Английская Википедия:In-flight fire

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Файл:Air Canada 797 aft lavatory.jpg

The aftermath of the fire onboard Air Canada Flight 797

In aviation, an in-flight fire is a type of aviation accident where an aircraft catches on fire in-flight. They are considered one of the most dangerous hazards in aviation, with a report from the British Civil Aviation Authority showing that after a fire on an aircraft starts, flight crews only have on average 17 minutes to land their aircraft before it becomes uncontrollable. Between 1981 and 1990, approximately 20% of all fatalities on US airlines were caused by in-flight fires.

Types

• Cabin fire – A fire in the passenger cabin.
  • Includes related areas like lavatories, galleys, overhead compartments, and items on passengers.
• Cargo fire – A fire inside the cargo hold.
• Cockpit fire – A fire in the cockpit.
• Electrical fire – A fire occurring from electrical wires or other electrical systems.
• Engine fire – A fire inside of an aircraft engine.

Causes and spread

Файл:Lithium-Ion Cell cylindric.JPG

A lithium-ion battery

Electrical fires are often the result of rogue sparks or the overheating of electronic components. If there are flammable materials around the source of the fire, an electrical fire can quickly spread. Cockpit fires are often related to electrical fires as there many electrical components inside the cockpit that can produce sparks. If a cockpit fire is not extinguished in time, the smoke and fire on the control surfaces could make controlling the aircraft harder.

Fires in the cabin can be caused by items that the passengers bring on board, like personal electronic devices, lithium batteries, cigarettes, and can be exacerbated by improper waste management. Electrical fires can also occur the cabin area from wires that run through the cabin, like those for in-flight entertainment systems.

Depending on what's inside the cargo hold of an aircraft, a cargo fire can quickly spread. For example, lithium batteries can undergo a process called thermal runaway, where the battery is able to serve as a source of heat, fuel, and an oxidizing agent. Other hazardous cargo include items that can serve as an oxidizing agent, like oxygen bottles and cleaning products.

Engines failures, mainly from loss of engine oil and uncontained engine failures, are the main cause of engine fires. In these scenarios, the excess heat produced could ignite the jet fuel or jet fuel vapors inside the engine.

In cases where a fire burns for a sufficient time, an event called a flashover can occur. A flashover is the near simultaneous ignition of any combustible material within an enclosed area. As more flammable gasses are released when materials burn and the temperature rises, the autoignition temperature is eventually reached, causing the everything in the enclosed space to ignite. Temperatures of flashovers can reach Шаблон:Cvt, making them unsurvivable for more than a few seconds.

Prevention

Шаблон:See also Since 1985, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has mandated more fire-resistant materials to be used in aircraft to lengthen the amount of time until a flashover occurs. A kerosene burner test for aircraft seats is used to validate their resistance to the type of fuel fire most commonly encountered; developments in fire-resistant foam and fire-blocking layers have adding 40 to 60 seconds of time for passengers to escape the aircraft. Since 1986, aircraft cargo compartments have been required to have more fire-resistant lining and in 1998, the compartments were to have fire detection and suppression systems. Halon fire extinguishers, generaly using Halon 1301, are used widely throughout the aviation industry because of their high performance to weight ratio. Due to its ozone depleting nature, aviation fire-suppression systems are one of the last remain permitted uses of halon.

Notable Examples

Event	Date	Aircraft	Site	Fatalities/Occupants	TypeШаблон:Efn	Cause	Ref
Swissair Flight 306	4 September 1963	Sud Aviation SE-210 Caravelle III	Dürrenäsch, Aargau, Switzerland	80/80	Landing-gear fire	Overheated tires from excessive breaking
Interflug Flight 450	17 August 1972	Ilyushin Il-62	Königs Wusterhausen, Bezirk Potsdam, East Germany	156/156	Cargo fire	Hot-air tube leak
Varig Flight 820	11 July 1973	Boeing 707-320C	Near Orly Airport, Île-de-France, France	123/134	Cabin fire	Undetermined, potential electrical fault or lit cigarette
Pakistan International Airlines Flight 740	26 November 1979	Boeing 707-340C	Near Taif, Mecca Province, Saudi Arabia	156/156	Cabin fire	Undermined, potential electrical fault or gasoline leak
Saudia Flight 163	19 August 1980	Lockheed L-1011-200 TriStar	Riyadh International Airport, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia	301/301	Cargo Fire	Undetermined
Pilgrim Airlines Flight 458	21 February 1982	de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter	Scituate Reservoir, Rhode Island, United States	1/12	Cockpit fire	Ignition of the windshield washer/deicer fluid, exact ignition source undetermined
Air Canada Flight 797	2 June 1983	McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32	Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport, Kentucky, United States	23/46	Cabin fire	Undetermined, potential electrical fault
Mexicana de Aviación Flight 940	31 March 1986	Boeing 727-264	Near Maravatío, Michoacán, Mexico	167/167	Landing-gear fire	Under-inflated and overheated tires being filled with air, chemical reaction
LOT Polish Airlines Flight 5055	9 May 1987	Ilyushin Il-76	Kabaty Woods, Masovian Voivodeship, Poland	183/183	Engine fire	Disintegration of engine bearings from improper maintenance
South African Airways Flight 295	28 November 1987	Boeing 747-244BM Combi	Indian Ocean, 225 km NE of Flacq, Mauritius	159/159	Cargo fire	Disputed; undetermined (Official investigation), military fuel (alternate theories)
Nigeria Airways Flight 2120	11 July 1991	Douglas DC-8-61	Near King Abdulaziz International Airport, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia	261/261	Landing-gear fire	Under-inflated and overheated tires bursting on takeoff
Zambia national football team plane crash	27 April 1993	de Havilland Canada DHC-5D Buffalo	Gulf of Guinea, near Akanda, Estuaire Province, Gabon	30/30	Engine fire	Engine defects, carbon contamination in gearbox
Baikal Airlines Flight 130	3 January 1994	Tupolev Tu-154M	Mamony, Irkutsk Oblast, Russia	124/124Шаблон:Efn	Engine fire	Uncontained engine failure from foreign object damage
ValuJet Flight 592	11 May 1996	McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32	Everglades, Florida, United States	110/110	Cargo fire	Improperly packaged oxygen generators activating, excessive heat
Propair Flight 420	18 June 1998	Fairchild Metroliner SA226	Montréal–Mirabel International Airport, Quebec, Canada	11/11	Landing-gear fire	Overheated dragged tires
Swissair Flight 111	2 September 1998	McDonnell Douglas MD-11	10 km SW of Peggy's Cove, Nova Scotia, Canada	229/229	Electrical fire	Flammable materials around in-flight entertainment wires
Air France Flight 4590	25 July 2000	Concorde	Gonesse, Île-de-France, France	109/109Шаблон:Efn	Fuel tank/Engine fire	Foreign object damage on landing gear
China Northern Airlines Flight 6136	7 May 2002	McDonnell Douglas MD-82	Bohai Bay, near Dalian Zhoushuizi International Airport, Liaoning, China	112/112	Cabin fire	Intentional gasoline fire, attempted insurance fraud
UPS Airlines Flight 6	3 September 2010	Boeing 747-400F	Near Nad Al Sheba, Dubai	2/2	Cargo fire	Autoignition of cargo pallet with lithium batteries
Asiana Airlines Flight 991	28 July 2011	Boeing 747-400F	East China Sea, Шаблон:Cvt W of Jeju City, Jeju Province, South Korea	2/2	Cargo fire	Undetermined
EgyptAir Flight 804	19 May 2016	Airbus A320-232	Mediterranean Sea, Шаблон:Cvt N of Alexandria	66/66	Cockpit fire	Disputed; terrorism (Egyptian officials), leaking oxygen tank and cigarette (BEA)