Английская Википедия:1991 Hong Kong legislative election

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox election The 1991 Hong Kong Legislative Council election was held for members of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (LegCo). The election of the members of functional constituencies was held on 12 September 1991 and the election of geographical constituency seats was held on 15 September respectively. It was the first ever direct election of the Legislative Council in Hong Kong history. There were 18 members from directly elected geographical constituencies, 21 members from functional constituencies, 17 members appointed by the Governor, and 3 official members.

A coalition of the United Democrats and the Meeting Point, together with other smaller parties, groups and independents in the pro-democracy camp had a landslide victory, getting 16 of the 18 geographical constituency seats. Two-seat constituency two vote system was used with two seats to be filled in each constituency. The voting system helped the pro-democracy coalition win with landslide success and faced criticisms. In the end, the government prescribed simple plurality in the next election.

Background

Шаблон:See also After the Sino-British Joint Declaration signed in December 1984 stated the sovereignty of Hong Kong would be transferred from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China, the pace of the democratisation towards a government of high autonomy towards 1997 became a major political debate. The Hong Kong government denied the demand of the pro-democracy groups of introducing direct elections in the 1988 Legislative Council elections, due to the main opposition from Beijing and the conservative business and professional elites. As a result, the electoral methods of the functional constituencies being elected by different business and professional sectors and the Electoral Colleges being elected by the District Boards and the two municipal councils (Urban Council and Regional Council) remained in the 1988 elections but it was promised by the government that direct elections would be introduced in the 1991 elections.

Overview

The Hong Kong government's assumed the two-seat constituencies would produce a mixture of liberal, rural conservative and business representatives as well as some members of the "United Front" organisations which supported by Beijing, as the voters would cast their ballots for prominent individuals rather than a "party" label.^[1] However, the two-seat and two-vote system benefited the pro-democracy coalition in the end.

The election was largely affected by the events in May and June 1989 in China when the Tiananmen Square protest was bloodily cracked down by the Beijing government. The events sparked the great fear among the Hong Kong population who closely concerned or enthusiastically supported the student movement. The pro-democracy groups supported the student protests by forming the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China in May 1989. After the crackdown, the liberal leaders, Martin Lee and Szeto Wah had been labelled as "subversives" by the Beijing government and expelled form the Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee. In 1990, members of the three major pro-democracy groups, the Meeting Point, the Hong Kong Affairs Society and the Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood came together under the banner of the United Democrats of Hong Kong, which self-proclaimed as the first political party in Hong Kong.

The pro-democracy liberals won a landslide in the geographical constituency direct elections. The United Democrats led by Martin Lee became the largest party, by winning 12 of the 18 seats in the geographical constituencies. Two other seats went to its ally Meeting Point headed by Anthony Cheung. Frederick Fung, Chairman of the ADPL won a seat in Kowloon West. Of the remaining seats, one went to a liberal independent Emily Lau, one to an independent incumbent Andrew Wong and the other to an incumbent rural conservative Tai Chin-wah.^[1]

The conservative Liberal Democratic Federation of Hong Kong, newly founded in 1990 mainly by business and professional groups favouring collaboration with Beijing, polled only 5.1% of the vote. None of its candidates were elected in the direct elections. The pro-Beijing "united front" organisations received only 7.9% of the vote and were also very easily defeated. Chan Yuen-han, the Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions (FTU) candidate in Kowloon Central polled about 11,000 votes fewer than the second place United Democrat, Dr. Conrad Lam and was about 23,000 votes behind the winner, United Democrat Lau Chin-shek. In Island East, Cheng Kai-nam who had the support of a pro-Beijing group, Hong Kong Citizen Forum, polled 29,902 against the United Democrats' leader Martin Lee, who received 76,831 votes.^[1]

The advantage of the liberals was balanced with the functional constituency indirectly elected by the limited electorates of the business and professional sectors as well as the appointed members by the government. the Chief Secretary Sir David Ford said on television that the elections should be seen in the context of a 50% registration rate, of whom perhaps only 50% might turn out at the polls therefore the majority who were not represented would be reserved by appointing members who might be thought to represent those who had not registered or had not voted.^[1]

General results

Шаблон:Election table |- !style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" rowspan=2 colspan=3 |Political affiliation !style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" colspan=4 |Geographical constituencies !style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" colspan=4 |Functional constituencies !style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" rowspan=2 |Total
seats |- !style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;"|Votes !style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;"|% !style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;"|Candidates !style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;"|Seats !style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;"|Votes !style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;"|% !style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;"|Candidates !style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;"|Seats |- |rowspan=5 style="background-color:LightGreen;border-bottom-style:hidden;"| | width=1px style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color"| |style="text-align:left;"|United Democrats of Hong Kong |618,209 |45.15 |14 |12 |15,208 |66.46 |3 |2 |14 |- | width=1px style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" | |style="text-align:left;"|Meeting Point |98,588 |7.20 |3 |2 |− |− |− |− |2 |- | width=1px style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" | |style="text-align:left;"|Hong Kong Democratic Foundation |19,806 |1.45 |1 |0 |487 |2.13 |2 |2 |2 |- | width=1px style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" | |style="text-align:left;"|Hong Kong Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood |60,770 |4.44 |3 |1 |− |− |− |− |1 |- | width=1px style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" | |style="text-align:left;"|Independents and others |46,515 |3.40 |1 |1 |− |− |− |− |1 |-style="background-color:LightGreen" |colspan=3 style="text-align:left;"|Total for Liberals |843,888 |61.63 |22 |16 |15,695 |68.59 |5 |4 |20 |- |rowspan=3 style="background-color:LightBlue;border-bottom-style:hidden;" | | width=1px style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" | |style="text-align:left;"| Liberal Democratic Federation of Hong Kong |69,832 |5.10 |5 |0 |1,118 |4.89 |5 |3 |3 |- | width=1px style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" | |style="text-align:left;"| Business and Professionals Federation of Hong Kong |− |− |− |− |968 |4.23 |3 |2 |2 |- | width=1px style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" | |style="text-align:left;"| Federation for the Stability of Hong Kong |30,871 |2.25 |1 |1 |10 |0.04 |2 |1 |2 |- |-style="background-color:LightBlue" |colspan=3 style="text-align:left;"|Total for Conservatives |100,703 |7.35 |6 |1 |2,096 |9.16 |10 |6 |7 |- |rowspan=4 style="background-color:Pink"| | width=1px style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" | |style="text-align:left;"|Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions |44,894 |3.28 |1 |0 |– |– |1 |1 |1 |- | width=1px style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" | |style="text-align:left;"| New Hong Kong Alliance |11,934 |0.87 |2 |0 |136 |0.59 |2 |1 |1 |- | width=1px style="background-color:Шаблон:Party color" | |style="text-align:left;"| Hong Kong Citizen Forum |29,902 |2.18 |1 |0 |− |− |− |− |0 |- |style="background-color:#9E5238"| |style="text-align:left;"| Kwun Tong Man Chung Friendship Promotion Association |21,225 |1.55 |1 |0 |− |− |− |− |0 |- |-style="background-color:Pink" |colspan=3 style="text-align:left;"|Total for pro-Beijing |107,955 |7.88 |5 |0 |136 |0.59 |3 |2 |2 |- | width=1px style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" | |colspan=2 style="text-align:left;"| Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council |3,393 |0.25 |1 |0 |− |− |1 |1 |1 |- | width=1px style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" | |colspan=2 style="text-align:left;"| Hong Kong Civic Association |14,145 |1.03 |1 |0 |− |− |− |− |0 |- | width=1px style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" | |colspan=2 style="text-align:left;"| Reform Club of Hong Kong |8,257 |0.60 |1 |0 |− |− |− |− |0 |- | width=1px style="background-color:#CC0000" | |colspan=2 style="text-align:left;"| October Review |3,431 |0.25 |1 |0 |− |− |− |− |0 |- | width=1px style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" | |colspan=2 style="text-align:left;"|Independents and others |287,561 |21.00 |17 |1 |4,957 |21.66 |21 |8 |9 |- |style="text-align:left;background-color:#E9E9E9" colspan="3"|Total (turnout 39.15%) |width="30" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|1,369,333 |style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|100.00 |width="75" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|54 |width="30" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|18 |width="30" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|22,884 |style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|100.00 |width="75" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|40 |style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|21 |width="30" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|39 |} Note: There were also 18 members appointed by the Governor and 3 Ex-Officio members.

Votes summary

Шаблон:Bar box

Seats summary

Шаблон:Bar box

Result breakdown

Geographical Constituencies

Constituency	Candidates	Affiliation		Votes	%
Hong Kong Island East	Martin Lee Chu-ming	Шаблон:Party name with colour	76,831	74.6
	Man Sai-cheong	Шаблон:Party name with colour	43,615	42.3
	Cheng Kai-nam	Шаблон:Party name with colour	29,902	29.0
	Chan Ying-lun	Шаблон:Party name with colour	19,806	19.2
	Diana Leung Wai-tung	Шаблон:Party name with colour	15,230	14.8
	Jennifer Chow Kit-bing	Шаблон:Party name with colour	5,805	5.6
Hong Kong Island West	Yeung Sum	Шаблон:Party name with colour	45,108	65.4
	Huang Chen-ya	Шаблон:Party name with colour	31,052	45.0
	David Chan Yuk-cheung	Шаблон:Party name with colour	29,413	42.6
	Alexander Chang Yau-hung	Шаблон:Party name with colour	12,145	17.6
	Ronnie Wong Man-chiu	Шаблон:Party name with colour	6,113	8.9
	Winnie Cheung Wai-sun	Шаблон:Party name with colour	5,821	8.4
Kowloon East	Szeto Wah	Шаблон:Party name with colour	57,921	70.3
	Li Wah-ming	Шаблон:Party name with colour	49,643	60.2
	Hau Shui-pui		KTMCA	21,225	25.8
	Poon Chi-fai	Шаблон:Party name with colour	16,625	20.2
	Chan Cheong		October Review	3,431	4.2
	Li Ting-kit	Шаблон:Party name with colour	3,393	4.1
	Philip Li Koi-hop	Шаблон:Party name with colour (LDF)	865	1.0
Kowloon Central	Lau Chin-shek	Шаблон:Party name with colour	68,489	62.2
	Conrad Lam Kui-shing	Шаблон:Party name with colour	56,084	51.0
	Chan Yuen-han	Шаблон:Party name with colour	44,894	40.8
	Peter Chan Chi-kwan	Шаблон:Party name with colour	14,145	12.9
	Cecilia Yeung Lai-yin	Шаблон:Party name with colour	8,257	7.5
	John Dragon Young	Шаблон:Party name with colour (HKAS/UDHK)	6,273	5.7
	Justin Cheung Chung-ming	Шаблон:Party name with colour	2,158	2.0
Kowloon West	Frederick Fung Kin-kee	Шаблон:Party name with colour	36,508	52.5
	James To Kun-sun	Шаблон:Party name with colour	26,352	37.9
	Desmond Lee Yu-tai	Шаблон:Party name with colour (HKCA/UDHK)	21,471	30.9
	Kingsley Sit Ho-yin	Шаблон:Party name with colour	18,634	26.8
	Law Cheung-kwok	Шаблон:Party name with colour	17,145	24.7
	Ng Kin-sun	Шаблон:Party name with colour	6,098	8.8
New Territories East	Emily Lau Wai-hing	Шаблон:Party name with colour	46,515	48.1
	Andrew Wong Wang-fat	Шаблон:Party name with colour	39,806	41.2
	Tony Kan Chung-nin	Шаблон:Party name with colour	37,126	38.4
	Lau Kong-wah	Шаблон:Party name with colour	26,659	27.6
	Johnston Wong Hong-chung	Шаблон:Party name with colour	26,156	27.1
	Choi Man-hing	Шаблон:Party name with colour	348	0.4
	Eric Leung Ka-ching	Шаблон:Party name with colour	306	0.3
New Territories South	Lee Wing-tat	Шаблон:Party name with colour	52,192	56.9
	Albert Chan Wai-yip	Шаблон:Party name with colour	42,164	45.9
	Leung Yiu-chung	Шаблон:Party name with colour (NWSC)	38,568	42.0
	Yeung Fuk-kwong	Шаблон:Party name with colour (PHKS)	30,095	32.8
New Territories West	Ng Ming-yum	Шаблон:Party name with colour	42,319	51.9
	Tai Chin-wah	Шаблон:Party name with colour	30,871	37.9
	Zachary Wong Wai-yin	Шаблон:Party name with colour	27,243	33.4
	Tang Siu-tong	Шаблон:Party name with colour	23,389	28.7
	Tso Shiu-wai	Шаблон:Party name with colour	20,018	24.6
New Territories North	Fung Chi-wood	Шаблон:Party name with colour	23,267	49.9
	Tik Chi-yuen	Шаблон:Party name with colour	21,702	46.5
	Cheung Hon-chung	Шаблон:Party name with colour	16,221	34.8
	Johnny Wong Chi-keung	Шаблон:Party name with colour	15,350	32.9
	Ronald Chow Mei-tak	Шаблон:Party name with colour	7,117	15.3
	Tong Wai-man	Шаблон:Party name with colour	1,449	3.1

Functional Constituencies

Constituency	Candidates	Affiliation		Votes
First Commercial	James David McGregor	Шаблон:Party name with colour	487	53.9
First Commercial	Paul Cheng Ming-fun	Шаблон:Party name with colour	416	46.1
Second Commercial	Philip Wong Yu-hong	Шаблон:Party name with colour	Uncontested
First Industrial	Stephen Cheong Kam-chuen	Шаблон:Party name with colour	Uncontested
Second Industrial	Ngai Shiu-kit	Шаблон:Party name with colour	216	56.5
Second Industrial	Szeto Fai	Шаблон:Party name with colour	166	43.5
Engineering	Samuel Wong Ping-wai	Шаблон:Party name with colour	1,334	89.8
Engineering	Hogan Tang Ka-fat	Шаблон:Party name with colour	151	10.2
Architectural, Surveying and Planning	Edward Ho Sing-tin	Шаблон:Party name with colour	552	53.7
	Francis Lau Shiu-kwan	Шаблон:Party name with colour	246	23.9
	Kan Fook-yee	Шаблон:Party name with colour	136	13.2
	Charles Nicholas Brooke	Шаблон:Party name with colour	94	9.1
Real Estate and Construction	Ronald Joseph Arculli	Шаблон:Party name with colour	Uncontested
Teaching	Cheung Man-kwong	Шаблон:Party name with colour	15,193	89.8
	Ho King-on	Шаблон:Party name with colour	886	5.2
	Walter Wou Tchong-hong	Шаблон:Party name with colour	836	4.9
Tourism	Howard Young	Шаблон:Party name with colour	338	40.7
	Harold Wu Tan	Шаблон:Party name with colour	318	38.3
	Ronnie Yuen Ka-chai	Шаблон:Party name with colour	175	21.1
Accountancy	Peter Wong Hong-yuen	Шаблон:Party name with colour	Uncontested
Legal	Simon Ip Sik-on	Шаблон:Party name with colour	542	77.4
Legal	John William Miller	Шаблон:Party name with colour	158	22.6
Social Services	Hui Yin-fat	Шаблон:Party name with colour	Uncontested
Health Care	Michael Ho Mun-ka	Шаблон:Party name with colour	Uncontested
Medical	Leong Che-hung	Шаблон:Party name with colour	Uncontested
Finance	David Li Kwok-po	Шаблон:Party name with colour	Uncontested
Financial Services	Chim Pui-chung	Шаблон:Party name with colour	281	47.6
	Alex Wong Po-hang	Шаблон:Party name with colour	200	33.9
	Cham Yau-tong	Шаблон:Party name with colour	59	10.0
	Peter Chan Po-fun	Шаблон:Party name with colour	36	6.1
	Chum Ting-pong	Шаблон:Party name with colour	9	1.5
	Wong Wun-wing	Шаблон:Party name with colour	5	0.8
Labour (2 seats)	Pang Chun-hoi	Шаблон:Party name with colour	Uncontested
Labour (2 seats)	Tam Yiu-chung	Шаблон:Party name with colour	Uncontested
Urban Council	Elsie Tu	Шаблон:Party name with colour	Uncontested
Regional Council	Gilbert Leung Kam-ho	Шаблон:Party name with colour	20	40.0
	Chow Yick-hay	Шаблон:Party name with colour	15	30.0
	Lam Wai-keung	Шаблон:Party name with colour	10	20.0
	Chau Chun-wing	Шаблон:Party name with colour	5	10.0
Rural	Lau Wong-fat	Шаблон:Party name with colour	Uncontested

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

An Overview of the Hong Kong Legislative Council Elections of 1991 The Asian Journal of Public Administration Vol. 13 No. 2 (1991 Dec).

Шаблон:Hong Kong elections

↑ ^1,0 ^1,1 ^1,2 ^1,3 Шаблон:Cite journal

[Scott-1] 1,0 ^1,1 ^1,2 ^1,3 Шаблон:Cite journal

[1]

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Английская Википедия:1991 Hong Kong legislative election

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