Английская Википедия:2nd century in Lebanon
| Файл:Vexilloid of the Roman Empire.svg 2nd century in Lebanon Файл:Vexilloid of the Roman Empire.svg |
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This article lists historical events that occurred between 101–200 in modern-day Lebanon or regarding its people.
Administration
Roman emperor Hadrian (reigned 117–138) is said to have considered a division of the overly large province of Syria in 123–124 AD, but it was not until shortly after Шаблон:Circa that Septimius Severus (r. 193–211) actually undertook this, dividing the province into Syria Coele in the north and Phoenice in the south.Шаблон:Sfn The province was much larger than the area traditionally called Phoenicia: for example, cities like EmesaШаблон:Efn and PalmyraШаблон:Efn and the base of the Legio III GallicaШаблон:Efn in RaphanaeaШаблон:Efn were now subject to governor in Tyre. Veterans of this military unit were settled in Tyre, which also received the rank of colonia.[1]
War of Succession
After the death of the 2nd century Roman emperor Commodus, a civil war erupted, in which Berytus, and Sidon supported Pescennius Niger. While the city of Tyre supported Septimius Severus, which led Niger to send MauriШаблон:Efn javelin men and archers to sack the city.[2] However, Niger lost the civil war, and Septimius Severus decided to show his gratitude for Tyre's support by making it the capital of Phoenice.
Propraetorial Imperial Legates of Phoenicia
| Date | Propraetorial Imperial Legate (Governor) |
|---|---|
| 193 – 194 | Ti. Manilius Fuscus[3] |
| 198 | Q. Venidius Rufus Marius Maximus L. Calvinianus |
Events
100s
- Lebanese Roman grammarian and critic Marcus Valerius Probus, dies in 105 AD.[4]
- Eudokia of Baalbek is beheaded in 1 March, 107 AD.[5]
110s
- Adrianus of Tyre, a sophist of ancient Athens who flourished under the emperors Marcus Aurelius and Commodus is born in 113 AD.[6]
- The 115 Antioch earthquake in which Beirut suffers significant damage, occurs on 13 December 115 AD.[7]
130s
- Marinus of Tyre, a Greek geographer, cartographer and mathematician, who founded mathematical geography and provided the underpinnings of Claudius Ptolemy's influential Geography, dies in 130 AD.[8][9]
- Roman Emperor Hadrian visits the city of Tyre in 130/131.[10]
140s
- Lebanese antiquarian writer of grammatical, lexical and historical works and writer of Phoenician history Philo of Byblos dies in 141 AD.[11]
150s
- Phoenician-born Pope Anicetus is elected as bishop of Rome Шаблон:Circa.[12]
170s
- The famous Lebanese jurist Ulpian, Latin: Gnaeus Domitius Annius Ulpianus; one of the great legal authorities, is born in Tyre, possibly Шаблон:Circa.[13]
190s
- Roman emperor Commodus dies on 31 December 192,[14] leading to a war of succession, in which each Lebanese city took side of either Septimius Severus or Pescennius Niger.
- Adrianus of Tyre dies in 192/193 AD.[15][16]
- In AD 193, Septimius Severus grants Baalbek ius Italicum rights.[17]
- Niger is defeated and beheaded in 194, ending the war of succession.[18]
- The Roman province of Phoenice is created Шаблон:Circa.
- Ti. Manilius Fuscus is governor of Phoenice, 194 AD.
- El-Gouth, ancestor of the Saliba family in Bteghrine, and a Lebanese folk hero who was called "El-Saleeby" by an Arabian prince for his wars against Jews and idolaters in defense of the Christian faith, dies in Adraa of Hauran, 197 AD.[19]
- Q. Venidius Rufus Marius Maximus L. Calvinianus is governor of Phoenice, 198 AD.
- Tyre becomes the capital of Phoenice, 198 AD.[20]
Wildlife
The first attempt to conserve the Lebanese cedar was made during the 2nd century by the Roman emperor Hadrian; he created an imperial forest and ordered it marked by inscribed boundary stones, two of which are in the museum of the American University of Beirut.[21] Material finds of this early type of wildlife conservation is provided by 200 inscriptions engraved on rocks all over the northern part of Mount Lebanon.[22]
Architecture
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Temple of Bacchus, Baalbek.
-
Triumphal arch of Tyre.
-
The Tyre Hippodrome.
-
The Exedra around the Great Court, Roman Heliopolis.
- 2nd century CE Roman temple, Yanouh.[23]
- Temple of Bacchus, possibly during the reign of Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius (r. AD 138-161).[24]
- Triumphal arch at El-Buss.[10]
- Numerous 2nd century small temples and other sanctuaries in the vicinity of the temple district of Heliopolis, today's Baalbek, on the edge of the Bekaa.[25]
- Tyre Hippodrome.[26]
- the Great Court Complex of the temple of Jupiter, with its porticoes, exedrae, altars and basins.[27]
Notes
References
- ↑ Ulpian, Digests 50.15.1.
- ↑ Herodian, Roman History 3.3.
- ↑ Hall, pg. 94
- ↑ Шаблон:EB1911
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite EB1911
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite EB1911
- ↑ Campbell, Thomas (1907). "Pope St. Anicetus" in The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Roman history, Dio Cassius, 73.22
- ↑ Suda s.v. Αδριανός
- ↑ Philostratus, Lives of the Sophists, Vit. Adrian.
- ↑ Ulpian, De Censibus, Bk. I.
- ↑ Southern, Pat. The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine, Routledge, 2001, p. 33
- ↑ N.D. Saleeby, Souk-El-Gharb, Lebanon, 1947 A.D.
- ↑ Krause, Günter (1985). Begleitheft zur Ausstellung Tyros, Hafenstadt Phöniziens. Duisburg-Ruhrort: Museum der Deutschen Binnenschifffahrt. pp. 1–5, 12–14.
- ↑ Shackley, pp. 420–421
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Tyre, Al-Bass, Hippodrome
- ↑ Cook, Arthur Bernard. Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion Vol. I
Sources
- Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- Linda Jones Hall, Roman Berytus: Beirut in late antiquity (2004)
- Шаблон:Cite journal
Шаблон:Roman Archaeological sites in Beirut & Lebanon
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