Английская Википедия:1969 Nobel Prize in Literature
Шаблон:Infobox award The 1969 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to the Irish author Samuel Beckett (1906–1989) "for his writing, which - in new forms for the novel and drama - in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation."[1]
Laureate
Шаблон:Main article Samuel Beckett produced his most important works – four novels, two dramas, a collection of short stories, essays, and art criticism – during an intensely creative period in the late 1940s. He had settled in France and wrote in both French and English. His experiences during World War II – insecurity, confusion, exile, hunger, deprivation – came to shape his writing. In his most famous work, the drama En attendant Godot (Waiting for Godot, 1952), he examines the most basic foundations of our lives with strikingly dark humor.[2] Among his other famous literary works include Krapp's Last Tape (1958), Happy Days (1961) and The Molloy Trilogy (1955–58).
Deliberations
Nominations
In total, the Swedish Academy received 184 nominations for 103 individuals. Samuel Beckett was nominated in 26 occasions since 1957, and received 5 nominations for the 1969 prize with which he was awarded afterwards.[3]
Nominees included were André Malraux, Simone de Beauvoir, Jorge Luis Borges, Pablo Neruda (awarded in 1971), Heinrich Böll (awarded in 1972), Eugenio Montale (awarded in 1975), Günter Grass (awarded in 1999), Jorge Amado, Louis Aragon, Witold Gombrowicz, Vladimir Nabokov, Alberto Moravia, Robert Graves, W. H. Auden and Graham Greene. 30 of the nominees were nominated first-time, among them Aimé Césaire, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (awarded in 1970), Arthur Miller, Jacques Maritain, Tawfiq al-Hakim, Edward Albee, Yasushi Inoue and Elias Canetti (awarded in 1981). The nominees who were with the highest number of nominations received – 8 nominations each – were André Malraux, Giuseppe Ungaretti and Tarjei Vesaas. The oldest nominee was Belgian writer Stijn Streuvels (aged 98) and the youngest were Ivan Drach and Hannu Salama (both aged 33 at the time). Five of the nominees were women: Anna Seghers, Nathalie Sarraute, Simone de Beauvoir, Marie Under and Elisaveta Bagryana. The 1951 Nobel laureate Swedish author Pär Lagerkvist nominated his countrymen and colleagues in the Swedish Academy, authors Eyvind Johnson and Harry Martinson who would share the prize in 1974.[4]
The authors Alejandro G. Abadilla, Giovanni Comisso, Ivy Compton-Burnett, Richmal Crompton, Harry Emerson Fosdick, Emilio Frugoni, Jack Kerouac, Eugenia Kielland, Norman Lindsay, Erika Mann, Elizaveta Polonskaya, Phraya Anuman Rajadhon, Zoila Ugarte de Landivar, and John Wyndham died in 1969 without having been nominated the prize. The Polish playwright Witold Gombrowicz and Belgian writer Stijn Streuvels died months before the announcement.
| No. | Nominee | Country | Genre(s) | Nominator(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Tawfiq al-Hakim (1898–1987) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, drama, essays, short story, biography | Shawqi Daif (1910–2005) |
| 2 | Edward Albee (1928–2016) | Шаблон:Flag | drama | Hanspeter Schelp (?) |
| 3 | Jorge Amado (1912–2001) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 4 | Jerzy Andrzejewski (1909–1983) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story | Kristine Heltberg (1924–2003) |
| 5 | Louis Aragon (1897–1982) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, poetry, essays | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 6 | Wystan Hugh Auden (1907–1973) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
poetry, essays, screenplay | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 7 | Elisaveta Bagryana (1893–1991) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, translation | Anna Kamenova (1894–1982) |
| 8 | Agustí Bartra (1908–1982) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, songwriting, translation | Manuel Durán (1925–2020) |
| 9 | Samuel Beckett (1906–1989) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, drama, poetry | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 10 | Jorge Luis Borges (1899–1986) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, essays, translation, short story | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 11 | Emil Boyson (1897–1979) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, novel, translation | Asbjørn Aarnes (1923–2013) |
| 12 | Heinrich Böll (1917–1985) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 13 | Michel Butor (1926–2016) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, novel, essays, translation | Lars Gyllensten (1921–2006) |
| 14 | Elias Canetti (1905–1994) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
novel, drama, memoir, essays | Keith Spalding (1913–2002) |
| 15 | Josep Carner (1884–1970) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, drama, translation | Manuel Durán (1925–2020) |
| 16 | Jean Cassou (1897–1986) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, essays, literary criticism, poetry, translation | Giannēs Koutsocheras (1904–1994) |
| 17 | Paul Celan (1920–1970) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
poetry, translation | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 18 | Aimé Césaire (1913–2008) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, drama, essays | Union of Finnish Writers |
| 19 | André Chamson (1900–1983) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, essays | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 20 | René Char (1907–1988) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry | Henri Peyre (1901–1988) |
| 21 | Simone de Beauvoir (1908–1986) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, drama, memoir, philosophy, essays, short story | Henning Fenger (1921–1985) |
| 22 | Joseph Delteil (1894–1978) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, novel, short story, essays | Charles Camproux (1908–1994) |
| 23 | Ivan Drach (1936–2018) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, literary criticism, drama | Omeljan Pritsak (1919–2006) |
| 24 | Carlos Drummond de Andrade (1902–1987) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, essays | Artur Lundkvist (1906–1991) |
| 25 | Lawrence Durrell (1912–1990) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, poetry, drama, essays | Haydn Trevor Mason (1929–2018) |
| 26 | Friedrich Dürrenmatt (1921–1990) | Шаблон:Flag | drama, novel, short story, essays | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 27 | Rabbe Enckell (1903–1974) | Шаблон:Flag | short story, poetry | Carl Fredrik Sandelin (b. 1925) |
| 28 | José Maria Ferreira de Castro (1898–1978) | Шаблон:Flag | novel | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 29 | Edward Morgan Forster (1879–1970) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, drama, essays, biography, literary criticism | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 30 | Max Frisch (1911–1991) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, drama | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 31 | Étienne Gilson (1884–1978) | Шаблон:Flag | philosophy | Pierre Courcelle (1912–1980) |
| 32 | Jean Giono (1895–1970) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, essays, poetry, drama | Edmond Jarno (1905–1985) |
| 33 | Witold Gombrowicz (1904–1969) | Шаблон:Flag | short story, novel, drama | Jan Kott (1914–2001) |
| 34 | Günter Grass (1927–2015) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, drama, poetry, essays | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 35 | Robert Graves (1895–1985) | Шаблон:Flag | history, novel, poetry, literary criticism, essays | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 36 | Graham Greene (1904–1991) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, autobiography, essays | Yves Le Hir (1919–2005) |
| 37 | Jorge Guillén (1893–1984) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, literary criticism | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 38 | Louis Guilloux (1899–1980) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, memoir | Jean-Bertrand Barrère (1914–1985) |
| 39 | Gunnar Gunnarsson (1889–1975) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, poetry | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 40 | Hồ Hữu Tường (1910–1980) | Шаблон:Flag | essays, short story, translation | Đông Hồ (1906–1969) |
| 41 | Vladimír Holan (1905–1980) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, essays | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 42 | Taha Hussein (1889–1973) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, poetry, translation | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 43 | Yasushi Inoue (1907–1991) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, poetry, short story, essays | Erich Ruprecht (1906–1997) |
| 44 | Eugène Ionesco (1909–1994) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
drama, essays | Eyvind Johnson (1900–1976) |
| 45 | Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz (1894–1980) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, essays, drama, translation, short story, novel | Józef Trypućko (1910–1983) |
| 46 | Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh (1892–1997) | Шаблон:Flag | short story, translation | Jes Peter Asmussen (1928–2002) |
| 47 | Eyvind Johnson (1900–1976) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story | Файл:Nobel prize winner.svgPär Lagerkvist (1891–1974) |
| 48 | Marcel Jouhandeau (1888–1979) | Шаблон:Flag | short story, novel | Jean Gaulmier (1905–1997) |
| 49 | Pierre Jean Jouve (1887–1976) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, novel, literary criticism | Henry Bouillier (1924–2014) |
| 50 | Bernhard Karlgren (1889–1978) | Шаблон:Flag | history, philology, translation | Walter Fuchs (1914–1993) |
| 51 | Miroslav Krleža (1893–1981) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
poetry, drama, short story, novel, essays | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 52 | Karl Krolow (1915–1999) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, essays, translation | Emil Ernst Ploss (1925–1972) |
| 53 | Siegfried Lenz (1926–2014) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, essays, drama | Ernst Wilhelm Meyer (1892–1969) |
| 54 | Claude Lévi-Strauss (1908–2008) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
philosophy, essays | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 55 | Väinö Linna (1920–1992) | Шаблон:Flag | novel | Iiro Ilkka Kajanto (1925–1997) |
| 56 | Robert Lowell (1917–1977) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, translation | William Alfred (1922–1999) |
| 57 | Hugh MacLennan (1907–1990) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, essays | Lawrence Lande (1906–1998) |
| 58 | André Malraux (1901–1976) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, essays, literary criticism | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 59 | Jacques Maritain (1882–1973) | Шаблон:Flag | philosophy | Charles Dédéyan (1910–2003) |
| 60 | Gustave Lucien Martin-Saint-René (1888–1973) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, novel, essays, literary criticism, drama, songwriting, short story | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 61 | Harry Martinson (1904–1978) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, novel, drama, essays | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 62 | László Mécs (1895–1978) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, essays | Watson Kirkconnell (1895–1977) |
| 63 | Arthur Miller (1915–2005) | Шаблон:Flag | drama, screenplay, essays | Robert Ernest Spiller (1896–1988) |
| 64 | Vilhelm Moberg (1898–1973) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, drama, history | Gunnar Tilander (1894–1973) |
| 65 | Eugenio Montale (1896–1981) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, translation | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 66 | Alberto Moravia (1907–1990) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, literary criticism, essays, drama | Jacques Robichez (1914–1999) |
| 67 | Vladimir Nabokov (1899–1977) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
novel, short story, poetry, drama, translation, literary criticism, memoir | Simon Karlinsky (1924–2009) |
| 68 | Pablo Neruda (1904–1973) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 69 | Germán Pardo García (1902–1991) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
poetry | James Willis Robb (1918–2010) |
| 70 | José María Pemán (1897–1981) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, drama, novel, essays, screenplay | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 71 | Robert Pinget (1919–1997) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, drama | Artur Lundkvist (1906–1991) |
| 72 | Ezra Pound (1885–1972) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, essays | Hans Galinsky (1909–1991) |
| 73 | Anthony Powell (1905–2000) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, drama, essays, memoir | Jean Hamard (1920-2012). |
| 74 | Raymond Queneau (1903–1976) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, poetry, essays | T. van den Heuvel (?) |
| 75 | Jean Rateau-Landeville (1894–1972) | Шаблон:Flag | essays | Pierre Flottes (1895–1994) |
| 76 | Alain Robbe-Grillet (1922–2008) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, essays, screenplays | Henry Olsson (1896–1985) |
| 77 | Gustave Roud (1897–1976) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, translation | Henri Perrochon (1899–1990) |
| 78 | Hans Ruin (1891–1980) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
philosophy | Arthur Arnholtz (1901–1973) |
| 79 | Hannu Salama (b. 1936) | Шаблон:Flag | novel | Osmo Hormia (1926–1983) |
| 80 | Nathalie Sarraute (1900–1999) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
novel, drama, essays | Lars Gyllensten (1921–2006) |
| 81 | Anna Seghers (1900–1983) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story | Heinz Kamnitzer (1917–2001) |
| 82 | Jaroslav Seifert (1901–1986) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry | Roman Jacobson (1896–1982) |
| 83 | Léopold Sédar Senghor (1906–2001) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, essays | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 84 | Ignazio Silone (1900–1978) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, essays, drama | Arthur Ernest Gordon (1902–1989) |
| 85 | Claude Simon (1913–2005) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, essays | Eyvind Johnson (1900–1976) |
| 86 | Ton Smerdel (1904–1970) | Шаблон:Flag | philology, poetry, essays, literary criticism, translation | Christiaan Alphonsus van den Berk (1919–1979) |
| 87 | Aleksandr Solzjenitsyn (1918–2008) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, essays | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 88 | Zaharia Stancu (1902–1974) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, novel, philosophy, essays | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 89 | Stijn Streuvels (1871–1969) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story | Maurice Gilliams (1900–1982) |
| 90 | John Ronald Reuel Tolkien (1892–1973) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, poetry, philology, essays, literary criticism | Richard Ernest Wycherley (1909–1985) |
| 91 | Friedebert Tuglas (1886–1971) | Шаблон:Flag | short story, literary criticism | Union of Finnish Writers |
| 92 | Pietro Ubaldi (1886–1972) | Шаблон:Flag | philosophy, essays | Academia Santista de Letras |
| 93 | Marie Under (1883–1980) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry | Union of Finnish Writers |
| 94 | Giuseppe Ungaretti (1888–1970) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, essays, literary criticism | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 95 | Tarjei Vesaas (1897–1970) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, novel | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 96 | Simon Vestdijk (1898–1971) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, poetry, essays, translation | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 97 | Gerard Walschap (1898–1989) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, drama, essays | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 98 | Mika Waltari (1908–1979) | Шаблон:Flag | short story, novel, poetry, drama, essays, screenplay | Esko Pennanen (1912–1990) |
| 99 | Arnold Wesker (1932–2016) | Шаблон:Flag | drama, novel, essays | Claude Albert Mayer (1918–1998) |
| 100 | Patrick White (1912–1990) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, drama, poetry, autobiography | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 101 | Thornton Wilder (1897–1975) | Шаблон:Flag | drama, novel, short story | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 102 | Edmund Wilson (1895–1972) | Шаблон:Flag | essays, literary criticism, short story, drama | Robert Brustein (b. 1927) |
| 103 | Carl Zuckmayer (1896–1977) | Шаблон:Flag | drama, screenplay | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
Prize decision
The decision to award Samuel Beckett was controversial within the Swedish Academy. While some members of the Nobel committee was enthusiastic about the idea of awarding Beckett, the Nobel committee chairman Anders Österling had serious doubts that Beckett's writing was in the spirit of Alfred Nobel's will. In 1964 he had argued that he “would almost consider a Nobel prize for him as an absurdity in his own style”. Beckett was a leading candidate for the 1968 prize along with André Malraux, W.H. Auden and the Japanese writer Yasunari Kawabata, but was rejected in favour of Kawabata.[5]
The Nobel committee, which in 1969 consisted of Anders Österling, Karl Ragnar Gierow, Lars Gyllensten, Eyvind Johnson, Artur Lundkvist and Henry Olsson,[6] disagreed on the candidates to the extent that no jointly proposal could be presented to the Swedish Academy. Österling proposed André Malraux, with Graham Greene as his second proposal and Giuseppe Ungaretti (possibly shared with Eugenio Montale) as the third proposal. Johnson also proposed André Malraux, with Claude Simon as his second proposal and Patrick White as the third proposal. Gierow, Gyllensten, Lundkvist and Olsson jointly proposed Samuel Beckett, with Lundkvist adding the proposals Patrick White and Claude Simon. In his report Lundkvist opposed the candidacy of André Malraux, arguing that his major works was too far back in time and had lost some of its relevance. Lundkvist also regretted that the candidacies of the négritude-authors Aimé Césaire and Léopold Sédar Senghor had not been taken in consideration by the Nobel committee and recommended them for future consideration.[7]
Despite Österling's reservations Beckett was awarded in 1969. The Nobel committee had received five nominations for Beckett that year, but was split as Österling and one other member supported a prize to André Malraux. Other nominations that year included Simone de Beauvoir, Jorge Luis Borges, Pablo Neruda and Graham Greene. While Österling acknowledged the possibility that behind Beckett's “depressing motives” might lie a “secret defence of humanity”, he argued that in the eyes of most readers it “remains an artistically staged ghost poetry, characterised by a bottomless contempt for the human condition”. Beckett's main supporter on the committee, Karl Ragnar Gierow, on the other hand, argued that Beckett's “black vision” was “not the expression of animosity and nihilism” but “portrays humanity as we have all seen it, at the moment of its most severe violation”, and searches for the depths of degradation because even there, “there is the possibility of rehabilitation”. Beckett was awarded and in his award ceremony speech Gierow expanded on his arguments, saying Beckett's work goes “to the depths” because “it is only there that pessimistic thought and poetry can work their miracles".[8]
Reactions
While not rejecting the prize, Beckett did not attend the prize ceremony, nor did he deliver a Nobel lecture.[9] His wife described his reaction to the news that he had been awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature as a "catastrophe". He quickly donated the prize money, much of it to Trinity College Dublin.[10]
References
External links
- Ceremony speech by Karl Ragnar Gierow nobelprize.org
Шаблон:Nobel Prize in Literature
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Literature 1969 nobelprize.org
- ↑ Samuel Beckett nobelprize.org
- ↑ Nominations – Samuel Beckett nobelprize.org
- ↑ Nomination archive nobelprize.org
- ↑ Alison Flood Samuel Beckett rejected as unsuitable for the Nobel prize in 1968 The Guardian 10 January 2018
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Alison Flood 'Ghost poetry': fight over Samuel Beckett's Nobel win revealed in archives The Guardian 17 January 2020
- ↑ Samuel Beckett - Nobel Lecture nobelprize.org
- ↑ The Nobel and the ignoble (Part 1) The Irish Times 5 December 1998
