Similarly zsz is either zs + z Шаблон:IPA, e.g. varázszár Шаблон:IPA 'magic lock', or z + sz Шаблон:IPA, e.g. házszám Шаблон:IPA 'street-number'; and csz: cs + z Шаблон:IPA ~ c + sz Шаблон:IPA. Moreover, single digraphs may prove to be two adjacent letters on morpheme boundary, like cs: cs Шаблон:IPA ~ c + s Шаблон:IPA; sz: sz Шаблон:IPA ~ s + z Шаблон:IPA, zs: zs Шаблон:IPA ~ z + s Шаблон:IPA.
Palatal assimilation
Combination of a "palatalizable" consonant and a following palatal consonant results in a palatal geminate. Palatalizable consonants are palatal ones and their non-palatal counterparts: d Шаблон:IPAslink ~ gy Шаблон:IPAslink, l Шаблон:IPAslink ~ ly Шаблон:IPAslink, n Шаблон:IPAslink ~ ny Шаблон:IPAslink, t Шаблон:IPAslink ~ ty Шаблон:IPAslink.
- Full palatal assimilation occurs when the ending palatal consonant is j Шаблон:IPAslink: nagyja Шаблон:IPA 'most of it', adja Шаблон:IPA 's/he gives it'; tolja Шаблон:IPA 's/he pushes it'; unja Шаблон:IPA 's/he is bored with it', hányja Шаблон:IPA 's/he throws it'; látja Шаблон:IPA 's/he sees it', atyja Шаблон:IPA 'his/her father'. The cluster lyj Шаблон:IPA is a simple orthographic variant of jj Шаблон:IPA: folyjon Шаблон:IPA 'let it flow'.
- Partial assimilation takes place if an alveolar stop (d, t) is followed by a palatal gy Шаблон:IPAslink, ty Шаблон:IPAslink: hadgyakorlat Шаблон:IPA 'army exercises', nemzetgyűlés Шаблон:IPA 'national assembly'; vadtyúk Шаблон:IPA 'wild chicken', hat tyúk Шаблон:IPA 'six hens'.
- Some sources[26] report that alveolar stops change into their palatal counterparts before ny Шаблон:IPAslink: lúdnyak Шаблон:IPA 'neck of a goose', átnyúlik Шаблон:IPA 'it extends over'. The majority of the sources do not mention this kind of assimilation.
- When the first consonant is nasal, the partial palatal assimilation is a form of the nasal place assimilation (see above).
- The full palatal assimilation is an obligatory feature in standard Hungarian: its omission is stigmatized and it is considered as a hypercorrection of an undereducated person. Partial palatal assimilation is optional in articulated speech.
Degemination
Long consonants become short when preceded or followed by another consonant, e.g. folttal Шаблон:IPA 'by/with (a) patch'Шаблон:Clarify, varrtam Шаблон:IPA 'I sewed'.
Intercluster elision
The middle alveolarШаблон:Clarify stops may be omitted in clusters with more than two consonants, depending on speed and articulation of speech: azt hiszem Шаблон:IPA ~ Шаблон:IPA 'I presume/guess', mindnyájan Шаблон:IPA 'one and all', különbség Шаблон:IPA ~ Шаблон:IPA 'difference'. In morpheme onsets like str- Шаблон:IPA, middle stops tends to be more stable in educated speech, falanxstratégia Шаблон:IPA ~ Шаблон:IPA ~ Шаблон:IPA 'strategy based on phalanxes'.
Elision of Шаблон:IPA
- Шаблон:IPAslink assimilates to a following Шаблон:IPAslink (e.g. balra Шаблон:IPA, 'to the left').[27]
Шаблон:IPA also tends to be omitted between a preceding vowel and an adjacent stop or affricate in rapid speech, causing the lengthening of the vowel or diphthongizationШаблон:Example needed (e.g. volt Шаблон:IPA 'was', polgár Шаблон:IPA 'citizen'). This is quite common in dialectal speech, but considered non-standard in the official language.
Hiatus
Standard Hungarian prefers hiatus between adjacent vowels. However some optional dissolving features can be observed:
- An optional weak glide Шаблон:IPA may be pronounced within a word (or a compound element) between two adjacent vowels if one of them is i Шаблон:IPA, e.g. fiaiéi Шаблон:IPA ~ Шаблон:IPA ('the ones of his/her sons'). This, however, is rarely transcribed.
- Adjacent identical short vowels other than a and e may be pronounced as the corresponding long vowel, e.g. zoológia Шаблон:IPA ~ Шаблон:IPA ('zoology').
- Adjacent double i is always pronounced as single short Шаблон:IPA in the word endings, e.g. Hawaii Шаблон:IPA. This reduction is reflected in the current orthography when the adjective-forming suffix -i is added to a noun ending in i. In this case suffix -i is omitted also in writing. e.g. Lenti (a placename) + -i → lenti 'of Lenti'.
Stress
The stress is on the first syllable of the word. The articles a, az, egy, and the particle is are usually unstressed.[28]
References
Bibliography
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- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Citation
External links
Шаблон:Language phonologies Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Laminal dental, apart from the sibilants, which are laminal denti-alveolar.
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Balázs Sinkovics, Gyula Zsigri: A H-ra vonatkozó megszorítások történeti változásai in A nyelvtörténeti kutatások újabb eredményei vol. 4, JATE Press, 2005
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 13,3 13,4 13,5 13,6 13,7 Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Short a is slightly rounded Шаблон:IPAblink in the standard language, though some dialects exhibit an unrounded version closer to Шаблон:IPAblink (Шаблон:Harvcoltxt).
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ 19,0 19,1 19,2 19,3 19,4 Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ 20,0 20,1 20,2 20,3 Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ 21,0 21,1 21,2 Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Miklós Törkenczy: Practical Hungarian Grammar. A compact guide to the basics of Hungarian Grammar. Corvina, 2002. pp. 9–12. Шаблон:ISBN
- ↑ A magyar helyesírás szabályai. 11.kiadás, 12. lenyomat. Akadémiai Kiadó, 1984–2000. pp. 26–30. Шаблон:ISBN
- ↑ 24,0 24,1 24,2 Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
