Английская Википедия:Indian classical dance

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Файл:Stamp of Armenia - 2018 - Colnect 806145 - Indian Dance Manipuri.jpeg
An illustration of the Manipuri Raas Leela Dance (Шаблон:Lang-mni), one of the officially recognised classical dance forms of India, depicted on a postage stamp from Armenia.

Indian classical dance, or Shastriya Nritya, is an umbrella term for different regionally-specific Indian classical dance traditions, rooted in predominantly Hindu musical theatre performance,[1][2][3] the theory and practice of which can be traced to the Sanskrit text Natya Shastra.[4]Шаблон:Sfn[5] The number of Indian classical dance styles ranges from six to eight to twelve, or more, depending on the source and scholar;[6][7] the main organisation for Indian arts preservation, the Sangeet Natak Academy recognizes eight: Bharatanatyam, Kathak, Kuchipudi, Odissi, Kathakali, Sattriya, Manipuri and Mohiniyattam.[8] Additionally, the Indian Ministry of Culture includes Chhau in its list, recognising nine total styles.[9] Scholars such as Drid Williams add Chhau, Yakshagana and Bhagavata Mela to the list.Шаблон:Sfn[3] Each dance tradition originates and comes from a different state and/or region of India; for example, Bharatanatyam is from Tamil Nadu in the south of India, Odissi is from the east coast state of Odisha, and Manipuri is from the northeastern state of Manipur. The music associated with these different dance performances consists many compositions in Hindi, Malayalam, Meitei (Manipuri), Sanskrit, Tamil, Odia, Telugu, and many other Indian-Subcontinent languages; they represent a unity of core ideas, and a diversity of styles, costumes and expression.

Summary

Indian classical dancing started around 200 BCE in India, as a joyful and celebratory activity, often in devotion to Hindu deities. Many of the performances are choreographed to retell stories of the gods and other historical accounts. All styles of Indian classical dance are vibrant, expressive and spiritual. Dance performances usually take place at festivals, universities, various cultural events, and more. The dancers who perform these styles are usually professionals who have devoted years of study and practice in their respective style of Indian classical dance. In performances, the dancers move to the beat of the song or music that is playing; in some styles, such as Kathak, bells are worn around the ankles at times for added rhythmic effect when the feet are stomped. The dancer takes the role of the character that they are portraying in the performance, the composition being specific, and become emotionally connected with the story and the audience.[10]

When dancers perform classical Indian dancing they wear traditional clothes including sarees, lenghas, and kurtas. Usually, women are the main performers in Indian classical dancing, though men are not absent from the tradition. The costume for women usually consists of a long, colorful, handmade gown (worn without shoes), with an intricately embroidered pattern(s) and beading on it. For accessories, there is the use of much ornate jewelry, such as necklaces, rings, earrings, nose-rings, bracelets and anklets, sometimes with bells attached which ring each time the dancer stomps their foot in rhythm. The costume also includes a head-piece or some form of scarf, depending on the style. The women usually wear considerable amounts of facial makeup, not only to be noticeable from the audience, but to fully embody their character. [11]

Types of classical dances

The Natya Shastra is the foundational treatise for classical dances of India,[4][12] and this text is attributed to the ancient scholar Bharata Muni.[5][13][14] Its first complete compilation is dated to between 200 BCE and 200 CE,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn but estimates vary between 500 BCE and 500 CE.Шаблон:Sfn The most studied version of the Natya Shastra text consists of about 6000 verses structured into 36 chapters.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The text, states Natalia Lidova, describes the theory of Tāṇḍava dance (Shiva), the theory of rasa, of bhāva, expression, gestures, acting techniques, basic steps, standing postures – all of which are part of Indian classical dances.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Dance and performance arts, states this ancient text, are a form of expression of spiritual ideas, virtues and the essence of scriptures.[15][16]

Шаблон:Quote box While the Natya Shastra is the revered ancient text in the Hindu tradition, there are numerous other ancient and medieval Sanskrit dance-drama related texts that further discuss and expand on the classical repertoire of performance arts, such as the Abhinaya Darpana, Abhinava Bharati, Natya Darpana, Bhava Prakasa and many others.Шаблон:Sfn[17]Шаблон:Sfn The term "classical" (Sanskrit: "Shastriya") denotes the ancient Indian Shastra-based performing arts.

The text Natya Shastra describes religious arts as a form as margi, or a "spiritual traditional path" that liberates the soul, while the folk entertainment is called desi, or a "regional popular practice".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn[18]

Indian classical dances are traditionally performed as an expressive drama-dance form of religious performance art,[3] related to Vaishnavism, Shaivism, Shaktism, pan-Hindu Epics and the Vedic literature, or a folksy entertainment that includes story-telling from Sanskrit or regional language plays.Шаблон:Sfn As a religious art, they are either performed inside the sanctum of a Hindu temple, or near it.[1][2] Folksy entertainment may also be performed in temple grounds or any fairground, typically in a rural setting by travelling troupes of artists; alternatively, they have been performed inside the halls of royal courts or public squares during festivals.Шаблон:Sfn

However, this is not the case for Kathak, Manipuri and Chhau as it has their own uniqueness. Kathak can be also performed on courtyards of mosques and had Muslim elements while Manipuri had the huyen langlon genre which focuses on combat.[19][20][21][22] Like Manipuri, Chhau also had elements on combat.

Dance forms

The Natya Shastra mentions four Pravrittis (traditions, genres) of ancient dance-drama in vogue when it was composed – Avanti (Ujjain, central), Dakshinatya (south), Panchali (north, west) and Odra-Magadhi (east).[23]

Sources differ in their list of Indian classical dance forms.[24][25] Encyclopædia Britannica mentions six dances.[26] The Sangeet Natak Akademi has given recognition to eight Indian dances.[27] The Indian government's Ministry of Culture includes nine dance forms.[28] Scholars such as Drid Williams and others include Yakshagana and Bhagavata Mela to the nine classical Indian dances in the Sangeet Natak Akademi list.[3]Шаблон:Sfn

The classical dance forms recognised by the Sangeet Natak Akademi and the Ministry of Culture are:[27][29]

Eight classical dances recognised by the Sangeet Natak Akademi and the Ministry of Culture

Other dances also recognised by the Ministry of Culture

Images

Some famous Indian classical dancers are :

Shared aspects

All major classical Indian dance forms include in repertoire, three categories of performance in the Natya Shastra. These are Nritta, Nritya and Natya:[30]

  • The Nritta performance is an abstract, fast and rhythmic aspect of the dance.[31] The viewer is presented with pure movement, wherein the emphasis is the beauty in motion, form, speed, range and pattern.[30] This part of the repertoire has no interpretative aspect, no telling of the story. It is a technical performance, and aims to engage the senses (Prakriti) of the audience.[32]
  • The Nritya is slower and expressive aspect of the dance that attempts to communicate feelings, storyline particularly with spiritual themes in Hindu dance traditions.[31] In a Nritya, the dance-acting expands to include silent expression of words through gestures and body motion set to musical notes. The actor articulates a legend or a spiritual message. This part of the repertoire is more than sensory enjoyment, it aims to engage the emotions and mind of the viewer.[30][32]
  • The Natyam is a play, typically a team performance,[33] but can be acted out by a solo performer where the dancer uses certain standardized body movements to indicate a new character in the underlying story. A Natya incorporates the elements of a Nritya.[30]Шаблон:Sfn[34]

All classical dances of India used similar symbolism and rules of gestures in abhinaya (acting). The roots of abhinaya are found in the Natyashastra text which defines drama in verse 6.10 as that which aesthetically arouses joy in the spectator, through the medium of actor's art of communication, that helps connect and transport the individual into a super sensual inner state of being.Шаблон:Sfn A performance art, asserts Natyashastra, connects the artists and the audience through abhinaya (literally, "carrying to the spectators"), that is applying body-speech-mind and scene, wherein the actors communicate to the audience, through song and music.Шаблон:Sfn Drama in this ancient Sanskrit text, this is an art to engage every aspect of life, to glorify and gift a state of joyful consciousness.Шаблон:Sfn

The communication through symbols is in the form of expressive gestures (mudras or hastas) and pantomime set to music. The gestures and facial expressions convey the ras (sentiment, emotional taste) and bhava (mood) of the underlying story.[35] In Hindu classical dances, the artist successfully expresses the spiritual ideas by paying attention to four aspects of a performance:

  • Angika (gestures and body language),
  • Vachika (song, recitation, music and rhythm),
  • Aharya (stage setting, costume, make up, jewelry),
  • Sattvika (artist's mental disposition and emotional connection with the story and audience, wherein the artist's inner and outer state resonates).[35]
  • Abhinaya draws out the bhava (mood, psychological states).[35]

See also

Шаблон:Performing arts

Footnotes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

External links

Шаблон:Dance in India Шаблон:Hindudharma

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Cite book, Quote: "It would be appropriate here to comment on Hindu classical dance. This developed in a religious context and was given high profile as part of temple worship. There are several regional and other styles as well as source texts, but the point we wish to stress is the participative nature of such dance. In form and content, the heart of dance as worship in Hinduism has always been 'expression' (abhinaya), i.e. the enacting of various themes".
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite book, Quote: Hindu classical dance-forms, like Hindu music, are associated with worship. References to dance and music are found in the Vedic literature, (...)".
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 Шаблон:Cite book, Quote: All of the dances considered to be part of the Indian classical canon (Bharata Natyam, Chhau, Kathak, Kathakali, Kuchipudi, Manipuri, Mohiniattam, Odissi, Sattriya, and Yakshagana) trace their roots to religious practices (...) the Indian diaspora has led to the translocation of Hindu dances to Europe, North America and the world."
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite book, Quote: "the Natyashastra remains the ultimate authority for any dance form that claims to be 'classical' dance, rather than 'folk' dance".
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ Aryan Singh A guide To Indias History
  11. ↑ Aryan Singh A guide to Indias History
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web; Also see chapter 36
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  26. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica. dance (performing arts) : Indian classical dance. Retrieved 03-11-2010.
  27. ↑ 27,0 27,1 SNA || Awards & Honours
  28. ↑ 28,0 28,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  30. ↑ 30,0 30,1 30,2 30,3 Шаблон:Cite journal
  31. ↑ 31,0 31,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  32. ↑ 32,0 32,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  33. ↑ Kavitha Jayakrishnan (2011), Dancing Architecture: the parallel evolution of Bharatanātyam and South Indian Architecture, MA Thesis, Awarded by University of Waterloo, Canada, page 25
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  35. ↑ 35,0 35,1 35,2 Шаблон:Cite book
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