Английская Википедия:Iranian Intermezzo
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:History of Iran
The term Iranian Intermezzo,[1] or Persian Renaissance,[2] represents a period in history which saw the rise of various native Iranian dynasties in the Iranian Plateau after the 7th-century Muslim conquest of Persia and the fall of the Sasanian Empire. The period is noteworthy since it was an interlude between the decline of Abbāsid rule and power by Arabs and the "Sunni Revival" with the 11th-century emergence of the Seljuq Turks. The Iranian revival consisted of Iranian support based on Iranian territory and most significantly a revived Iranian national spirit and culture in an Islamic form,[3] although there were some Iranian Zoroastrian movements rejecting Islam altogether as a religion (e.g. Mardavij).[4] It also focused on reviving the Persian language, the most significant Persian-language literature from this period being Shahnameh by Ferdowsi.[5] The Iranian dynasties and entities which comprise the Iranian Intermezzo are the Tahirids, Saffarids, Sajids, Samanids, Ziyarids, Buyids, Sallarids,[6] Rawadids, Marwanids, Shaddadids,[7] Kakuyids, Annazids and Hasanwayhids.
According to the historian Alison Vacca, the Iranian Intermezzo "in fact includes a number of other Iranian, mostly Kurdish, minor dynasties in the former caliphal provinces of Armenia, Albania, and Azerbaijan".[7] The historian Clifford Edmund Bosworth states in the second edition of the Encyclopaedia of Islam that Minorsky considers the Rawadids to be flourishing during the period of the Iranian intermezzo.[8]
Muslim Iranian dynasties
Tahirids (821–873)
The Tahirid dynasty (Шаблон:Lang-fa) was an Iranian Persian dynasty that ruled over the northeastern part of Greater Iran, in the region of Khorasan (made up of parts of present-day Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan). The Tahirid capital was located in Nishapur.
Saffarids (861–1003)
The Saffarid dynasty (Шаблон:Lang-fa) was an Iranian Persian empire[9] which ruled in Sistan (861–1003), a historical region in southeastern Iran and southwestern Afghanistan.[10] Their capital was Zaranj.
Sajids (889–929)
The Sajid dynasty (Шаблон:Lang-fa) was an Islamic dynasty that ruled from 889–890 until 929. The Sajids ruled Azerbaijan and parts of Armenia first from Maragha and Barda and then from Ardabil.[11] The Sajids originated from the Central Asian province of Ushrusana and were of Iranian (Sogdian)[12][13] heritage.
Samanids (875/819–999)
The Samanid dynasty (Шаблон:Lang-fa), also known as the Samanid Empire or simply Samanids (819–999),[14] (Шаблон:Lang-fa Sāmāniyān) were an Iranian empire[15] in Central Asia and Greater Khorasan, named after its founder Saman Khuda who converted to Sunni Islam[16] despite being from Zoroastrian theocratic nobility.[17]
With their roots stemming from the city of Balkh (in present-day Afghanistan), the Samanids promoted the arts, giving rise to the advancement of science and literature, and thus attracted scholars such as Rudaki and Avicenna. While under Samanid control, Bukhara was a rival to Baghdad in its glory. Scholars note that the Samanids revived Persian more than the Buyids and the Saffarids, while continuing to patronize Arabic to a significant degree. Nevertheless, in a famous edict, Samanid authorities declared that "here, in this region, the language is Persian, and the kings of this realm are Persian kings."[18]
Ziyarids (930–1090)
The Ziyarid dynasty (Шаблон:Lang-fa) was an Iranian dynasty of Gilaki origin that ruled Tabaristan from 930 to 1090. At its greatest extent, it ruled much of present-day western and northern Iran.
Buyids (934–1062)
Buyid dynasty, also known as the Buyid Empire[19] or the Buyids (Шаблон:Lang-fa Buyiān, Caspian: Bowyiyün), also known as Buwaihids or Buyyids, were a Shī‘ah Persian[20][21][22][23] dynasty that originated from Daylaman. They founded a confederation that controlled most of modern-day Iran and Iraq in the 10th and 11th centuries. Indeed, as Dailamite Iranians the Būyids consciously revived symbols and practices of Persia's Sassānid dynasty. In fact, beginning with 'Adud al-Daula they used the ancient Sassānid title Shāhanshāh (Persian: شاهنشاه), literally meaning king of kings.
Sallarids (942–979)
The Sallarid dynasty (also referred to as the Musafirids or Langarids) was an Islamic Persian dynasty principally known for its rule of Iranian Azerbaijan, Shirvan, and a part of Armenia from 942 until 979.
See also
References
- ↑ Such an obviously coined designation was introduced by Vladimir Minorsky, "The Iranian Intermezzo", in Studies in Caucasian history (London, 1953) and has been taken up by Bernard Lewis, among others, in his The Middle East: A brief history of the last 2,000 years (New York, 1995).
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite thesis
- ↑ Bernard Lewis. The Middle East: 2,000 Years of History from the Rise of Christianity to the Present Day. pp. 81–82.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:EI2
- ↑ The Cambridge History of Iran, By Richard Nelson Frye, William Bayne Fisher, John Andrew Boyle, Published by Cambridge University Press, 1975, Шаблон:ISBN, Шаблон:ISBN; p. 121.
- ↑ Nancy Hatch Dupree – An Historical Guide To Afghanistan – Sites in Perspective (Chapter 3)... Link Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Iranicaonline.org AZERBAIJAN iv. Islamic History to 1941
- ↑ Clifford Edmund Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual, Columbia University, 1996. p. 147: "The Sajids were a line of caliphal governors in north-western persia, the family of a commander in the 'Abbasid service of Soghdian descent which became culturally Arabised."
- ↑ V. Minorsky, Studies in Caucasian History, Cambridge University Press, 1957. p. 111
- ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica, Online Edition, 2007, Samanid Dynasty, LINK
- ↑ Aisha Khan, A Historical Atlas of Uzbekistan'", Rosen, 2003, Шаблон:ISBN, Шаблон:ISBN, p. 23; Richard Nelson Frye, William Bayne Fisher, John Andrew Boyle, eds., The Cambridge History of Iran, Cambridge University Press, 1975, Шаблон:ISBN, Шаблон:ISBN, p. 164; The New Encyclopædia Britannica, 1987, Шаблон:ISBN, p. 891; Sheila Blair, The Monumental Inscriptions from Early Islamic Iran and Transoxiana, Brill, 1992, Шаблон:ISBN, p. 27.
- ↑ Elton L.Daniel, The History of Iran, p. 74
- ↑ C. E. Bosworth, ed and tr, The Ornament of Histories: A History of the Eastern Islamic Lands AD 650–1041, I. B. Tauris, 2011, p. 53.
- ↑ Richard Foltz, Iran in World History, Oxford University Press, 2016, pp. 56–58.
- ↑
- Busse, Heribert (1975), "Iran Under the Buyids", in Frye, R. N., The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, page 270: "Aleppo remained a buffer between the Buyid empire and Byzantium".
- Joseph Reese Strayer (1985), Dictionary of the Middle Ages, Scribner, 1985.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- ↑ Clifford Edmund Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual, Columbia University, 1996. pp. 154–155.
- ↑ "Buyid Dynasty". Encyclopædia Britannica. 25 January 2008.
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