Английская Википедия:Acoustic scale
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:For Шаблон:Infobox musical scale
In music, the acoustic scale, overtone scale,[1] Lydian dominant scale (Lydian Шаблон:Music7 scale),[2][3] or the Mixolydian Шаблон:Music4 scale is a seven-note synthetic scale. It is the fourth mode of the ascending melodic minor scale.[4][5]
- <score sound="1"> {
\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \relative c' {
\clef treble \time 7/4
c4^\markup { Acoustic scale on C } d e fis g a bes c
} } </score>
This differs from the major scale in having an augmented fourth and a minor seventh scale degree. The term "acoustic scale" is sometimes used to describe a particular mode of this seven-note collection (e.g. the specific ordering C–D–E–FШаблон:Music–G–A–BШаблон:Music) and is sometimes used to describe the collection as a whole (e.g. including orderings such as E–FШаблон:Music–G–A–BШаблон:Music–C–D).
History
In traditional music, the overtone scale persists in the music of peoples of South Siberia, especially in Tuvan music. Overtone singing and the sound of the Jew's harp are naturally rich in overtones, but melodies performed on the igil (bowed instrument distantly related to the violin) and plucked string instruments such as the doshpuluur or the chanzy also often follow the overtone scale, sometimes with pentatonic slices.Шаблон:Clarification needed
The acoustic scale appears sporadically in nineteenth-century music, notably in the works of Franz Liszt and Claude Debussy.[6] It also plays a role in the music of twentieth-century composers, including Igor Stravinsky, Béla Bartók,[7] and Karol Szymanowski, who was influenced by folk music from the Polish Highlands.[8] The acoustic scale is also remarkably common in the music of Nordeste, the northeastern region of Brazil[9] (see Escala nordestina). It plays a major role in jazz harmony, where it is used to accompany dominant seventh chords starting on the first scale degree. The term "acoustic scale" was coined by Ernő Lendvai in his analysis of the music of Béla Bartók.[10]
Construction
The name "acoustic scale" refers to the resemblance to the eighth through 14th partials in the harmonic series (Шаблон:Audio). Starting on Шаблон:Nowrap, the harmonic series is Шаблон:Nowrap, Шаблон:Nowrap, Шаблон:Nowrap, Шаблон:Nowrap, Шаблон:Nowrap, Шаблон:Nowrap, Шаблон:Nowrap, Шаблон:Nowrap, Шаблон:Nowrap, Шаблон:Nowrap, Шаблон:Nowrap, Шаблон:Nowrap, Шаблон:Nowrap, Шаблон:Nowrap, Шаблон:Nowrap, Шаблон:Nowrap ... The bold notes spell out an acoustic scale on Шаблон:Nowrap. However, in the harmonic series, the notes marked with asterisks are out of tune: Шаблон:Nowrap (Шаблон:Audio) is almost exactly halfway between Шаблон:Nowrap and Шаблон:Nowrap, Шаблон:Nowrap (Шаблон:Audio) is closer to Шаблон:Nowrap than Шаблон:Nowrap, and Шаблон:Nowrap is too flat to be generally accepted as part of an equal tempered scale.
The acoustic scale may be formed from a major triad (C E G) with an added minor seventh and raised fourth (BШаблон:Music and FШаблон:Music, drawn from the overtone series) and major second and major sixth (D and A).[10] Lendvai described the use of the "acoustic system" accompanying the acoustic scale in Bartók's music, since it entails structural characteristics such as symmetrically balanced sections, especially periods, in contrast with his use of the golden ratio. In Bartók's music, the acoustic scale is characterized in various ways including diatonic, dynamic, tense, and triple- or other odd-metered, as opposed to the music structured by the Fibonacci sequence which is chromatic, static, relaxed, and duple-metered.[10]
Another way to regard the acoustic scale is that it occurs as a mode of the melodic minor scale starting on the fourth degree. Hence, the acoustic scale starting on D is D, E, FШаблон:Music, GШаблон:Music, A, B, C, D, containing the familiar sharpened F and G of A melodic minor. The FШаблон:Music turns the D minor tetrachord into a major tetrachord, and the GШаблон:Music turns it Lydian. Therefore, many occurrences of this scale in jazz may be regarded as unsurprising; it shows up in modal improvisation and composition over harmonic progressions which invite use of the melodic minor.
See also
Notes
References
External links
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book Cited in Wilson, Paul (1992).
- ↑ Bárdos, Lajos cited in Kárpáti 1994, 171Шаблон:Incomplete short citation
- ↑ Tymoczko, Dmitri (2004). "Scale Networks in Debussy." Journal of Music Theory 48.2: 215–292.
- ↑ Tymoczko, Dmitri (2003). "Stravinsky and the Octatonic: A reconsideration." Music Theory Spectrum 25.1: 185–202.
- ↑ "Classical CD Reviews: Folk music, mythology inspire Polish composer's violin pieces", The Dallas Morning News, October 13, 2007
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 Wilson, Paul (1992). The Music of Béla Bartók, p. 7. Шаблон:ISBN.
- ↑ Leta E. Miller, ed. (1988). Lou Harrison: Selected Keyboard and Chamber Music, 1937–1994, p. xliii. Шаблон:ISBN.
