Английская Википедия:37th G8 summit

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox summit

The 37th G8 summit was held on 26–27 May 2011 in Deauville, France.[1]

Previous G8 summits have been hosted by France in locations which include Rambouillet (1975); Versailles (1982); Grande Arche, Paris (1989); Lyon (1996); and Évian-les-Bains (2003).[2]

Overview

Файл:Nicolas Sarkozy in 2010.jpg
French President Nicolas Sarkozy was the host of the 37th G8 summit in Deauville, France.

The Group of Six (G6) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries: France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States starting in 1976. The Group of Seven (G7), meeting for the first time in 1979, was formed with the addition of Canada. Hence, The Group of Eight (G8), meeting for the first time in 1997, was formed with the addition of Russia.[3] In addition, the President of the European Commission has been formally included in summits since 1981.[4] The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions; and in fact, a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France's president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany's chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the initial summit of the Group of Six (G6) in 1975.[5]

The G8 summits have inspired widespread debates, protests and demonstrations; and the two- or three-day event becomes more than the sum of its parts, elevating the participants, the issues and the venue as focal points for activist pressure.[6]

The form and functions of the G8 were reevaluated as the G20 summits evolved into the premier forum for discussing, planning and monitoring international economic cooperation.[7] The "new G8" is refocusing on the subjects of common interest to the G8 countries, including geopolitical and security issues.[2]

The forum continues to be in a process of transformation.[8]

Leaders at the summit

The G8 is an unofficial annual forum for the leaders of Canada, the European Commission, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[4]

The 37th G8 summit was the last summit for French President Nicolas Sarkozy, Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi, Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan and Dmitry Medvedev as President of Russia (Medvedev would return to the 38th G8 summit the following year as Prime Minister of Russia, leading Russian delegates in place for the newly elected President Vladimir Putin).

Participants

Файл:G8 Deauville 2011.jpg
G8 leaders walking to the first working session at summit in Deauville. Left to right: European Commission President José Manuel Barroso; US President Barack Obama; French President Nicolas Sarkozy; Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper; Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan; German Chancellor Angela Merkel; and British Prime Minister David Cameron
Файл:Family photo - 2011 G8 Summit.jpeg
Traditional "family photo" at the G8 summit meeting in Deauville

These summit participants represent the current core members of the international forum:[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]

Core G8 members
Host state and leader are shown in bold text.
Member Represented by Title
Шаблон:Flagicon Canada Stephen Harper Prime Minister
Шаблон:Flagicon France Nicolas Sarkozy President
Шаблон:Flagicon Germany Angela Merkel Chancellor
Шаблон:Flagicon Italy Silvio Berlusconi Prime Minister
Шаблон:Flagicon Japan Naoto Kan Prime Minister
Шаблон:Flagicon Russia Dmitry Medvedev President
Шаблон:Flagicon United Kingdom David Cameron Prime Minister
Шаблон:Flagicon United States Barack Obama President
Шаблон:Flagicon European Union José Manuel Barroso Commission President
Herman Van Rompuy Council President
Guest Invitees (Countries)
Member Represented by Title
Шаблон:Flagicon Algeria Abdelaziz Bouteflika President
Шаблон:Flagicon Cote d'Ivoire Alassane Ouattara President
Шаблон:Flagicon Egypt Essam Sharaf Prime Minister
Шаблон:Flagicon Ethiopia Meles Zenawi Prime Minister
Шаблон:Flagicon Equatorial Guinea Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo President
Шаблон:Flagicon Guinea Alpha Conde President
Шаблон:Flagicon Niger Mahamadou Issoufou President
Шаблон:Flagicon Nigeria Goodluck JonathanШаблон:Efn President
Шаблон:Flagicon Senegal Abdoulaye Wade President
Шаблон:Flagicon South Africa Jacob Zuma President
Шаблон:Flagicon Tunisia Beji Caid Essebsi Prime Minister
Guest Invitees (International Institutions)
Member Represented by Title
African Union Jean Ping Chairperson
New Partnership for Africa's Development
Шаблон:Flagicon Arab League Amr Moussa Secretary-General
Шаблон:Flagicon International Monetary Fund John Lipsky Managing Director
Шаблон:Flagicon United Nations Ban Ki-moon Secretary-General
World Bank Group Robert Zoellick President

Priorities

Traditionally, the host country of the G8 summit sets the agenda for negotiations, but world events caused the list of topics to expand, including such issues such as the Fukushima nuclear accident,[19] the European sovereign debt crisis,[20] the conflict in Libya, Iran's nuclear programme, Syria's crackdown on pro-democracy protests, and the selection of a new managing director for the International Monetary Fund.[21]

Issues

The summit is a venue for resolving differences among its members. As a practical matter, the summit was also conceived as an opportunity for its members to give each other mutual encouragement in the face of difficult economic decisions.[5] The G8 has become a forum for political and strategic discussions, and as a caucus within the G20.[22]

Schedule and Agenda

The agenda for the summit included some issues which remained unresolved from previous summits.[23] French general priorities included:

  1. New common challenges: the Internet, innovation, green growth and a sustainable economy, and nuclear safety[24]
  2. The 'Arab Springs': a partnership for democracy[24]
  3. Strengthening the partnership with Africa: a long-term vision[24]
  4. Peace and security: traditional themes of the G8[24]

Some of the specific topics on the agenda were:

Citizens' responses and authorities' counter-responses

Файл:Manifestation anti-G8 au Havre - 21 mai 2011 - 061.jpg
Front banner of the anti-G8 demonstration in Le Havre prior to the G8 summit, featuring the "Шаблон:Lang" theme

Protest groups and other activists were expected to make a showing at the summit.[33] The slogan G8 dégage ("G8 Go Away") was a recurring element of the demonstrations.[34]

Protesters expressed their concerns about capitalism and what they perceive as the imperialism of western liberal democracies. The demonstrators are widely understood to be against globalisation.[34]

Accomplishments

This annual gathering of international leaders is an international event which is observed and reported by news media; and the G8's relevance and accomplishments are continuing topics of discussion.[35] The event brings leaders together not so they can dream up quick fixes, but to talk and think about them together.[36]

The 2011 summit meeting was marked by what the G8 called the "Deauville Partnership" with the people of North Africa.[37] As a start, $20 billion were pledged in support for Tunisian and Egyptian reforms due to the Arab Spring.[38]

Security

Файл:Police vehicles - 37th G8 summit in Deauville 025.jpg
Police cars in Deauville belonging to the Шаблон:Lang

Security planning was designed to ensure that the summit's formal agenda can remain the primary focus of the attendees' discussions;[39] but effectively this meant converting the seaside resort into a fortress for the G8.[40]

Budget

In 2010, Sarkozy projected that the summits in Deauville and Cannes would cost "ten times less" than the preceding Canadian summits.[41]

Business opportunity

For some, the G8 summit became a profit-generating event. For example, the G8 Summit magazines have been published under the auspices of the host nations for distribution to all attendees since 1998.[42]

According to the Mayor of Deauville, "Our main interest is the economic implications."[43]

Gallery

Core G8 participants

See also

Шаблон:Portal

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist Шаблон:Notelist

References

External links

Шаблон:Commons category

Шаблон:G7 summits

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  1. ↑ Présidence française du G20 et du G8, Dossier de presse,p. 27 Шаблон:Webarchive; excerpt, Le sommet du G8 aura lieu les 26 et 27 mai à Deauville (The G8 summit will take place on May, 26th and 27th in Deauville); "Le prochain G20 aura lieu à Cannes," Le point (France). 12 November 2010; retrieved 13 February 2011
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 G20/G8 France 2011 official site, What is G8? Шаблон:Webarchive; retrieved 13 February 2011
  3. ↑ Parliament (UK), "G20 rises, G7 & G8 fall?"; see G8 + G20 + BRICs represented in relational graphic at bottom of page; retrieved 13 February 2011
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 "Factbox: The Group of Eight: what is it?" Reuters (UK), 3 July 2008; retrieved 13 February 2011
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 Reinalda, Bob and Bertjan Verbeek. (1998). Autonomous Policy Making by International Organizations, p. 205.
  6. ↑ "Influencing Policy on International Development: G8," Шаблон:Webarchive BOND (British Overseas NGOs for Development). 2008; retrieved 13 February 2011
  7. ↑ Parliament (UK): Townsend, Ian. "G20 & the November 2010 Seoul summit" (SN/EP/5028) Шаблон:Webarchive, 19 October 2010; excerpt, "Today, we designated the G-20 as the premier forum for our international economic cooperation" citing "Pittsburgh G20 Leaders’ summit communiqué," Шаблон:Webarchive 25 September 2009, paragraph 50.
  8. ↑ Congressional Record Service, R40977: Nelson, Rebecca M. "Implications of the transition from G-7 to G20," pp. 22-26. The G-20 and International Economic Cooperation: Background and Implications for Congress, 9 December 2009; retrieved 13 February 2011
  9. ↑ Rieffel, Lex. "Regional Voices in Global Governance: Looking to 2010 (Part IV)," Шаблон:Webarchive Brookings (US). 27 March 2009; retrieved 13 February 2011
  10. ↑ "G8 highlights euro debt risk to world economy," Independent (UK). May 26, 2011; retrieved 2011-05-26.
  11. ↑ Wintour, Patrick. "G8 summit: UK offers Egypt and Tunisia £110m to Boost Democracy,: Guardian (UK). 26 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-26.
  12. ↑ Brost, Marc and Jörg Lau. "Ab in die Ecke," Die Zeit (Germany). 26 Mai 2011; retrieved 2011-05-26
  13. ↑ "Deauville, Berlusconi a Obama: da noi dittatura dei giudici di sinistra," Corriere della Sera (Italy). 27 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-27
  14. ↑ Tang Danlu. "EU leaders meet press before G8 summit," Xinhua (PRC). 27 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-27
  15. ↑ "AU demands end to NATO Libya strikes," Шаблон:Webarchive Agence France Presse (AFP), 26 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-26
  16. ↑ Bejot, Jean-Pierre. "Les bons élèves de la « démocratie » africaine invités au bord de la mer par Nicolas Sarkozy," La Dépêche Diplomatique Afrique (Senegal). 25 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-27
  17. ↑ MacCormaic, Ruadhán. "G8 summit set to approve aid package for Tunisia and Egypt," Irish Times (Eire). 26 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-27
  18. ↑ Babalola, Jide. "Ki-Moon in Nigeria to push health campaign," Шаблон:Webarchive The Nation (Nigeria). 23 May 2011; 2011-05-27
  19. ↑ Jessop-Kolesnikov, Sonia. "As G-8 Meets, Asian Leaders Seek a Bigger Role," New York Times (US). May 25, 2011; retrieved 2011-05-26.
  20. ↑ Erlanger, Steven and Liz Alderman. "Euro Crisis Looms for Group of 8," New York Times (US). May 25, 2011; retrieved 2011-05-26.
  21. ↑ MacCormaic, Ruadhán. "G8 summit set to approve aid package for Tunisia and Egypt," Irish Times
  22. ↑ Jessop-Kolesnikov, "As G-8 Meets"; excerpt, According to Tommy Koh of Singapore, "the 2008 global financial crisis showed that a body that more accurately reflected the weight of emerging economies was needed to help steer the world out of that crisis .... G-20 has thus supplanted the G-8 as the main body for global financial and economic cooperation [and] the G-8 still remains as a forum for political and strategic discussions, and as a caucus within the G-20"; retrieved 2011-05-26
  23. ↑ Kaur, Hardev. "G20 leaders must deliver on their promises," The New Straits Times (Malaysia). 20 February 2009.
  24. ↑ 24,0 24,1 24,2 24,3 G20/G8 France 2011, "The priorities of the French Presidency" Шаблон:Webarchive
  25. ↑ G20/G8 France 2011, Afghanistan Шаблон:Webarchive; retrieved 13 February 2011
  26. ↑ Karabell, Zachary. "On the Heels of Revolution, Economic Realities Arrive," New York Times (US). May 25, 2011; G20/G8 France 2011, "G8 + BMENA" Шаблон:Webarchive; retrieved 13 February 2011
  27. ↑ G20/G8 France 2011, Internet challenges Шаблон:Webarchive; retrieved 13 February 2011
  28. ↑ G20/G8 France 2011,Non-proliferation/WMDs; retrieved 13 February 2011
  29. ↑ G20/G8 France 2011, G8 + Partnership with Africa; retrieved 13 February 2011
  30. ↑ G20/G8 France 2011, Cocaine trafficking Шаблон:Webarchive; retrieved 13 February 2011
  31. ↑ G20/G8 France 2011, Counter-terrorism Шаблон:Webarchive; retrieved 13 February 2011
  32. ↑ G20/G8 France 2011,Political and security issues Шаблон:Webarchive; retrieved 13 February 2011
  33. ↑ Crispian Balmer and Kevin Liffey. "Q+A: Election defeat poses problems for Sarkozy," Reuters (UK). 21 March 2010; retrieved 13 February 2011
  34. ↑ 34,0 34,1 Haddadi, Anissa. "Obama in Deauville tomorrow: Farewell to the UK and Hello anti G8 Protesters," Шаблон:Webarchive International Business Times (UK). 25 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-27
  35. ↑ MacCormaic, "G8 summit set to approve aid package," Irish Times; Lee, Don. "On eve of summit, G-8's relevance is unclear," Los Angeles Times (US). 6 July 2008; retrieved 2011-05-27
  36. ↑ Feldman, Adam. "What's Wrong With The G-8," Forbes (US). 7 July 2008.
  37. ↑ Zhang Xiang. "G8 leaders wrap up summit, pledge billions of dollars for new partnership with Arab," Xinhua (PRC). 27 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-27
  38. ↑ Wintour, Patrick. "G8 summit to pledge £12bn for Arab spring states," Guardian (UK). 27 May, 2011; [https://web.archive.org/web/20110530010615/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43190972/ns/world_news/ "G-8 leaders back Arab Spring revolts," MSNBC (US). May 27, 2011; retrieved 2011-05-27
  39. ↑ Schuetze, Christopher A. "A French Town's Bright Shine Belies Its Size," New York Times (US). May 25, 2011; retrieved 2011-05-26.
  40. ↑ "Deauville transformé en forteresse pour le G8 des 26 et 27 mai,"
  41. ↑ "Sarkozy says his G8/G20 will cost one-tenth of Canada’s," Globe and Mail (Canada). 27 June 2010; retrieved 13 February 2011
  42. ↑ Prestige Media: Шаблон:Webarchive "official" G8 Summit magazine Шаблон:Webarchive; retrieved 13 February 2011
  43. ↑ Schuetze, "A French Town"; retrieved 2011-05-26
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