Английская Википедия:1124 papal election

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox papal conclave The 1124 papal election (held 16–21 December) took place after the death of Pope Callixtus II on 13 December 1124. The election was characterised by a power struggle between Italian cardinals supported by the Pierleoni family and northern cardinals supported by the Frangipani family. On 16 December the cardinals elected Theobaldo Boccapecci, the cardinal-priest of Sant'Anastasia. He chose the name Celestine II. Before his consecration, however, an armed party of the Frangipani attacked and wounded the newly elected pope. In the following confusion the Bishop of Ostia Lamberto Scannabecchi, the Frangipani's candidate was proclaimed pope under the name Honorius II. After several days of factional fighting Celestine was abandoned by his supporters. However, Honorius would not accept the throne in this manner and resigned as well. He was immediately re-elected and consecrated on 21 December 1124.

Background

Pressures building within the Curia, together with ongoing conflicts among the Roman nobility, would erupt after the death of Pope Callixtus II in 1124. The pontificates of Urban II and Paschal II had seen an expansion in the College of Cardinals of Italian clerics that strengthened the local Roman influence. These cardinals were reluctant to meet with the group of cardinals recently promoted by Callixtus II, who were mainly French or Burgundian.[1] As far as the older cardinals were concerned, these newer cardinals were dangerous innovators, and they were determined to resist their increasing influence.[1] The northern cardinals, led by Cardinal Aymeric de Bourgogne (the Papal Chancellor), were equally determined to ensure that the elected pope would be one of their candidates.[1] Both groups looked towards the great Roman families for support.

Файл:Lateran Palace medieval.jpg
Plan of the medieval Lateran Basilica, with the Monastery of Saint Pancratius at upper right (south).
Файл:Coliseo medieval.jpg
The area of medieval Rome controlled by the Frangipani family

By 1124, there were two great factions dominating local politics in Rome: the Frangipani family, which controlled the region around the fortified Colosseum and supported the northern cardinals,[1] and the Pierleoni family, which controlled the Tiber Island and the fortress of the Theatre of Marcellus and supported the Italian cardinals. With Callixtus II's death on 13 December 1124, both families agreed that the election of the next pope should be in three days time, in accordance with the church canons. The Frangipani, led by Leo Frangipani, pushed for a delay in order that they could promote their preferred candidate, Lamberto,[2] but the people were eager to see Saxo de Anagni, the Cardinal-Priest of San Stefano in Celiomonte elected as the next pope.[2] Leo, eager to ensure a valid election, approached key members of every Cardinal's entourage, promising each one that he would support their master when the voting for the election was underway.[3]

Election

On 16 December, the Cardinals, including Lamberto, assembled in the chapel of the monastery of St. Pancratius attached to the south of the Lateran basilica.[3] There, at the suggestion of Jonathas, the cardinal-deacon of Santi Cosma e Damiano, who was a partisan of the Pierleoni family, the Cardinals unanimously elected as Pope the cardinal-priest of Sant’ Anastasia, Theobaldo Boccapecci, who took the name Celestine II.[4] He had only just put on the red mantle and the Te Deum was being sung when an armed party led by Roberto Frangipani[5] (in a move pre-arranged with Cardinal Aymeric)[1] burst in, attacked the newly enthroned Celestine, who was wounded, and acclaimed Lamberto as Pope.[4] Since Celestine had not been formally consecrated pope, the wounded candidate declared himself willing to resign, but the Pierleoni family and their supporters refused to accept Lamberto,[1] who in the confusion had been proclaimed Pope under the name Honorius II.[6] Historians call the election "a travesty of canonical procedure".[7]

Rome descended into factional infighting, while Cardinal Aymeric and Leo Frangipani attempted to win over the resistance of Urban, the City Prefect, and the Pierleoni family with bribes and extravagant promises. Eventually, Celestine's supporters abandoned him, leaving Honorius the only contender for the papal throne.[6] Honorius, unwilling to accept the throne in such a manner, resigned his position before the assembled Cardinals,[6] but was immediately and unanimously re-elected and consecrated on 21 December 1124.[1]

Cardinals

The College of Cardinals probably had between 47 and 53 members.Шаблон:Refn Little information is available on which Cardinals were actually present in Rome during the election(s).

The following table lists the Cardinals who were alive at the time of the electionШаблон:Refn.

Elector TitleШаблон:Refn Elevated Elevator Notes
Crescenzio Cardinal-Bishop of Sabina 1102[8] Paschal II
Pietro Senex Cardinal-Bishop of Porto c. 1106 Paschal II
Lamberto Scannabecchi Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia 1116[9] Paschal II Elected pope Honorius II
Vitalis Cardinal-Bishop of Albano 1116[10] Paschal II
Guillaume Cardinal-Bishop of Palestrina c. 1122[11] Callixtus II
Gilles de Paris Cardinal-Bishop of Tusculum c. 1122[12] Callixtus II
Bonifacio Cardinal-Priest of S. Marco c. 1100[13] Paschal II prior cardinalium (by 1127)[14]
Gregorio de Ceccano Cardinal-Priest of Ss. XII Apostoli c. 1102[15] Paschal II Future antipope Victor IV
Benedict Cardinal-Priest of S. Pietro in Vincoli c. 1102[16] Paschal II
Anastasius Cardinal-Priest of S. Clemente c. 1102[17] Paschal II
Teobaldo Boccapecci Cardinal-Priest of S. Anastasia c. 1103 or 1112[18] Paschal II Elected pope Celestine II on 16 December, and resigned
IoannesШаблон:Refn Cardinal-Priest of S. Cecilia c. 1106 Paschal II
Corrado della Suburra Cardinal-Priest of S. Pudenziana c. 1113[19] Paschal II Future pope Anastasius IV
Teobaldo Cardinal-Priest of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo c. 1117 Paschal II
Deusdedit Cardinal-Priest of S. Lorenzo in Damaso c. 1116 Paschal II
Gregorio Albergati Cardinal-Priest of S. Lorenzo in Lucina c. 1116 Paschal II
Petrus Pisanus Cardinal-Priest of S. Susanna c. 1116/1117[20] Paschal II
Amico, O.S.B. Cardinal-Priest of Ss. Nereo ed Achilleo 1117[21] Paschal II
Desiderius Cardinal-Priest of S. Prassede c. 1115 Paschal II
Gerardo / Gregorio[lower-alpha 1] Cardinal-Priest of Ss. Prisca ed Aquila c. 1115 Paschal II
Sigizo Cardinal-Priest of S. Sisto c. 1117 Paschal II
Saxo de Anagnia Cardinal - Priest of S. Stefano al Monte Celio c. 1117 Paschal II
Petrus Rufus (Pietro Ruffino Cariaceno)[lower-alpha 2] Cardinal-Priest of Ss. Silvestro e Martino 1118 or 1122[lower-alpha 3] Gelasius II[22]
Crescenzio di Anagni Cardinal-Priest of Ss. Marcellino e Pietro c. 1121/1122 ?[23] Calixtus II
Petrus
(Pierre de Fontaines)[lower-alpha 4] 		Cardinal-Priest of S. Marcello c. 1120[24] Callixtus II
Gerardo Caccianemici Cardinal-Priest of S. Croce in Gerusalemme c. 1122[25] Callixtus II Future pope Lucius II
Ugo Lectifredo[lower-alpha 5] Cardinal-Priest of S. Vitale 1123 Callixtus II
Roscemanno Cardinal-Deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro c. 1112[26] Paschal II
Gregorio of Gaeta Cardinal-Deacon of S. Lucia in Septisolio c. 1112[27] Paschal II
Gregorio Papareschi Cardinal-Deacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria c. 1088?/1116[28] Paschal II Future pope Innocent II
Gregorio Cardinal-Deacon of S. Eustachio c. 1099 ?[29] Paschal II
Comes / Cosma Cardinal-Deacon of S. Maria in Aquiro[lower-alpha 6] c. 1116[lower-alpha 7] Paschal II
Enrico[lower-alpha 8] Cardinal-Deacon of S. Teodoro c. 1117[30] Paschal II
Angelo Cardinal-Deacon of S. Maria in Domnica c. 1122 Callixtus II
Romano Cardinal-Deacon of S. Maria in Portico c. 1119[lower-alpha 9] Callixtus II
Étienne de Bar Cardinal-Deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin c. 1120[31] Callixtus II
Ionathas (Gionata) Cardinal-Deacon of Ss. Cosma e Damiano c. 1120[32] Callixtus II
Giovanni Dauferio Cardinal-Deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere c. 1122 Callixtus II
Gregorio Tarquini Cardinal-Deacon of Ss. Sergio e Bacco c. 1122 Callixtus II
Uberto Lanfranchi[lower-alpha 10] Cardinal-Deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata c. 1123[33] Callixtus II
Gregorio Cardinal-Deacon of Ss. Vito e Modesto c. 1122[34] Callixtus II
Matteo Cardinal-Deacon of S. Adriano c. 1122[35] Callixtus II
Aymeric de la Châtre Cardinal-Deacon of S. Maria Nuova 1122 or 1123[36] Callixtus II Chancellor

Absentee Cardinals

Elector Title Elevated Elevator Notes
Giovanni da Crema Cardinal-Priest of S. Crisogono c. 1117 Paschal II Papal legate in Scotland or England at the time of the electionШаблон:Refn
Pietro Pierleoni Cardinal - Priest of S. Maria in Trastevere c. 1106 Paschal II Papal legate in France at the time of the election. Future antipope Anacletus II
Oderisio di Sangro[lower-alpha 11] Cardinal-Priest of S. Ciriaco in Thermis[lower-alpha 12] c. 1112 Paschal II Abbot of Montecassino

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Works cited

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 Levillain, pg. 732
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Mann, pg. 231
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 Mann, pg. 232
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 Thomas, pg. 90
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 Mann, pg. 233
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  8. ↑ Hüls (1977), pp. 84, 127. Crescentius was present at the papal election of 24 January 1118. He remained in Rome when Pope Gelasius fled to Pisa and then France; he did not, therefore, sign papal documents in 1119 or the first half of 1120. In March 1119, he sent a letter from Rome to Cluny, approving the election of Pope Calixtus II. He subscribed ahead of Petrus of Porto, Cono of Palestrina, Lamberto of Ostia, and Vitalis of Albano.
  9. ↑ Hüls (1977), p. 84, 106-107, 215. His position in the list of e[iscopal subscriptions reflects the date of his consecration as a bishop.
  10. ↑ Vitalis always subscribes after Petrus of Porto: Hüls (1977), pp. 63, 84, 95. He was created a cardinal after 24 May 1116 and before 21 December.
  11. ↑ Guillaume's predecessor, Cardinal Cono, died on 9 August 1122. Guillaume first subscribes on 6 April 1123. Hüls (1977), pp. 84, 114, 116. He signed after Vitalis and Divizo.
  12. ↑ Aegidius (Gilles) first subscribes on 6 April 1123. Hüls (1977), pp. 84, 142-143.
  13. ↑ Bonifacius had his title at least by 1100, according to the Anciennitatprinzip. Huls, p. 85; 186. His earliest subscription, however, is in 1111.
  14. ↑ Francesco Liverani, Delle opere di monsignor Francesco Liverani Volume IV (Macerata: Alessandro Mancini 1859), pp. 258-264, at p. 262.
  15. ↑ Gregorius had his title at least by 1102, according to the Anciennitatprinzip. Huls, p. 85; he subscribes after Bonifacio and before Benedictus and Anastasius; his earliest surviving subscription, however, is dated 18 February 1107: Huls, p. 107.
  16. ↑ Benedictus' earliest subscription occurs on 23 March 1112: Hüls (1977), p. 195. The Anciennitatprinzip worked out by Huls, p. 86, shows that he would have been created a cardinal by 1102; he has precedence over Bonifacio of S. Marco and Anastasius of S. Clemente.
  17. ↑ Hüls (1977), pp. 85, 161.
  18. ↑ Teobaldo's earliest subscription is apparently on 3 July 1103, but Hüls (1977), p. 235, n. 2, doubts it since it is not in agreement with his Anciennitätprinzip, and Teobaldo's subscription of 30 January 1110 indicates that he was a deacon of the Lateran Palace. His earliest subscription as cardinal-deacon of S. Maria Nuova occurs on 23 March 1112. On 17 April 1121 he was still Cardinal-deacon of S. Maria Nuova. He became Cardinal-priest of S. Anastasia before 6 April 1123. HHüls (1977), p. 149.
  19. ↑ Hüls, pp. 85, 201.
  20. ↑ Petrus had previously been Cardinal-deacon of S. Adriano, attested from 1113 to 1116. Hüls, pp. 85, 210, 219-220.
  21. ↑ Hüls, p. 193. Ganzer, p. 69.
  22. ↑ Hüls, pp. 193, 220.
  23. ↑ Hüls, pp. 85, 183-184, states that he was created a cardinal in 1121 or 1122. Barbara Zenker, p. 115, assigns his appointment to Gelasius II (1118).
  24. ↑ Petrus' earliest surviving subscription is dated 24 September 1120. He was deposed in March 1139 by Innocent II, as an adherent of the Obedience of Pope Anacletus II. Hüls, pp. 85, 184.
  25. ↑ Hüls, pp. 86, 164
  26. ↑ Hüls, pp. 86, 227. His earliest appearance in the record is at the Lateran council on 23 March 1112.
  27. ↑ Hüls, p. 229.
  28. ↑ Gregorius' earliest subscription occurs on 24 May 1116. Hüls, pp. 223-224, whose Anciennitätprinzip (p. 86) also assigns him a date of 1116. Hüls, p. 222, places Cardinal Berardus at S. Angelo in Pescheria between 1107 and 1109, which makes Cardinal Gregorio's early tenure under Urban II impossible.
  29. ↑ Hüls, p. 227, marks his first documented appearance as an elector of Pope Gelasius II in January 1118. His position in the subscription lists, Hüls' Anciennitätprinzip (p. 86), assigns him a date of c. 1110. He joined the Obedience of Pope Anacletus II in 1130.
  30. ↑ He is named as one of the electors of Pope Gelasius II in January 1118.
  31. ↑ Stephanus subscribes just after Romanus of S. Maria in Porticu. His earliest surviving subscription is on 24 September 1120 in Benevento. Hüls, p. 86, 232-233.
  32. ↑ Hüls, p. 87.
  33. ↑ Cardinal Uberto subscribed after Gregorio of Ss. Sergio e Bacco, and before Matteo of S. Adriano. His earliest known subscription is on 6 April 1123. Hüls places his appointment in 1122. Hüls, pp. 87, 238-239.
  34. ↑ Hüls, pp. 87, 244.
  35. ↑ Cardinal Matthaeus first subscribes on 6 April 1123; he was appointed cardinal-priest of S. Pietro in Vincoli by 7 May 1128: Hüls, pp. 87, 221.
  36. ↑ Hüls, pp. 87, 236.


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