Английская Википедия:Hyla

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Automatic taxobox

Hyla is a genus of frogs in the tree frog family Hylidae. As traditionally defined, it was a wastebasket genus with more than 300 species found in Europe, Asia, Africa, and across the Americas. After a major revision of the family, most of these have been moved to other genera so that Hyla now only contains 17 extant (living) species from Europe, northern Africa and Asia.[1] The earliest known fossil member of this genus is †Hyla swanstoni from the Eocene of Saskatchewan, Canada,[2] but its designation to Hyla happened before the major revision, meaning that its position needs confirmation.

The genus was established by Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti in 1768. It was named after Hylas in Greek mythology, the companion of Hercules. The name is unusual in that – though Laurenti knew that Hylas was male – the name is unambiguously treated in the feminine grammatical gender for reasons unknown. The etymology of the name is also often incorrectly given as being derived from the Greek word Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transliteration, "forest" or "wood").[3][4]

Living species

Файл:Hyla arborea var. molleri (Hello folks).jpg
Hyla molleri
Image Binomial name Common name Distribution
Файл:Hyla annectans (Jerdon, 1870).jpg H. annectans Шаблон:Small Jerdon's tree frog northeast India (Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, and Meghalaya), northern Myanmar, and northern montane Vietnam and southwestern and central China (Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Hunan)
Файл:European tree frog (Hyla arborea) Extremadura.jpg H. arborea Шаблон:Small European tree frog Albania; Armenia; Austria; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Belgium; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Croatia; Cyprus; the Czech Republic; Denmark; France; Georgia; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Israel (found in the Ayalon Valley); Italy; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Macedonia, the Republic of; Moldova; Montenegro; the Netherlands; Poland; Portugal; Romania; the Russian Federation; Serbia; Slovakia; Slovenia; Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey; Ukraine.
H. carthaginiensis Шаблон:Small Carthaginian tree frog northeastern Algeria and northwestern Tunisia.
Файл:Hhsinchu National Tsing Hua University Butterfly Garden Chien Tzu Hao 03.jpg H. chinensis Шаблон:Small Common Chinese tree frog southeastern and eastern China and in Taiwan
Файл:Hyla felixarabica01.jpeg H. felixarabica Шаблон:Small Arabian tree frog Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Syria and Lebanon.
Файл:Hallowell's tree frog (Hyla hallowellii).jpg H. hallowellii Шаблон:Small Hallowell's tree frog Japan
Файл:BennyTrapp Hyla intermedia Italien.jpg H. intermedia Шаблон:Small Italian tree frog Italy, Slovenia, Switzerland, and possibly San Marino.
Файл:Mediterranean Tree Frog (Hyla meridionalis) (8329020131).jpg H. meridionalis Шаблон:Small Mediterranean tree frog south-west Europe and north-west Africa
Файл:Hyla molleri 01 by-dpc.jpg H. molleri Шаблон:Small Moller's tree frog Iberian Peninsula and southwesternmost France.
Файл:K.Kalaentzis - Hyla orientalis, Rhodope.jpg H. orientalis Шаблон:Small Oriental tree frog Asia Minor and southeastern Europe
Файл:Hyla perrini Casalbeltrame.jpg H. perrini Шаблон:Small Perrin's tree frog northern Italy, Switzerland (Ticino) and Slovenia
H. sanchiangensis Шаблон:Small San Chiang tree frog China(Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Anhui, Zhejiang, Hunan, Hubei, and Jiangxi)
Файл:Hyla sarda g2.jpg H. sarda Шаблон:Small Sardinian tree frog Corsica, Sardinia, and the Tuscan Archipelago.
Файл:Hyla savignyi02a.jpg H. savignyi Шаблон:Small Middle East tree frog Bulgaria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Cyprus, Egypt, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, and Yemen.
Файл:Hyla simplex.jpg H. simplex Шаблон:Small Annam tree frog southern China, Vietnam, and Laos
Файл:Hyla tsinlingensis(Subadult,top view).jpg H. tsinlingensis Шаблон:Small Shensi tree frog China.
H. zhaopingensis Шаблон:Small Zhaoping tree frog China.

Mating systems

Female choice based on male calling

The mating systems across most species of Hyla largely feature female choice based on male calling effort.[5][6][7] The specific parameter of calling effort that is selected for can vary from species to species, however. In H. versicolor, for example, females show preference for calls of longer duration.[8] The selection of males which have calls of longer duration has shown to only be advantageous at low densities. This suggests that preference plasticity, based on environmental context, is beneficial.[8] Comparatively, males of H. arborea achieve a higher rate of mating success with increased chorus attendance, that is the number of nights spent calling at a given breeding site.[9] Moreover, increased chorus attendance carries with it a higher energy expenditure and risk of predation. Therefore, it may seem intuitive that males with higher chorus attendance are less likely to survive to the next breeding season. Conversely, these males are more likely to survive. This suggests that the fitness of these males is high enough to overcome the costs associated with chorus attendance.[9] This provides evidence for chorus attendance as an indicator of mate quality in H. arborea.

Male-male contests

Although it is studied less frequently than female choice, sexual selection influenced by male-male intrasexual competition does exist in certain species of Hyla. Males of H. versicolor produce conspicuous advertisement calls in large groups at territories known to females.[10] This behavior, known as lekking, is common in many species of Hyla. In order to broadcast a clear acoustic communication to a female, males require distinct calling spaces within their respective leks.[10] When males infringe upon the calling space of one another, aggressive interactions may occur. Males of H. versicolor may choose to lower costs of aggressive encounters by first assessing one another's resource holding potential.[11] In simple terms, the resource holding potential (RHP) of an individual is its ability to win a fight. RHP can be based on a number of factors, including mass, size, weaponry, etc. In H. versicolor, the question of what determines an individual's RHP still stands. Aggressive interactions of this species are hard to observe within natural environments, because they occur briefly and infrequently.[10] Research has suggested that RHP in this species is not based on body size, however these findings were not based on in situ observations, but instead on the findings of a manipulated experiment.[11]

Indirect selection

Файл:HylaArborea-CallingMale.jpg
A calling H. arborea male with a distended vocal sac.

In terms of sexual selection, indirect selection refers to the selection of a specific trait based on its genetic correlation to overall fitness. H. arborea is a nocturnal species which depends on calling by males for female mate choice.[6][8] In addition to its ability to detect acoustic communications, H. arborea, as well as most other Anuran species, possess specialized visual systems that function particularly well in low light.[12] This visual system allows for detection of observable male traits that could factor into female mate choice. Research has shown that H. arborea females have a preference for males with more conspicuous vocal sac coloration.[12] It is postulated that this preference may assist in localization and detection of males by searching females. However, vocal sac pigmentation is dictated by carotenoid levels, which must be ingested through food intake.[12] Thus, the presence of conspicuous vocal sac coloration could in turn signal higher male foraging ability and fitness.[12]

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Taxonbar Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Aut, 2005: Systematic Review of the Frog Family Hylidae, with Special Reference to Hylinae: Phylogenetic Analysis and Taxonomic Revision. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, Num. 294, pp.1-240. (http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/462/1/B294.pdf)
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  4. ↑ Шаблон:OED It gives the 'wood' etymology.
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 12,2 12,3 Шаблон:Cite journal
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