Английская Википедия:2013 Italian general election

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox election The 2013 Italian general election was held on 24 and 25 February 2013 to determine the 630 members of the Chamber of Deputies and the 315 elective members of the Senate of the Republic for the 17th Italian Parliament.[1][2][3] The centre-left alliance Italy Common Good, led by the Democratic Party (PD), obtained a clear majority of seats in the Chamber of Deputies thanks to a majority bonus that effectively trebled the number of seats assigned to the winning force and narrowly defeated the centre-right alliance of former Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi in the popular vote. Close behind, the new anti-establishment Five Star Movement of comedian Beppe Grillo became the third force, well ahead of the centrist coalition of outgoing Prime Minister Mario Monti. In the Senate, no political group or party won an outright majority, resulting in a hung parliament.[4][5]

In April 2013, a grand coalition between Italy Common Good, the Berlusconi coalition, and the centrists was formed.[6] Berlusconi and his allies withdrew support of the coalition and formed a new Forza Italia six months later, which meant that the PD dominated the government coalition until the 2018 Italian general election.

Background

Following the European sovereign debt crisis, Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi resigned from his position in November 2011. He was replaced as Prime Minister by technocratic Senator for Life Mario Monti.

In December 2012, Berlusconi announced his intention to run for Prime Minister for a sixth time. Shortly after, his party, The People of Freedom (PdL), withdrew endorsement for Monti's Cabinet and Monti announced he would resign[7] after sending the annual budget to the Italian Parliament, which was expected by Christmas. The Constitution of Italy then requires an election to be held within 70 days of the dissolution of the parliament by President Giorgio Napolitano. Monti's resignation came after he said that, following the PdL's withdrawal, he "matured [to] the conviction that we could not continue like this any longer,"[8] and that he could not govern with a loss of support for his platform.[9]

During Monti's tenure, Italy had faced tax increases and state spending cuts, as well as reforms intended to improve the competitiveness of the Italian economy.[10] On the other hand, PdL parliamentary party leader Angelino Alfano told parliament on 7 December that Italy's debt, unemployment, and tax rates had risen in contrast to the economy since Monti became prime minister.[8][11] In the approximately one year since Monti took office, unemployment rose by almost two percent.[11] Previously Monti had controversially told the rising tide of youth unemployment to forget about a steady job for life, saying such is "monotonous [anyway and] it's nice to change and take on challenges." He also called for changes to Article 18 of the 1970 Workers Statute that forbids companies with over 15 employees from sacking an employee without "just cause", saying that it "can be pernicious for Italy's growth."[12]

The same reforms and austerity-focused policies which upset many Italians are perceived to have improved international confidence in Italy.[13] Monti was supported by other Eurozone leaders, such as Germany's Angela Merkel and former French President Nicolas Sarkozy.[14] Merkel's spokesman, Georg Streiter, said that she had "always worked well" with Monti and "had a relationship of esteem"; however, when asked about Berlusconi, he said it was not up to him to decide domestic politics of other countries.[15] German Finance Minister Wolfgang Schäuble added that he did not foresee "any destabilization in the euro-zone [but] expect[ed] Italy to keep going forward by respecting its European commitments."[16] In reaction, financial markets fell on speculation of further instability;[17][18] specifically, Italian 10-year bond yields rose by 0.4% to reach 4.87% and the Italian stock exchange's flagship index dropped by over 3.5%.[19]

Campaign

Файл:Errani - Zoffoli - Panzavolta - Bersani 2011.jpg
Pier Luigi Bersani with the president of Emilia-Romagna Vasco Errani during the electoral campaign

From the summer of 2012, a number of parties and movements from the so-called "Third Pole" of the political spectrum, including Pier Ferdinando Casini's Union of the Centre (UdC), Gianfranco Fini's Future and Freedom (FLI), Luca Cordero di Montezemolo's Toward the Third Republic (VTR), as well as a number of other politicians from both PD and PdL, pushed for direct involvement of Mario Monti in an election. Monti's statement that he would resign after the budget was passed, was suggested by Reuters to be indicative of him seeking to run for office.

Monti also told a press conference in France that "populism" was dangerous, and he further said that a failure to pass the budget "would render more serious the government crisis, also at a European level" and that his resignation would then be "irrevocable." The two largest parties in the parliament, the PdL and the Democratic Party (PD) said they would be willing to work together to expedite passage of the budget. PD Secretary Pier Luigi Bersani said: "Faced with the irresponsibility of the right that betrayed a commitment it made a year ago before the whole country, ... Monti responded with an act of dignity that we profoundly respect." PD Deputy Secretary Enrico Letta said of the PdL's withdrawal from the government that "the financial markets will judge this latest outburst by Berlusconi and they certainly will not judge it positively." Bersani had won the centre-left primary election shortly before the PdL withdrew from the government.[14] Following a defeat in the primary, Mayor of Florence Matteo Renzi ruled out an approach, in writing, from Berlusconi's PdL to join the party during the election. In the following weeks, both PD and Left Ecology Freedom (SEL) announced their intention to hold primary elections for MP candidates on 29 and 30 December.

The possibility of Monti directly involving himself in the election was seen as increasingly likely after the government crisis in December later that year, as Monti was invited to a European People's Party meeting at which Berlusconi was present too. A few days later, Monti published a political agenda for Italy, dubbed the "Monti agenda", and offered it to all political parties. After the Third Pole promptly agreed to use it as their own platform for the upcoming elections, talks started regarding a direct involvement of Monti as premiership candidate. On 28 December 2012, following a 4-hour meeting and after being publicly backed by the Vatican regarding a potential bid, Monti publicly announced his candidacy as head of the Third Pole, which ran in the Senate as a unique component provisionally named "Monti's Agenda for Italy", and in the Lower House as a coalition of several components.[20]

Файл:Beppe Grillo - Trento 2012 04.JPG
Beppe Grillo in Trento during the electoral campaign

Berlusconi said the platform his party would run on includes opposition to Monti's economic performance, which he said put Italy into a "recessive spiral without end." He also told the media, on the sidelines of AC Milan's practice session (the football club he owns along with Mediaset, the largest media outlet in the country): "I race to win. To win, everyone said there had to be a tested leader. It's not that we did not look for one. We did, and how! But there isn't one. ... I'm doing it out of a sense of responsibility." Berlusconi and Five Star Movement (M5S) leader Beppe Grillo criticised the euro-zone and Germany's influence on European policy. Grillo wrote that the average Italian "is literally terrified about the prospects of five more years of Monti-like rule."[21]

On 8 December 2012, a new political party formed around a think tank named "Fermare il Declino" (Stop the Decline), on an initiative by the economic journalist Oscar Giannino and supported by various economists. On 19 December 2012, the name "FARE per Fermare il Declino" ("ACT to Stop The Decline") was chosen, and a list was presented with Oscar Giannino as PM candidate. The party's programme[22] was also introduced, roughly inspiring to reduce the role of the State in the economy, reduce the national debt through disposing redundant assets, and to propose market liberalizations and privatizations.

On 29 December 2012, a new coalition, Civil Revolution (RC), was formed with the support of Italy of Values (IdV), Orange Movement (MA), Communist Refoundation Party (PRC), Party of Italian Communists (PdCI) and Federation of the Greens (FdV). It is led by celebrity magistrate Antonio Ingroia and Mayor of Naples Luigi de Magistris. FdS co-leader Paolo Ferrero said it would be a "Fourth Pole" that would bring new hope for the left.[23] Civil Revolution attempted to solicit M5S to join them, saying "the door is open." Grillo, however, turned them down, writing on his blog "is the door for M5S open? Well, thank you, but close the door again, please."[24]

On 7 January 2013, Berlusconi announced he had penned a coalition agreement with the Northern League (LN); as part of it, PdL will support Roberto Maroni's bid for the presidency of Lombardy, and he will run as "leader of the coalition", but suggested he could accept a role as Minister of Economy under a cabinet headed by another PdL member, such as Angelino Alfano.[25] Later that day, LN leader Maroni confirmed his party will not support a new candidacy of Berlusconi as Prime Minister in the case of an electoral win.[26]

Electoral system

The electoral system had been last reformed by Law no. 270, 21 December 2005.[27]

Chamber of Deputies

For the election of the lower house,[28] all seats in the Chamber of Deputies (excluding one deputy for the region of Aosta Valley and twelve deputies for Italians residing abroad) are allocated based on the national vote in a form of party-list proportional representation with a series of thresholds encouraging parties to form coalitions. Voters cast one vote for a closed list, meaning they cannot express a preference for individual candidates.

Parties can choose to run in coalitions. Seats are first allocated based on coalition votes, then divided among parties belonging to the same coalition by the largest remainder method. To guarantee a working majority, the coalition or party that obtains a plurality of the vote, but fewer than 340 seats, is assigned additional seats to reach that number, which is roughly 54% of all seats.

The autonomous region of Aosta Valley elects one deputy through a first-past-the-post system. Italians abroad are divided into four constituencies, which elect a total of twelve seats based on proportional representation.

Senate

For the election of the upper house,[28] a similar system is used. However, the results are based on regional, rather than national, vote. This means the coalition or party that wins a plurality of votes in each region is guaranteed a majority of the seats assigned to that region. As this mechanism is region-based, opposing parties or coalitions may benefit from the majority bonus in different regions. It therefore does not guarantee any party or coalition a majority in the Senate.

Three regions have exceptions to the system detailed above. In the region of Molise, that is granted two seats in the Senate, seats are allocated proportionally, with no majority bonus. The region of Aosta Valley, which elects one senator, uses a first-past-the-post system. Finally, the region of Trentino-South Tyrol elects seven senators with a mixed-member proportional system: six senators are elected in six single-member constituencies, while the seventh is allocated to the most underrepresented list based on the regional votes.

Six seats in the Senate are assigned to Italians living abroad and are allocated using the same system used for the Chamber of Deputies.

Constitutionality

At the end of 2013, Italy's Constitutional Court declared that this electoral law failed to meet a number of constitutional requirements.[29][30] The electoral system for the Chamber of Deputies was later reformed by Law no. 52, 6 May 2015 (commonly called Italicum).[31]

Main coalitions and parties

Coalition Party Main ideology Seats Party leader Coalition leader
Шаблон:Abbr Шаблон:Abbr
rowspan="9" bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| Centre-right coalition bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| The People of Freedom (PdL) Liberal conservatism Шаблон:Center Шаблон:Resize Шаблон:Center Silvio Berlusconi Silvio Berlusconi
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| Northern League (LN) Regionalism Шаблон:Center Шаблон:Center Roberto Maroni
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| Brothers of Italy (FdI) National conservatism Шаблон:Center Шаблон:Resize Шаблон:Center Giorgia Meloni
Great South (GS) Regionalism Шаблон:Center Шаблон:Center Gianfranco Micciché
Movement for the Autonomies (MpA) Regionalism Шаблон:Center Шаблон:Center Raffaele Lombardo
Popular Agreement (IP) Christian democracy Шаблон:Center Шаблон:N/A Giampiero Catone
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| Pensioners' Party (PP) Pensioners' interests Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:Center Carlo Fatuzzo
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| The Right (LD) Right-wing populism Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Francesco Storace
Moderates in Revolution (MIR) Liberal conservatism Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:Ill
rowspan="7" bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| Italy. Common Good bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| Democratic Party (PD) Social democracy Шаблон:Center Шаблон:Center Pier Luigi Bersani Pier Luigi Bersani
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Democratic Centre (CD) Social liberalism Шаблон:Center Шаблон:Center Bruno Tabacci
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP) Regionalism Шаблон:Center Шаблон:Center Luis Durnwalder
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Left Ecology Freedom (SEL) Democratic socialism Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Nichi Vendola
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Italian Socialist Party (PSI) Social democracy Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Riccardo Nencini
Moderates (Mod.) Liberalism Шаблон:Center Шаблон:Resize Шаблон:N/A Giacomo Portas
The Megaphone (Meg.) Regionalism Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Rosario Crocetta
rowspan="3" bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| With Monti for Italy bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| Civic Choice (SC) Liberalism Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Mario Monti Mario Monti
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Union of the Centre (UdC) Christian democracy Шаблон:Center Шаблон:Center Pier Ferdinando Casini
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Future and Freedom (FLI) Liberal conservatism Шаблон:Center Шаблон:Center Gianfranco Fini
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| Civil Revolution (RC) Left-wing populism Шаблон:Center Шаблон:Center Antonio Ingroia
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| Five Star Movement (M5S) Populism Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Beppe Grillo
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Act to Stop the Decline (FFD) Economic liberalism Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Oscar Giannino

Opinion polling

Шаблон:Main

Файл:OpinionPollingItalyGeneralElection2013.png
Six-point average trend line of poll results from 14 April 2008 to 25 February 2013, with each line corresponding to a political partyШаблон:Columns-list

Results

Шаблон:Table section needs prose

Chamber of Deputies

Overall results

Шаблон:Nowrap
Файл:Italian Chamber of Deputies, 2013.svg
Coalition Party Italy (19 regions) Aosta Valley Overseas Total
seats
+/–
Votes % Seats Votes % Seats Votes % Seats
rowspan="4" bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| Italy. Common Good bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Democratic Party 8,646,034 25.43 292 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 0 287,975 29.30 5 297 +80
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Left Ecology Freedom 1,089,231 3.20 37 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 0 17,434 1.77 0 37 New
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Democratic Centre 167,328 0.49 6 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 0 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 0 6 New
South Tyrolean People's Party 146,800 0.43 5 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 0 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 0 5 +3
rowspan="3" bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| Centre-right coalition bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | The People of Freedom 7,332,134 21.56 97 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 0 145,751 14.83 1 98 −178
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Northern League 1,390,534 4.09 18 2,384 3.29 0 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 0 18 −42
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Brothers of Italy 666,765 1.96 9 3,051 4.21 0 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 0 9 New
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| Five Star Movement 8,691,406 25.56 108 13,403 18.50 0 95,173 9.68 1 109 New
rowspan="2" bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| With Monti for Italy bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Civic Choice 2,823,842 8.30 37 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 0 181,041 18.42 2 39 New
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Union of the Centre 608,321 1.79 8 1,355 1.87 0 8 −28
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| Associative Movement of Italians Abroad Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 0 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 0 140,868 14.33 2 2 +1
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| South American Union of Italian Emigrants Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 0 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 0 43,918 4.47 1 1 New
Шаблон:Nowrap Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 0 18,376 25.36 1 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 0 1 +1
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| Others 2,443,360 7.19 0 33,867 46.77 0 70,721 7.20 0 0 Шаблон:N/A
Total 34,005,755 100 617 72,436 100 1 982,881 100 12 630 ±0

Шаблон:Bar box Шаблон:Bar box Шаблон:Bar box

Italy (except Aosta Valley)

Coalition Party Votes % Seats
rowspan="5" bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| Italy. Common Good bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Democratic Party (PD) 8,646,034 25.43 292
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Left Ecology Freedom (SEL) 1,089,231 3.20 37
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Democratic Centre (CD) 167,328 0.49 6
South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP) 146,800 0.43 5
Total 10,049,393 29.55 340
rowspan="10" style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| Centre-right coalition bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | The People of Freedom (PdL) 7,332,134 21.56 97
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Northern League (LN) 1,390,534 4.09 18
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Brothers of Italy (FdI) 666,765 1.96 9
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | The Right (LD) 219,585 0.65 0
Great SouthMPA (GS–MPA) 148,248 0.44 0
Moderates in Revolution (MIR) 82,557 0.24 0
Pensioners' Party (PP) 54,418 0.16 0
Popular Agreement (IP) 26,120 0.08 0
Free for an Equable Italy (LIE) 3,239 0.01 0
Total 9,923,600 29.18 124
style="background-color:Шаблон:Party color"| Five Star Movement (M5S) 8,691,406 25.56 108
rowspan=4 style="background-color:Шаблон:Party color"| With Monti for Italy bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Civic Choice (SC) 2,823,842 8.30 37Шаблон:Efn
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Union of the Centre (UdC) 608,321 1.79 8
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Future and Freedom (FLI) 159,378 0.47 0
Total 3,591,541 10.56 45
style="background-color:Шаблон:Party color"| Civil Revolution (RC) 765,189 2.25 0
style="background-color:Шаблон:Party color"| Act to Stop the Decline (FFD) 380,044 1.12 0
New Force (FN) 90,047 0.26 0
style="background-color:Шаблон:Party color"| Workers' Communist Party (PCL) 89,643 0.26 0
style="background-color:Шаблон:Party color"| Amnesty Justice Freedom List (AGL) 65,022 0.19 0
Die Freiheitlichen (DF) 48,317 0.14 0
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| CasaPound (CPI) 47,991 0.14 0
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| Tricolour Flame (FT) 44,408 0.13 0
I Love Italy (ALI) 42,603 0.12 0
Venetian Independence (IV) 33,217 0.09 0
Italian Liberal Party (PLI) 27,964 0.08 0
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| Sardinian Action Party (PSd'Az) 18,592 0.05 0
Venetian Republic League (LVR) 15,838 0.05 0
Protest Vote 12,743 0.04 0
Veneto State (VS) 11,398 0.03 0
style="background-color:Шаблон:Party color"| Italian Reformists (RI) 8,248 0.02 0
Independence for Sardinia (IpS) 7,471 0.02 0
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| Italian Republican Party (PRI) 6,910 0.02 0
Sardinian Rebirth European Movement (MERIS) 5,897 0.02 0
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| Communist Alternative Party (PdAC) 5,196 0.02 0
The Pirates 4,557 0.01 0
Project Italy Movement (MPI) 3,957 0.01 0
Italian Missinian Refoundation (RMI) 3,091 0.01 0
United Populars (PU) 2,992 0.01 0
National Project (PN) 2,870 0.01 0
Thought and Action Party (PPA) 1,526 0.00 0
All Together for Italy 1,485 0,00 0
Popular Union (UP) 1,475 0.00 0
Atheist Democracy (DA) 598 0,00 0
Stems of Italy 586 0,00 0
Invalid/blank/unassigned votes 1,265,171
Total 34,005,755 100.00 617
Registered voters/turnout 46,905,154 75.20
Source: Ministry of the Interior
Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

Results by region (except Aosta Valley)

Region Italy. Common Good Centre-right coalition Five Star Movement With Monti for Italy Civil Revolution Others
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"|
Abruzzo 26.2 29.5 29.9 8.9 3.3 2.2
Apulia 26.5 33.0 25.5 10.5 2.4 2.1
Basilicata 34.2 24.6 24.3 11.3 2.4 3.2
Calabria 28.3 30.2 24.9 10.5 2.9 3.2
Campania 26.0 35.6 22.2 11.3 2.6 2.3
Emilia-Romagna 40.2 20.9 24.7 9.3 1.9 3.0
Friuli Venezia Giulia 27.5 28.0 27.2 12.9 2.1 2.3
Lazio 29.9 27.9 28.1 8.8 2.6 2.7
Liguria 31.1 23.0 32.1 9.9 2.1 1.8
Lombardy 28.2 35.7 19.6 12.1 1.6 2.8
Marche 31.1 21.2 32.1 10.7 2.2 2.7
Molise 28.8 28.4 27.7 10.7 3.4 1.0
Piedmont 28.3 28.1 27.5 12.1 2.1 1.9
Sardinia 29.5 23.7 29.7 9.4 2.8 4.9
Sicily 21.4 31.3 33.6 8.6 3.4 1.7
Trentino-Alto Adige 35.6 15.9 14.6 13.9 1.4 18.6
Tuscany 41.6 20.7 24.0 8.4 2.7 2.6
Umbria 35.6 24.3 27.2 9.6 2.5 0.8
Veneto 23.3 31.8 26.3 11.9 1.3 5.4

Aosta Valley

Шаблон:Main The autonomous region of Aosta Valley, in northwestern Italy, elects one member to the Chamber of Deputies through a direct first-past-the-post election. Some parties that formed electoral coalitions in Italy, might have opted to run against one another (or form different coalitions) in this particular region.

Candidate[32] Party (or a unified coalition list) Total votes % Seats
Rudi Marguerettaz (SA) style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| Aosta Valley (UVSAFA) 18,376 25.36 1
Laurent Viérin Progressive Valdostan Union (UVP) 18,191 25.11 0
Jean Pierre Guichardaz bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Autonomy Liberty Democracy (ALD) 14,340 19.79 0
Roberto Ugo Massimo Cognetta Five Star Movement (M5S) 13,403 18.50 0
Giorgia Meloni bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Brothers of Italy (FdI) 3,051 4.21 0
Nicoletta Spelgatti bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Northern League (LN) 2,384 3.29 0
Lucia Bringhen bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Union of the Centre (UdC) 1,355 1.87 0
Fabrizio Buillet bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Act to Stop the Decline (FFD) 748 1.03 0
Andrea Ladu CasaPound (CPI) 443 0.61 0
Eros Campion Nation Val d'Outa 145 0.20 0
Total valid votes 72,436
Blank/void/unassigned votes 4,733
Total votes 77,169 100.00 1
Registered voters/turnout 100,277 76.95
Source: Ministry of the Interior Шаблон:Webarchive

Overseas constituencies

Файл:Plico elettorale Italia 2013.jpg
Electoral package sent to an Italian voter in South America

Twelve members of the Chamber of Deputies are elected by Italians abroad. Two members are elected for North America and Central America (including most of the Caribbean), four members for South America (including Trinidad and Tobago), five members for Europe, and one member for the rest of the world (Africa, Asia, Oceania, and Antarctica). Voters in these regions select candidate lists and may also cast a preference vote for individual candidates. The seats are allocated by proportional representation.

The electoral law allows for parties to form different coalitions on the lists abroad, compared to the lists in Italy. In the 2013 election, this freedom was used by Left Ecology Freedom to provide a list as an independent party, instead of making themselves available as part of the mainlands coalition with Democratic Party.

Party (or a unified coalition list) Votes % Seats
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Democratic Party (PD) 287,975 29.30 5Шаблон:Efn
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| With Monti for Italy 181,041 18.42 2Шаблон:Efn
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | The People of Freedom (PdL) 145,751 14.83 1Шаблон:Efn
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| Associative Movement of Italians Abroad (MAIE) 140,868 14.33 2Шаблон:Efn
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Five Star Movement (M5S) 95,173 9.68 1Шаблон:Efn
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| South American Union of Italian Emigrants (USEI) 43,918 4.47 1Шаблон:Efn
Italians for Freedom 22,348 2.27 0
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| Left Ecology Freedom (SEL) 17,434 1.77 0
style="background:Шаблон:Party color"| Civil Revolution (RC) 16,033 1.63 0
Union of Italians for South America 11,330 1.15 0
style="background-color:Шаблон:Party color"| Act to Stop the Decline (FFD) 10,195 1.04 0
style="background:Шаблон:Party color"| Communist Party (PC) 6,977 0.71 0
Together for the Italians 3,838 0.39 0
Invalid/blank/unassigned votes 121,108
Total 982,881 100.00 12
Registered voters/turnout 3,494,687 31.59
Source: Ministry of the Interior Шаблон:Webarchive
Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

Distribution of seats

Файл:Map of 2013 Italian general election (Chamber of Deputies).svg

Шаблон:Center

Senate of the Republic

Overall results

Шаблон:Nowrap
Файл:Italian Senate, 2013.svg
Coalition Party Italy (18 regions) Aosta Valley Trentino-Alto Adige Overseas Total
seats
+/−
Votes % Seats Votes % Seats Votes % Seats Votes % Seats
rowspan="4" bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| Italy. Common Good bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Democratic Party 8,400,255 27.43 105 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 0 281,217 50.60 6 274,732 30.70 4 111 −7
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Left Ecology Freedom 912,374 2.97 7 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 0 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 0 7 New
The Megaphone 138,581 0.45 1 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 0 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 0 1 New
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| SVPPATT Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 0 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 0 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 0 4 ±0
rowspan="3" bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| Centre-right coalition bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | The People of Freedom 6,829,373 22.30 98 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 0 85,298 15.65 1 136,052 15.20 0 98 −49
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Northern League 1,328,555 4.33 17 2,608 3.92 0 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 0 18 −7
Great South 122,100 0.39 1 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 0 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 0 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 0 1 New
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| Five Star Movement 7,285,850 23.79 54 13,760 20.71 0 82,499 15.14 0 89,562 10.10 0 54 New
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| With Monti for Italy 2,797,486 9.13 18 1,594 2.39 0 6,646 1.39 0 177,402 19.80 1 19 New
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| Associative Movement of Italians Abroad Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 0 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 0 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 0 120,290 13.43 1 1 ±0
Aosta Valley (UVSAFA) Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 0 24,609 37.03 1 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 0 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 0 1 ±0
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| Others 3,936,776 9.21 0 23,868 35.95 0 89,178 17.22 0 150,029 10.77 0 0 Шаблон:N/A
Total 31,751,350 100 301 66,439 100 1 544,838 100 7 948,067 100 6 315 ±0

Шаблон:Bar box Шаблон:Bar box Шаблон:Bar box

Italy (except Aosta Valley and Trentino-Alto Adige)

Coalition Party Votes % Seats
rowspan=7 bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| Italy. Common Good bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Democratic Party (PD) 8,400,255 27.43 105
bgcolor=Шаблон:Party color | Left Ecology Freedom (SEL) 912,374 2.97 7
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Democratic Centre (CD) 163,427 0.53 0
The Megaphone (Meg.) 138,581 0.45 1
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Italian Socialist Party (PSI) 57,688 0.18 0
Moderates (Mod.) 14,358 0.04 0
Total 9,686,683 31.63 113
rowspan=13 style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| Centre-right coalition bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | The People of Freedom (PdL) 6,829,373 22.30 98
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Northern League (LN) 1,328,555 4.33 17
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Brothers of Italy (FdI) 590,083 1.92 0
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | The Right (LD) 221,112 0.72 0
Pensioners' Party (PP) 123,458 0.40 0
Great South (GS) 122,100 0.39 1
Moderates in Revolution (MIR) 69,649 0.22 0
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Party of SiciliansMPA (PdS–MPA) 48,618 0.15 0
Popular Agreement (IP) 24,979 0.08 0
Cantiere Popolare (CP) 21,685 0.07 0
Stop Taxes 19,298 0.06 0
Free for an Equable Italy (LIE) 6,769 0.02 0
Total 9,405,679 30.71 116
style=background-color:Шаблон:Party color| Five Star Movement (M5S) 7,285,850 23.79 54
style="background-color:Шаблон:Party color"| With Monti for Italy 2,797,486 9.13 18
style="background-color:Шаблон:Party color"| Civil Revolution (RC) 549,987 1.79 0
style="background-color:Шаблон:Party color"| Act to Stop the Decline (FFD) 278,396 0.90 0
style="background-color:Шаблон:Party color"| Workers' Communist Party (PCL) 113,935 0.37 0
style="background-color:Шаблон:Party color"| New Force (FN) 81,519 0.26 0
style="background-color:Шаблон:Party color"| Amnesty Justice Freedom List (AGL) 63,149 0.20 0
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| Tricolour Flame (FT) 52,106 0.17 0
I Love Italy (ALI) 40,781 0.13 0
CasaPound (CPI) 40,540 0.13 0
Venetian Independence (IV) 29,696 0.09 0
Venetian Republic League (LVR) 20,381 0.06 0
Ottavio Pasqualucci's
coalition
Let's halve the salary for politicians 7,968 0.02 0
No to the closure of hospitals 7,547 0.02 0
Long Live Italy 4,759 0.01 0
Total 20,274 0.06 0
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| Sardinian Action Party (PSd'Az) 18,602 0.06 0
Rural Civility Development (CRS) 13,945 0.04 0
Stand Up Abruzzo! 11,817 0.03 0
Marxist–Leninist Italian Communist Party (PCIM-L) 9,604 0.03 0
Veneto State (VS) 8,950 0.02 0
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| Italian Republican Party (PRI) 8,476 0.02 0
Women for Italy 7,610 0.02 0
Independence for Sardinia (IpS) 7,494 0.02 0
Padanian Union (UP) 7,324 0.02 0
United Populars (PU) 6,583 0.02 0
The Pirates 6,265 0.02 0
style="background-color:Шаблон:Party color"| Italian Reformists (RI) 5,952 0.01 0
Sardinian Rebirth European Movement (MERIS) 5,580 0.01 0
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| Communist Alternative Party (PdAC) 5,176 0.01 0
Action Party for Development (PAS) 4,522 0.01 0
National Project (PN) 3,822 0.01 0
The Base Sardinia 3,386 0.01 0
All Together for Italy 3,155 0.01 0
Italian Missinian Refoundation (RMI) 2,717 0.00 0
EuWoman Movement 2,689 0.00 0
Building Democracy 2,635 0.00 0
Project Italy Movement (MPI) 1,451 0.00 0
Party of the South (PdS) 1,276 0.00 0
Italian Naturalist Movement (MNI) 1,170 0.00 0
Lucanian Community 882 0.00 0
Invalid/blank votes 1,133,805
Total 31,751,350 100.00 301
Registered voters/turnout 42,271,967 75.11
Source: Ministry of the Interior Шаблон:Webarchive

Aosta Valley

The semi-autonomous region of Aosta Valley, in northwestern Italy, elects one member to the Senate through a direct first-past-the-post election. Some parties that formed electoral coalitions in Italy, might have opted to run against one another (or form different coalitions) in this particular region.

Candidate[33] Шаблон:Nowrap Total votes % Seats
Albert Lanièce (UV) style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| Шаблон:Nowrap 24,609 37.03 1
Patrizia Morelli bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Шаблон:Nowrap 20,430 30.75 0
Stefano Ferrero Five Star Movement (M5S) 13,760 20.71 0
Sandra Maria Cane bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Northern League (LN) 2,608 3.92 0
Paolo Dalbard bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | The Right (LD) 2,014 3.03 0
Luigi Bracci bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Union of the Centre (UdC) 1,594 2.39 0
Enrico Martial bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Act to Stop the Decline (FFD) 814 1.22 0
Vilma Margaria CasaPound (CPI) 424 0.63 0
Giovanni Battista Mascia Nation Val d'Outa 186 0.27 0
Total valid votes 66,439
Blank/void/unassigned votes 5,280
Total votes 71,719 100.00 1
Registered voters/turnout 93,040 77.08

Source: Ministry of the Interior

Trentino-Alto Adige/South Tyrol

The semi-autonomous region of Trentino-Alto Adige in north Italy, including South Tyrol, elects seven members to the Senate through its six constituencies. Each constituency elects one senator by first-past-the post, while the seventh seat attributed to the region is filled by the most underrepresented party based on the overall regional result (mixed-member proportional system).[28] Some parties that formed electoral coalitions in Italy, might have opted to run against one another (or form different coalitions) in this particular region.

Party (or a unified coalition list) Total votes % Seats
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | SVPPATTPDUPT (only Trentino) 127,656 23.43 3[34]
South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP) (only Brixen and Merano constituencies) 97,141 17.82 2[35]
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | The People of Freedom – Northern League (PdL–LN) 85,298 15.65 1[36]
Five Star Movement (M5S) 82,499 15.14 0
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | PD – SVP (only Bolzano constituency) 47,623 8.74 1[37]
Die Freiheitlichen (DF) (only South Tyrol) 42,094 7.72 0
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Greens (VGV) (only Brixen and Merano constituencies) 12,808 2.34 0
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Civil Revolution (RC) 11,262 2.06 0
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Democratic Party (PD) (only Brixen and Merano constituencies) 8,797 1.61 0
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Act to Stop the Decline (FFD) (only Bolzano constituency and Trentino) 8,796 1.61 0
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | With Monti for Italy (only Brixen and Merano constituencies) 6,646 1.39 0
Alto Adige in the Heart (AAC) 4,672 0.85 0
Moderates in Revolution (MIR) (only Trentino) 3,414 0.62 0
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Brothers of Italy (FdI) (only Bolzano constituency) 3,414 0.62 0
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | The Right (LD) (only South Tyrol) 1,181 0.21 0
CasaPound (CPI) (only Bolzano constituency) 1,160 0.21 0
Party for All (only Bolzano constituency) 426 0.07 0
Total valid votes 544,838
Blank/void/unassigned votes 30,437
Total votes 575,275 100.00 7
Registered voters/turnout 707,666 81.29
Source: Ministry of the Interior Шаблон:Webarchive

Overseas constituencies

Six members of the Senate are elected by Italians abroad. One member is elected for North America and Central America (including most of the Caribbean), two members for South America (including Trinidad and Tobago), two members for Europe, and one member for the rest of the world (Africa, Asia, Oceania, and Antarctica). Voters in these regions select candidate lists and may also cast a preference vote for individual candidates. The seats are allocated by proportional representation.

The election law allow for parties to form other electoral coalitions on the lists abroad, compared to the lists in Italy. In the 2013 electional list for the Senate all parties were listed independently without any coalitions formed. None of the parties were neither in internal coalitions at the mainland; so in 2013 the electoral situation abroad actually was not different compared to the electoral situation at the mainland.

Party (or a unified coalition list) Votes % Seats
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Democratic Party (PD) 274,732 30.7 4Шаблон:Efn
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| With Monti for Italy 177,402 19.8 1Шаблон:Efn
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | The People of Freedom (PdL) 136,052 15.2 0
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| Associative Movement of Italians Abroad (MAIE) 120,290 13.4 1Шаблон:Efn
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | Five Star Movement (M5S) 89,562 10.0 0
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| South American Union of Italian Emigrants (USEI) 38,223 4.3 0
Italians for Freedom 15,260 1.7 0
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| Civil Revolution (RC) 14,134 1.6 0
Union of Italians for South America 10,881 1.2 0
style="background-color:Шаблон:Party color"| Act to Stop the Decline (FFD) 7,892 0.9 0
Communist Party (PC) 7,578 0.8 0
Together for the Italians 3,223 0.4 0
Invalid/blank/unassigned votes 108,150
Total 948,067 100.00 6
Registered voters/turnout 3,149,501 30.1
Source: Ministry of the Interior Шаблон:Webarchive

Seats by region

Region Coalitions Majority bonus
winner
Senators
style="width:90px; background-color:Шаблон:Party color;"| style="width:90px; background-color:Шаблон:Party color;"| style="width:90px; background-color:Шаблон:Party color;"| style="width:90px; background-color:Шаблон:Party color;"| style="width:90px; background-color:Шаблон:Party color;"|
Файл:Logo Italia. Bene Comune.svg Файл:People of Freedom logo.PNG Файл:Movimento5s.svg Файл:Con Monti per l'Italia.svg Others
Шаблон:Flagicon
Lombardy
11 (PD) 16 (PdL)
11 (LN)
7 (M5S) 4 (Monti) CDX 49
Шаблон:Flagicon
Campania
5 (PD)
1 (SEL)
16 (PdL) 5 (M5S) 2 (Monti) CDX 29
Шаблон:Flagicon
Lazio
14 (PD)
2 (SEL)
6 (PdL) 6 (M5S) IBC 28
Шаблон:Flagicon
Sicily
4 (PD)
1 (IM-LC)
14 (PdL) 6 (M5S) CDX 25
Шаблон:Flagicon
Veneto
4 (PD) 9 (PdL)
5 (LN)
4 (M5S) 2 (Monti) CDX 24
Шаблон:Flagicon
Piedmont
13 (PD) 3 (PdL)
1 (LN)
3 (M5S) 2 (Monti) IBC 22
Шаблон:Flagicon
Emilia-Romagna
13 (PD) 4 (PdL) 4 (M5S) 1 (Monti) IBC 22
Шаблон:Flagicon
Apulia
3 (PD)
1 (SEL)
11 (PdL) 4 (M5S) 1 (Monti) CDX 20
Шаблон:Flagicon
Tuscany
9 (PD)
1 (SEL)
3 (PdL) 4 (M5S) 1 (Monti) IBC 18
Шаблон:Flagicon
Calabria
2 (PD) 5 (PdL)
1 (GS)
2 (M5S) CDX 10
Шаблон:Flagicon
Sardinia
4 (PD)
1 (SEL)
1 (PdL) 2 (M5S) IBC 8
Шаблон:Flagicon
Liguria
5 (PD) 1 (PdL) 1 (M5S) 1 (Monti) IBC 8
Шаблон:Flagicon
Marche
5 (PD) 1 (PdL) 1 (M5S) 1 (Monti) IBC 8
Шаблон:Flagicon
Abruzzo
1 (PD) 4 (PdL) 2 (M5S) CDX 7
Шаблон:Flagicon
Friuli Venezia Giulia
4 (PD) 1 (PdL) 1 (M5S) 1 (Monti) IBC 7
Шаблон:Flagicon
Trentino-South Tyrol
3 (SVPPATT
PDUPT)
1 (PDSVP)
1 (PdL) 2 (SVP) N/A 7
Шаблон:Flagicon
Umbria
4 (PD) 1 (PdL) 1 (M5S) 1 (Monti) IBC 7
Шаблон:Flagicon
Basilicata
3 (PD)
1 (SEL)
1 (PdL) 1 (M5S) 1 (Monti) IBC 7
Шаблон:Flagicon
Molise
1 (PD) 1 (PdL) N/A 2
Шаблон:Flagicon
Aosta Valley
1 (VA) N/A 1
Italians abroad 4 (PD) 1 (Monti) 1 (MAIE) N/A 6
Total 121 117 54 19 4 315
Файл:Map of 2013 Italian general election (Senate of the Republic).svg

Шаблон:Center

Reactions

In most of the rest of Europe, Bersani would have had more than enough support to form a government in his own right, as Italy Common Good won a decisive majority in the Chamber of Deputies. In Italy, unlike in most other parliamentary democracies, the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate have equal power. Governments must thus maintain the confidence of both houses, and require a majority in both houses to pass legislation. As Italy Common Good was 35 seats short of a majority in the Senate, it could not form government on its own. Bersani said that Italy was in a "dramatic situation". Italian and global shares fell as the result became clear, with the value of the euro also dropping.[38] Strong results for anti-austerity parties were interpreted as showing popular opposition to the austerity measures of the Monti government,[39] with the populist Five Star Movement considered to have had a strong election.[40] Analysts were uncertain as to how this new party would behave in the legislature.[40]

On 26 February, La Repubblica ran the headline "Boost for Grillo: Italy ungovernable",[41] whilst Il Giornale described Berlusconi's result as a miracle.[42] Il Messaggero declared: "The winner is ungovernability."[42]

Government formation

Шаблон:Main

Файл:Enrico Letta 2013.jpg
Enrico Letta in 2013

Formal talks to form a new government were expected to start on 10 March with the official confirmation of the results and the convening of the Italian Parliament.[40] The formation task immediately turned out to be tough due to the absence of a clear majority in the Senate, with Giorgio Napolitano being unable to dissolve Parliament due to constitutional constraints forbidding a president from doing so during the last six months of his term.

On 22 March, after the election of house speakers Laura Boldrini and Piero Grasso, and after two days of consultations with all the parliamentary groups, Napolitano designated Pier Luigi Bersani with the task of forming a new government. Bersani immediately ruled out the possibility of a grand coalition with Berlusconi's right-wing coalition, and instead tried to form a minority government supported by the Five Star Movement. On 28 March, after formal talks with Napolitano, Bersani admitted there was no chance to form such a government. Given the troubles in forming a majority coalition, Napolitano then decided to directly form two informal bipartisan commissions with the task of agreeing on a number of shared reforms.[43]

At the same time, a new presidential election was called for 18 April. However, the lack of a clear majority turned out to be problematic also in this scenario, as the first five ballots failed to elect a candidate. The Democratic Party split into several factions due to internal conflicts involving the support of party candidates Franco Marini and Romano Prodi, leading to Bersani's resignation as party leader. On the sixth ballot, in an unprecedented move, Napolitano was elected for a second term as Italian president.Шаблон:Citation needed

Successively, Napolitano started talks again and on 24 April appointed the Democratic Party's deputy secretary Enrico Letta as designated prime minister[44] on 28 April, he announced that he had managed to form a grand coalition of his Democratic Party, the People of Freedom, Civic Choice, the Union of the Centre and the Radicals that would take office and seek a vote of confidence the next day.[6] The same day as the swearing-in a gunman opened fire at the prime minister's office, Palazzo Chigi, injuring two police officers.[45] Letta told parliament in his inaugural speech "Italy is dying from austerity alone. Growth policies cannot wait." He added that there would not be a property tax imposed and that a "fairer" system for the less affluent was being worked.[46] He also won the vote of confidence by 453 votes to 153.[47]

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

Literature

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Italian elections

  1. Шаблон:Cite web
  2. Шаблон:Cite news
  3. Шаблон:Cite news
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  5. Шаблон:Cite news
  6. 6,0 6,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  7. Шаблон:Cite news
  8. 8,0 8,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  9. Шаблон:Cite journal
  10. Шаблон:Cite news
  11. 11,0 11,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  12. Шаблон:Cite news
  13. Шаблон:Cite web
  14. 14,0 14,1 Шаблон:Cite web
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  21. Шаблон:Cite web
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  27. Шаблон:Cite web
  28. 28,0 28,1 28,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  29. Шаблон:Cite news
  30. Шаблон:Cite web
  31. Шаблон:Cite web
  32. Шаблон:Cite web
  33. Шаблон:Cite web
  34. Franco Panizza (PATT), Giorgio Tonini (PD), Vittorio Fravezzi (UPT)
  35. Karl Johann Berger (Brixen) and Karl Zeller (Merano)
  36. Sergio Divina (LN)
  37. Francesco Palermo (PD)
  38. Шаблон:Cite news
  39. Шаблон:Cite news
  40. 40,0 40,1 40,2 Шаблон:Cite news
  41. Шаблон:Cite news
  42. 42,0 42,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  43. Amend Article 66 of the Constitution so as to give to an independent and impartial tribunal the decision on the electoral procedure, on ineligibility and incompatibility, taking it from Parliament: this is one of the proposals the 'sages' suggested in their report to the Head of State Шаблон:Cite journal
  44. Шаблон:Cite news
  45. Шаблон:Cite news
  46. Шаблон:Cite news
  47. Шаблон:Cite news