Английская Википедия:Imperial crown
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:For
An imperial crown is a crown worn by the emperor. In the European cultural area, it also symbolizes the power of the empire in heraldic depictions.[1] The craftsmanship corresponded to the king's crown, with precious stones and pearls set into the precious metal frame for decoration. Their external form differed from crowns of the same period and the same reign. The use of Christian symbols to emphasize the divine rule of the emperor is the reason for the deviation.
In East Asia, there are several types of crowns worn by emperors, depending on the ritual or ceremony. Typical examples are the Chinese mianguan and the Japanese benkan. In external form, they are characterized by chains that hide the emperor's face.
Design
Crowns in Europe during the Middle Ages varied in design:
During the Middle Ages the crowns worn by English kings had been described as both closed (or arched) and open designs. This was in contrast with kings of France who always wore an open crown. However, there is academic debate on how often closed crowns were used in England during this period, as the first unequivocal use of the closed crown was by Henry IV of England at his coronation on 13 October 1399.[2]Шаблон:Sfn However his effigy on his tomb in Canterbury Cathedral wears an open crown, so the link in England between the style of the crown and its representation as that worn by a king and an emperor was not established.Шаблон:Sfn The use of a closed crown may have been adopted by the English as a way of distinguishing the English crown from the French crown,Шаблон:Sfn but it also had other meanings to some. For example, Henry V of England wore a helmet-crown of the arched type at the Battle of Agincourt which the French knight St. Remy commented was "like the imperial crown".Шаблон:Sfn
The association of the closed crown with imperial crowns was already established in Continental Europe by the late 14th century, for example the florins minted for Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor) sometimes show him with a closed crown (though on the commoner variety, the crown is open). A miniature picture in the Chronica Aulae Regiae written in the great abbey outside Prague depicts his mother Elizabeth, a queen of Bohemia, wearing an open crown, while his two wives, who had imperial titles, have closed ones.Шаблон:Sfn
During the machinations that surrounded the introduction of the imperial crown under Henry VIII (see the section below Legal usage), the closed crown, became associated as a symbolic representation of the English Crown as an imperial crown,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:EfnШаблон:Efn and has remained so until this day.Шаблон:Sfn
Types of imperial crowns
Roman imperial crowns
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A mixed type between Diadem and laurel wreath from Anatolia
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Depiction of the corona radiata or "radiant crown" associated with the cult of Sol Invictus (late 3rd century; Marcus Aurelius Probus).
Byzantine imperial crowns
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Emperor Justinian with a stemma
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Crown of Constantine IX.
Imperial crowns with mitre
Imperial crowns with single arch and deployable mitre
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Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire - coronation crown of Holy Roman Emperors-elect, the German Kings.
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Imperial crown on the head of the Charlemagne reliquary in Aachen
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The larger of the Imperial Crowns of Charles VII, made in Augsburg
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The smaller of the Imperial Crowns of Charles VII, made in Frankfurt
Imperial crowns with single arch and attached mitre
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Personal Crown of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III depicted on his tomb.
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Personal Imperial Crown made for Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II, later Imperial Crown of Austria.
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Imperial Crown of Russia — coronation crown of the Russian Tsars/Emperors.
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Never realized design for Christian IV of Denmark, 1594
Imperial crowns with high arches
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Dürer's portrait of Emperor Sigismund
Ottoman imperial crowns
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Süleyman the Magnificent's Venetian Helmet (Likely destroyed)
Prussian-German imperial crowns
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German State Crown, wooden model, 1872.
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Empress Crown
Napoleonic imperial crowns
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Imperial Crown of Napoleon Bonaparte, called the "Crown of Charlemagne"
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Napoleon Bonaparte with the Laurels crown (destroyed 1819)
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Empress Josephine with empress crowns (destroyed 1819)
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Crown of Napoleon III (destroyed 1871); reproduction displayed at the Abeler collection of crowns and regalia in Wuppertal
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Imperial Crown of Mexico, Second Empire, partially modeled on French versions of Napoleon III’s crown and the Crown of Empress Eugénie, as sponsors
Imperial crowns based on the design of European royal crowns
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Empress Ana Maria of Mexico with the Crown of the First Mexican Empire
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Brazilian Imperial Crown of Pedro I
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Design of the Imperial Crown of Mexico seen in paintings of Maximilian I of Mexico during the Second Mexican Empire
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Imperial Crown of India — the Imperial Crown worn by King George V at the Delhi Durbar in 1911.
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Imperial Crown of the Central African Empire — the Imperial Crown worn by Emperor Bokassa I at his coronation in 1977.
Other imperial crowns without European origin or influence
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Kiani Crown, Imperial Crown in Persia
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Pahlavi Crown, Imperial Crown in Iran/Persia
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Consort Crown of Persia
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Ming Dynasty Emperor Imperial Crown for full ceremonial dress
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Ming Dynasty Emperor Gold Funeral Crown
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Ming Dynasty Empress Phoenix Crown
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Kangxi Emperor of Qing Dynasty wearing Imperial Crown
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Imperial Crown of the Empire of China — worn by Yuan Shikai when he proclaimed himself emperor in 1915.
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Imperial Crown of Japanese Emperor Kōmei, 19th century
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Emperor Gojong of Korean Empire wearing Imperial Crown
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Vietnamese Nguyen dynasty Imperial Crown
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Imperial Ethiopian crown
Heraldic imperial crowns
A list of prominent examples of depictions of imperial crowns displayed atop heraldic achievements or as heraldic charge includes:
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Holy Roman Empire
Older design
(with high arches) -
Holy Roman Empire
Modern design
(with an arch and mitre)
Often considered as the generic design of the imperial crowns -
Holy Roman Empire, variant especially common in the Spanish heraldic tradition
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Iran (Kiani)
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Iran (Pahlavi)
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German Empire
Heraldic representation changed in 1889
Legal usage
Because Pope Clement VII would not grant Henry VIII of England an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, the English Parliament passed the Act in Restraint of Appeals (1533) in which it was explicitly stated that
- Where by divers sundry old authentic histories and chronicles it is manifestly declared and expressed that this realm of England is an empire, and so hath been accepted in the world, governed by one supreme head and king, having the dignity and royal estate of the imperial crown of the same.[3]
The next year the Act of Supremacy (1534) explicitly tied the headship of the church to the imperial crown:
- The only supreme head in earth of the Church of England called Anglicana Ecclesia, and shall have and enjoy annexed and united to the imperial crown of this realm.[4]
During the reign of Mary I the First Act of Supremacy was annulled, but during the reign of Elizabeth I the Second Act of Supremacy, with similar wording to the First Act, was passed in 1559. During the English Interregnum the laws were annulled, but the acts which caused the laws to be in abeyance were themselves, deemed to be null and void by the Parliaments of the English Restoration, so by act of Parliament The Crown of England and (later the British and UK crowns) are imperial crowns.
See also
Footnotes
Шаблон:Notelist Шаблон:Reflist
References
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Chris Given-Wilson, Henry IV (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016), pp. 151-52.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web