Английская Википедия:Iguazu Falls
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox waterfall
Iguazú Falls or Iguaçu Falls (Шаблон:Lang-gn Шаблон:IPA-gn, Шаблон:Lang-es Шаблон:IPA-es; Шаблон:Lang-pt Шаблон:IPA-pt) are waterfalls of the Iguazu River on the border of the Argentine province of Misiones and the Brazilian state of Paraná. Together, they make up the largest waterfall system in the world.[1] The falls divide the river into the upper and lower Iguazu. The Iguazu River rises near the heart of the city of Curitiba. For most of its course, the river flows through Brazil; however, most of the falls are on the Argentine side. Below its confluence with the San Antonio River, the Iguazu River forms the border between Argentina and Brazil.
The name Iguazú comes from the Guarani or Tupi words "y" Шаблон:IPA-gn, meaning "water", and "ûasú" Шаблон:IPA-gn, meaning "big".[2] Legend has it that a deity planned to marry a beautiful woman named Naipí, who fled with her mortal lover Tarobá in a canoe. In a rage, the deity sliced the river, creating the waterfalls and condemning the lovers to an eternal fall.[2] The first European to record the existence of the falls was the Spanish Conquistador Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca in 1541.
Geology and geography
The staircase character of the falls consists of a two-step waterfall formed by three layers of basalt. The steps are Шаблон:Convert in height. The columnar basalt rock sequences are part of the Шаблон:Convert Serra Geral formation within the Paleozoic-Mesozoic Paraná Basin. The tops of these sequences are characterized by Шаблон:Convert of highly resistant vesicular basalt and the contact between these layers controls the shape of the falls. Headwater erosion rates are estimated at Шаблон:Convert.[3][4] Numerous islands along the Шаблон:Convert edge divide the falls into many separate waterfalls and cataracts, varying between Шаблон:Convert high. The number of these smaller waterfalls fluctuates from 150 to 300, depending on the water level. About half of the river's flow falls into a long and narrow chasm called the Devil's Throat (Шаблон:Lang in Spanish or Шаблон:Lang in Portuguese).[4]
The Devil's Throat canyon is Шаблон:Convert wide and Шаблон:Convert deep. Left of this canyon, another part of the river forms 160–200 individual falls, which merge into a single front during the flood stage. The largest falls are named San Martín, Adam and Eva, Penoni, and Bergano.[3]
About Шаблон:Convert of the Шаблон:Convert length does not have water flowing over it. The water of the lower Iguazu collects in a canyon that drains into the Paraná River, a short distance downstream from the Itaipu Dam. The junction of the water flows marks the border between Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay. Some points in the cities of Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil, Puerto Iguazú, Argentina, and Ciudad del Este, Paraguay, have access to the Iguazu River, where the borders of all three nations may be seen, a popular tourist attraction for visitors to the three cities.
The Iguazu Falls are arranged in a way that resembles a reversed letter "J". The Argentina–Brazil border runs through the Devil's Throat. On the right bank is the Brazilian territory, which is home to more than 95% of the Iguazu River basin but has just over 20% of the jumps of these falls, and the left side jumps are Argentine, which make up almost 80% of the falls.
Tourism
Aerolíneas Argentinas[5] has direct flights from Buenos Aires to Iguazu International Airport. Azul, GOL, and LATAM Brasil[6] offer services from main Brazilian cities to Foz do Iguaçu.
Access
The falls may be reached from two main towns, with one on either side of the falls: Foz do Iguaçu in Brazil and Puerto Iguazú in Argentina, as well as from Ciudad del Este, Paraguay, on the other side of the Paraná River from Foz do Iguaçu, each of those three cities having commercial airports. The falls are shared by the Iguazú National Park (Argentina) and Iguaçu National Park (Brazil). The two parks were designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1984 and 1986, respectively.[7][8]
The first proposal for a Brazilian national park aimed at providing a pristine environment to "future generations", just as "it had been created by God" and endowed with "all possible preservation, from the beautiful to the sublime, from the picturesque to the awesome" and "an unmatched flora" located in the "magnificent Iguaçu waterfalls". These were the words used by André Rebouças, an engineer, in his book Provinces of Paraná, Railways to Mato Grosso and Bolivia, which started up the campaign aimed at preserving the Iguaçu Falls in 1876. At this time, Yellowstone National Park in the US, the first national park in the world, was four years old.
On the Brazilian side, a walkway along the canyon has an extension to the lower base of Devil's Throat. Helicopter rides offering aerial views of the falls have been available from Brazil, but Argentina has prohibited such helicopter tours because of the adverse environmental impact on the flora and fauna of the falls.[9] From Foz do Iguaçu airport, the park may be reached by taking a taxi or bus to the entrance of the park. Their park has an entrance fee on both sides. Once inside, free and frequent buses are provided to various points within the park. The town of Foz do Iguaçu is about Шаблон:Convert away, and the airport is between the park and the town.
The Argentine access, across the forest, is by a Rainforest Ecological Train very similar to the one in Disney's Animal Kingdom.[10] The train brings visitors to the entrance of Devil's Throat, as well as the upper and lower trails. The Paseo Garganta del Diablo is a Шаблон:Convert trail that brings visitors directly over the falls of Devil's Throat, the highest and deepest of the falls. Other walkways allow access to the elongated stretch of falls across the forest on the Argentine side and to the boats that connect to San Martin Island. Also on the Argentine side, inflatable boat services take visitors very close to the falls.
The Brazilian transportation system aims at allowing an increase in the number of visitors, while reducing the adverse environmental impact, through an increase in the average number of passengers per vehicle inside the park.Шаблон:Citation needed The new transportation system has a 72-passenger capacity and panoramic-view, double-deck buses.
Comparisons to other notable falls
Шаблон:See also Upon seeing Iguazu, the United States First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt reportedly exclaimed, "Poor Niagara!"[2] (which, at 50 m or 165 feet, are a third shorter). Often, Iguazu also is compared with Victoria Falls in Southern Africa, which separates Zambia and Zimbabwe. Iguazu is wider but is split into roughly 275 distinct falls and large islands, whereas Victoria has the largest curtain of water in the world, at more than Шаблон:Convert wide and over Шаблон:Convert in height (in low flow, Victoria is split into five by islands but in high flow, it may be uninterrupted). The only wider falls are extremely large rapid-like falls, such as the Boyoma Falls (Stanley Falls).
With the flooding of the Guaíra Falls in 1982, Iguazu currently has the sixth-greatest average annual flow of any waterfall in the world, following number five Niagara, with an average rate of Шаблон:Convert. Its maximum recorded flow was Шаблон:Convert on 9 June 2014.[11][12] By comparison, the average flow of Niagara Falls is Шаблон:Convert, with a maximum recorded flow of Шаблон:Convert.[13] The average flow at Victoria Falls is Шаблон:Convert, with a maximum recorded flow of Шаблон:Convert.[14]
| Size and flow rate of Victoria Falls with Niagara Falls and Iguazu for comparison | ||||||
| Parameters | Victoria Falls | Niagara Falls | Iguazu Falls | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Height in meters and feet:[15] | 108 m | 360 ft | 51 m | 167 ft | 64–82 m | 210–269 ft |
| Width in meters and feet:[15] | 1,708 m | 5,604 ft | 1,203 m | 3,947 ft | 2,700 m | 8,858 ft |
| Flow rate units (vol/s): | m3/s | cu ft/s | m3/s | cu ft/s | m3/s | cu ft/s |
| Mean annual flow rate:[15] | 1,088 | 38,430 | 2,407 | 85,000 | 1,746 | 61,600 |
| Highest recorded flow:[15] | 12,800 | 452,000 | 6,800 | 240,000 | 45,700 | 1,614,000 |
| Notes: See references for explanation of measurements. For water, cubic metres per second = tonnes per second. Half the water approaching Niagara is diverted for hydroelectric power. Iguazu has two drops; height is given for the biggest drop and total height. 10 falls have greater or equal flow rates, but are not as high as Iguazu and Victoria Falls.[16] | ||||||
Climate
The Iguazu Falls experience a humid subtropical climate (Cfa, according to the Köppen climate classification) with abundant precipitation and high temperatures year-round. During the summer of 2006, a severe drought caused the Iguazu River to become diminished, reducing the amount of water flowing over the falls to Шаблон:Convert until early December. This was unusual, as dry periods normally last only a few weeks.[17] The period with the greatest volume of water flowing over the falls is usually December to February, coinciding with one of the periods of greatest rainfall. Шаблон:Weather box
Popular culture
Portrayals in film
Iguazu Falls has been featured in several TV shows and movies,[18] including:
See also
References
External links
- Foz do Iguaçu; Brazilian government site (archived; in Portuguese)
- Copel Monitoramento Hydrológico (Iguazu River flow rate measurements; leftmost green dot gives flow rate at Hotel Cataratas)
- Iguazu Falls at UNESCO World Heritage Centre
- Iguazu Falls facts at BeautifulWorld.com
- Шаблон:Wwdb name
- Aerial video at vimeo.com
Шаблон:New7Wonders of Nature Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 15,0 15,1 15,2 15,3 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ World Commission on Dams website: Шаблон:Webarchive "Case Study – Kariba Dam-Zambezi River Basin" Annex 13 & 14 Victoria Falls Mean Monthly Flows. Website accessed 1 March 2007. This website gives mean monthly flow rates in cubic metres per second (i.e., the total volume of water passing in each calendar month divided by the number of seconds in the month), the standard measure used in hydrology to indicate seasonal variation in flow.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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