Английская Википедия:Isabel Grenfell Quallo

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Isabel Grenfell Quallo (4 April 1893 – 21 September 1985) was a Congolese-born British-American domestic worker and community activist known for her involvement in the development of Druid Heights, in Marin County, California. Born in the Congo Free State, she was educated in England and then moved with her mother to Kingston, Jamaica. Marrying at 16, she immigrated with her husband to New York City in 1914. Struggling with racism and her husband's mental illness, she supported her children by working as a domestic and waitress. Through contacts in the theater district, she made the acquaintance of writer Elsa Gidlow, becoming her lover for ten years. In their last two years together, Elsa purchased 5 acres of land south of Muir Woods. She then split the property with builder and jazz musician Roger Somers, and his wife Mary, and, initially with Isabel’s help, they fostered an atmosphere which would attract many of those involved in countercultural movements, active in the United States between 1950 and 1970.

Early life

Grace Isabel Grenfell was born on 4 April 1893 in Léopoldville[Notes 1] in the Congo Free State to Patience Rosanna Edgerley and George Grenfell.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Grenfell's father was a missionary and explorer, who mapped the territory of the Congo Basin, including Mount Cameroon and the Lungasi, Mungo, Sanga Yabiang, and Wouri Rivers, opening it up to mission work.Шаблон:Sfn After his first wife died, Grenfell began an affair with his housekeeper, Patience, who he soon married.Шаблон:Sfn Her mother, was the daughter of Jamaican missionaries who had come to West Africa to establish a Baptist mission in 1843. She was born in Fernando Po, Equatorial Guinea.Шаблон:Sfn After her marriage in Victoria, Cameroon, Patience had eight children with Grenfell.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn "Isabel", as she was known, was the youngest daughter of the four sisters who survived.Шаблон:Sfn She began her education in Bolobo in 1898,Шаблон:Sfn but by 1903 had joined her older sisters Carrie and Gertrude, who were attending school at Walthamstow Hall in Sevenoaks, Kent.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Her teacher at Walthamstow, was Emily Mary Watts, mother of the writer Alan Watts.Шаблон:Sfn Their older sister Patience had already graduated and returned to the Congo in 1897, but died two years later.Шаблон:Sfn

George Grenfell died on 1 July 1906 in Basoko in the Congo Free State and the family lived briefly in Cornwall near George's family, until it was suggested that they relocate.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In 1908, his widow moved to Kingston, Jamaica with Isabel. Both Carrie and Gertrude followed the family and joined them later in Jamaica.Шаблон:Sfn On 15 August 1909, Isabel married Arthur Hubert Quallo, in Saint Catherine Parish, Jamaica.Шаблон:Sfn Her husband was of African, Jewish, and Spanish descent and operated a hotel.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The couple had two daughters, Yolanda (born 1910) and Patience (born 1911) and a set of twin daughters (born 1912) before moving to New York City, in 1914.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Four more children followed in New York: Grace Olivia (1915–1917), George (1917), Phyllis (1919), and Arthur (1922).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The marriage was not a happy one for Quallo, and by 1928, her husband was confined in the Dannemora State Hospital, suffering from mental illness.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Career

Quallo's education, focused on preparation to become a wife, needlework, and dancing, had not given her the skills to support her children adequately. Her husband had spent largely and left no savings. Needing to provide for her large family, she took a position as a domestic worker in the home of a clergyman. She eventually left the job for a better-paying position as a waitress in the theater districtШаблон:Sfn and had a fifteen-year relationship with another woman beginning in the early 1930s.Шаблон:Sfn Her mother died in 1928, her last living sibling died in 1930, and her husband died in 1935.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

In 1946, through mutual friends, Quallo was introduced to the writer, Elsa Gidlow, but because Gidlow lived in California and Quallo lived in New York, the two women's relationship began by correspondence.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Quallo wrote the first letter and explained in her correspondences, her background, her difficult adjustment to life in the United States because of the prevalent segregation policies, and her relationships.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Gidlow soon invited Quallo to come visit and by the middle of 1947, Quallo had come to California, unsure of how long her stay would be.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn She was concerned about difficulties that might arise because of their associationШаблон:Sfn and expressed them to Gidlow saying, "A woman who discovers she is a lesbian and is a visible member of a minority has three strikes against her".Шаблон:Sfn Gidlow assured Quallo that her community was open-minded and there would not be problems.Шаблон:Sfn Their friendship quickly turned into a romance, which would last for the next ten years.Шаблон:Sfn

Quallo moved in to Gidlow's home in Fairfax, Marin County, California.Шаблон:Sfn She joined in intellectual evenings hosted there with students and faculty from the American Academy of Asian Studies.Шаблон:Sfn The couple came under scrutiny of the California Senate Factfinding Subcommittee on Un-American Activities for their interracial association, as well as their contacts with Chinese friends.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Elsa was investigated during a nationally reported hearing and cleared of all charges. When Gidlow's mother, Alice May, suffered a stroke and needed permanent care, Quallo agreed to assist her, as she had previously worked as a nurse's aid. They moved Alice in to their home and installed her in a downstairs room fitted with a hospital bed.Шаблон:Sfn Quallo provided the constant care Alice needed for the last 9 months of her life, while Gidlow worked as a journalist to provide their support.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1954, hoping to escape from the increasing urbanization of Fairfax, Gidlow bought a 5-acre property in rural Marin County near Muir Woods.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Gidlow wanted to create a community for her varied friends and felt that the atmosphere in Fairfax had shifted.Шаблон:Sfn The property had been found by Roger Somers and his wife Mary, but they did not have the funds to make the purchase.Шаблон:Sfn Despite the inability of single women to obtain credit at the time, Gidlow was able to borrow funds, after her friend Dorothy Erskine collateralized the loan.Шаблон:Sfn Elsa then legally split the property with the Somers. After the death of their close friend, Ella Young, in 1956, Elsa named her portion Druid Heights.Both couples moved onto their respective separate properties shortly before the summer solstice of 1954.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Both groups renovated the houses on their individual properties. Together they repaired the common piped water system for the buildings and future gardens which came from the local spring and had previously served the former chicken ranch.Шаблон:Sfn Along with other nearby residents, they all maintained the three mile dirt road which gave them all access to the land. The road demanded constant upkeep, particularly in severe rainstorms. For the first few years, Quallo helped develop the property, which later became a mecca for counter-cultural figures and feminists.[40]Шаблон:Sfn In 1957, she returned to Manhattan to care for two of her daughters who were having health issues.Шаблон:Sfn

Death and legacy

Quallo died on 21 September 1985 in New York City.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The letters she wrote to Gidlow are maintained in the archives of the GLBT Historical Society in San Francisco.Шаблон:Sfn

Notes

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References

Citations

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Bibliography

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