Английская Википедия:Adenia
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Distinguish Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Automatic taxobox Adenia is a genus of flowering plants in the passionflower family Passifloraceae. It is distributed in the Old World tropics and subtropics.[1] The centers of diversity are in Madagascar, eastern and western tropical Africa, and Southeast Asia.[2] The genus name Adenia comes from "aden",[3] reported as the Arabic name for the plant by Peter Forsskål, the author of the genus.[4]
Description
All Adenia are perennial plants, but there are many different forms, including herbs, vines, shrubs, and trees.[5] Many are succulents and some are pachycauls. Some have fibrous root systems and some have tubers.[5] Adenia can be found in a wide variety of habitat types, from dry African deserts to wet Southeast Asian rainforests.[5] There are about 100 species in the genus.[6]
Adenia have alternately arranged leaves borne on petioles. There are two glands located near the attachment of the leaf blade to the petiole.[1] Most species are dioecious.[5] Inflorescences of a few to many flowers occur in the leaf axils. There is a stipe below the flower.Шаблон:Clarify The calyx has five lobes and the five petals are usually smaller than the sepals and may be whitish or greenish. The male flower has five stamens. In the female flower these are reduced to staminodes. There are three styles tipped with stigmas that may be long-hairy to very woolly. The fruit is a red capsule. Each black seed has a fleshy aril.[1]
Adenia species can be difficult to identify and distinguish as individuals of a species can be variable. One plant can have leaves of varying shapes and sizes, and young and old specimens can have different leaf types. Some taxa are poorly represented in herbarium collections, leaving few examples to compare with new specimens. Records of some taxa lack descriptions of both (i.e. male and female) flower types. Many species only flower for a few weeks, and during this time they may also lose their leaves. Succulent plants can be difficult to properly collect and preserve.[2]
Cytology
The chromosome count of Adenia is 2n = 24 or 2n = 48.[7]
Uses
Several species are used in traditional African medicine. Various parts of A. cissampeloides are used to treat many conditions, including gastrointestinal problems, inflammation, pain, fever, malaria, leprosy, scabies, cholera, anemia, bronchitis, sexually transmitted diseases, menorrhagia, and mental illness.[8] It is used both as an abortifacient and to prevent miscarriage.[8] A. dinklagei leaves are ingested to treat palpitations. The leaves of A. tricostata are used to treat fever. The leaves or leaf sap of A. bequaertii are taken to treat headache, mental illness, and possession.[8] A. lobata stems are applied to sites of Guinea worm infection during extraction of the worm. It is also used as an enema and an aphrodisiac.[9]
A. cissampeloides is used as a fish poison and arrow poison. The red-colored sap is used as a cosmetic. The stems can be made into rope. The crushed twigs or smoke from burning roots can be used to calm honeybees during honey harvest.[8]
The leaves of A. cissampeloides are eaten as a vegetable in parts of Africa.[8]
A. digitata is cultivated as an ornamental plant for its very large, distinctive aboveground tuber.[10]
Toxicity
Many Adenia are poisonous. They contain lectins such as lanceolin, stenodactylin, and volkensin, which are toxic to cells. They cause apoptosis, hemagglutination, inhibition of protein synthesis, and depurination of ribosomes and DNA.[11] Mouse experiments with small doses of lanceolin and stenodactylin, from A. lanceolata and A. stenodactyla, respectively, revealed that they are "amongst the most potent toxins of plant origin".[12]
The fruit of A. digitata has been used in Africa to commit homicide and suicide.[10]
Species
The following is a list of all 106 species in this genus that are accepted by Plants of the World Online Шаблон:As of [13] Шаблон:Div col
- Adenia aculeata Шаблон:Small
- Adenia acuta Шаблон:Small
- Adenia adenifera Шаблон:Small
- Adenia angulosa Шаблон:Small
- Adenia antongilliana Шаблон:Small
- Adenia ballyi Шаблон:Small
- Adenia banaensis Шаблон:Small
- Adenia barthelatii Шаблон:Small
- Adenia bequaertii Шаблон:Small
- Adenia boivinii Шаблон:Small
- Adenia cardiophylla Шаблон:Small
- Adenia cissampeloides Шаблон:Small
- Adenia cladosepala Шаблон:Small
- Adenia cordifolia Шаблон:Small
- Adenia crassa Шаблон:Small
- Adenia cynanchifolia Шаблон:Small
- Adenia densiflora Шаблон:Small
- Adenia digitata Шаблон:Small
- Adenia dinklagei Шаблон:Small
- Adenia dolichosiphon Шаблон:Small
- Adenia ecirrosa Шаблон:Small
- Adenia elegans Шаблон:Small
- Adenia ellenbeckii Шаблон:Small
- Adenia epigea Шаблон:Small
- Adenia erecta Шаблон:Small
- Adenia fasciculata Шаблон:Small
- Adenia fernandesiana Шаблон:Small
- Adenia firingalavensis Шаблон:Small
- Adenia fruticosa Шаблон:Small
- Adenia gedoensis Шаблон:Small
- Adenia glauca Шаблон:Small
- Adenia globosa Шаблон:Small
- Adenia goetzei Шаблон:Small
- Adenia gracilis Шаблон:Small
- Adenia guineensis Шаблон:Small
- Adenia gummifera Шаблон:Small
- Adenia hastata Шаблон:Small
- Adenia heterophylla Шаблон:Small
- Adenia hondala Шаблон:Small
- Adenia huillensis Шаблон:Small
- Adenia inermis Шаблон:Small
- Adenia isaloensis Шаблон:Small
- Adenia karibaensis Шаблон:Small
- Adenia keramanthus Шаблон:Small
- Adenia kigogoensis Шаблон:Small
- Adenia kinabaluensis Шаблон:Small
- Adenia kirkii Шаблон:Small
- Adenia lanceolata Шаблон:Small
- Adenia lapiazicola Шаблон:Small
- Adenia latipetala Шаблон:Small
- Adenia letouzeyi Шаблон:Small
- Adenia lewallei Шаблон:Small
- Adenia lindiensis Шаблон:Small
- Adenia litoralis Шаблон:Small
- Adenia lobata Шаблон:Small
- Adenia longistipulata Шаблон:Small
- Adenia macrophylla Шаблон:Small
- Adenia malangeana Шаблон:Small
- Adenia mannii Шаблон:Small
- Adenia mcdadiana Шаблон:Small
- Adenia metamorpha Шаблон:Small
- Adenia metriosiphon Шаблон:Small
- Adenia monadelpha Шаблон:Small
- Adenia mossambicensis Шаблон:Small
- Adenia natalensis Шаблон:Small
- Adenia olaboensis Шаблон:Small
- Adenia ovata Шаблон:Small
- Adenia pachyphylla Шаблон:Small
- Adenia panduriformis Шаблон:Small
- Adenia pechuelii Шаблон:Small
- Adenia peltata Шаблон:Small
- Adenia penangiana Шаблон:Small
- Adenia perrieri Шаблон:Small
- Adenia pierrei Шаблон:Small
- Adenia pinnatisecta Шаблон:Small
- Adenia poggei Шаблон:Small
- Adenia poilanei Шаблон:Small
- Adenia pulchra Шаблон:Small
- Adenia pyromorpha Шаблон:Small
- Adenia racemosa Шаблон:Small
- Adenia refracta Шаблон:Small
- Adenia repanda Шаблон:Small
- Adenia reticulata Шаблон:Small
- Adenia rumicifolia Шаблон:Small
- Adenia schliebenii Шаблон:Small
- Adenia schweinfurthii Шаблон:Small
- Adenia sphaerocarpa Шаблон:Small
- Adenia spinosa Шаблон:Small
- Adenia staudtii Шаблон:Small
- Adenia stenodactyla Шаблон:Small
- Adenia stolzii Шаблон:Small
- Adenia stricta Шаблон:Small
- Adenia stylosa Шаблон:Small
- Adenia subsessilifolia Шаблон:Small
- Adenia tisserantii Шаблон:Small
- Adenia tricostata Шаблон:Small
- Adenia trilobata Шаблон:Small
- Adenia trisecta Шаблон:Small
- Adenia tuberifera Шаблон:Small
- Adenia venenata Шаблон:Small
- Adenia viridiflora Шаблон:Small
- Adenia volkensii Шаблон:Small
- Adenia welwitschii Шаблон:Small
- Adenia wightiana Шаблон:Small
- Adenia wilmsii Шаблон:Small
- Adenia zambesiensis Шаблон:Small
References
Further reading
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Adenia. Flora of China.
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Peter Forsskål. Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica. 1775. page 77
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Melo, N. F. D., & Guerra, M. (2021). "The karyotype of Adenia and the origin of the base number x= 12 in Passifloroideae (Passifloraceae)." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 93.
- ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 8,3 8,4 Grace, O. M. and D. Fowler. 2007. Adenia cissampeloides (Planch. ex Hook.) Harms. Шаблон:Webarchive In: Schmelzer, G. H. and A. Gurib-Fakim (Eds.) Prota 11(1): Medicinal Plants/Plantes médicinales 1. PROTA, Wageningen, Netherlands.
- ↑ Zimudzi, C. 2007. Adenia lobata (Jacq.) Engl. Шаблон:Webarchive In: Schmelzer, G. H. and A. Gurib-Fakim (Eds.) Prota 11(1): Medicinal Plants/Plantes médicinales 1. PROTA, Wageningen, Netherlands.
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 de Ruijter, A. 2007. Adenia digitata (Harv.) Engl. In: Schmelzer, G. H. and A. Gurib-Fakim (Eds.) Prota 11(1): Medicinal Plants/Plantes médicinales 1. PROTA, Wageningen, Netherlands.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web