Английская Википедия:Adolf Borchers
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox military person
Adolf Borchers (10 February 1913 – 9 February 1996) was a Luftwaffe flying ace of World War II. He was credited with 132 aerial victories—that is, 132 aerial combat encounters resulting in the destruction of the enemy aircraft—claimed in approximately 800 combat missions.
Biography
Borchers was born on 10 February 1913 in Wendhausen near Lüneburg. He had two brothers who also received the Knight's Cross. Major Walter Borchers was a night fighter pilot and wing commander. A second brother, SS-Hauptsturmführer Hermann Borchers served in the 9th SS Panzer Division Hohenstaufen.
He joined the Condor Legion in the fall of 1938 and participated as an Unteroffizier in the Spanish Civil War. After the Spanish Civil War he was transferred to 2. Staffel (2nd squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 77 (JG 77—77th Fighter Wing) which later became 10. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 51 (JG 51—51st Fighter Wing) on 21 November 1940.[Note 1] In this unit he fought in the Invasion of Poland, Battle of France and Battle of Britain, claiming two aerial victories. On 19 May 1940, he claimed his first aerial victory over a Hawker Hurricane in the vicinity of Le CateauШаблон:Sfn
Following aerial combat on 31 August 1940, Borchers ditched his Messerschmitt Bf 109 E-1 (Werknummer 5808—factory number) in the Thames Estuary but was rescued. That day, I. Gruppe (1st group) of JG 77 lost seven Bf 109s in combat over southeastern England, with one pilot killed in action and five taken prisoner of war.Шаблон:Sfn
Eastern Front
During Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, he accumulated further victories and by the end of 1941 his score had increased to 23 aerial victories. After being promoted to an Officers rank he was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 11. Staffel of JG 51 on 20 August 1942, replacing Leutnant Wolfgang Böwing-Treuding who was transferred to 10. Staffel.Шаблон:Sfn By the end of 1942, his number of aerial victories had increased to 38.Шаблон:Sfn
In 1943, Borchers married the famed skier Christl Cranz.[1] For 78 aerial victories Borchers was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Шаблон:Lang).Шаблон:Sfn
Group commander
On 10 June 1944, I. Gruppe was ordered to an airfield named Peloniczna near Lviv. Seven days later, they were moved to Serpneve.Шаблон:Sfn On 11 June, Borchers was appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing) replacing Hauptmann Johannes Wiese.Шаблон:Sfn Wiese had been injured on 22 February. Intermittently, the Gruppe had been led by Oberleutnant Paul-Heinrich Dähne.Шаблон:Sfn Command of 11. Staffel of JG 51 was then passed to Oberleutnant Horst Walther.Шаблон:Sfn On 22 June, Soviet forces launched Operation Bagration, attacking Army Group Centre in Byelorussia, with the objective of encircling and destroying its main component armies.Шаблон:Sfn On 24 June, the Gruppe transferred to Galați and again to Peloniczna.Шаблон:Sfn Borchers claimed his 100 aerial victory on 24 July 1944.Шаблон:Sfn He was the 86th Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark.Шаблон:Sfn The Gruppe reached Grabowiec in eastern Poland on 27 July and Kraków on 1 August. On 12 August they were again relocated and moved to Mzurowa.Шаблон:Sfn
His 118th victory claimed on 2 September 1944, is also noted for claiming JG 52 10,000th aerial victory.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn On 19 September, Borchers made an emergency landing in his Messerschmitt Bf 109 G-6 near Tarnów, in an area approximately Шаблон:Convert east of Kraków.Шаблон:Sfn Borchers was given command to III. Gruppe of JG 52 on 1 February 1945.Шаблон:Sfn He succeeded Hauptmann Wilhelm Batz who was transferred to take command of II. Gruppe of JG 52.Шаблон:Sfn Command of I. Gruppe of JG 52 was passed to Hauptmann Erich Hartmann.Шаблон:Sfn Together with his comrades he surrendered to U.S. force only to be turned over to Soviet forces.
After World War II he and his wife, Christl Cranz, founded a Ski school which she led until 1987.
Summary of career
Aerial victory claims
According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Borchers was credited with 132 aerial victories.Шаблон:Sfn Spick also lists Borchers with 132 aerial victories, 127 of which on the Eastern Front and five during the Battle of France and Battle of Britain, claimed in over 800 combat missions.Шаблон:Sfn Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and also state that Borchers was credited with 132 aerial victories, including two on the Western Front and the others on the Eastern Front.Шаблон:Sfn
Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ PQ 47764". The Luftwaffe grid map (Шаблон:Lang) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about Шаблон:Convert. These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area Шаблон:Convert in size.Шаблон:Sfn
Chronicle of aerial victories | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Claim | Date | Time | Type | Location | Claim | Date | Time | Type | Location |
– 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 77 –Шаблон:Sfn Battle of France — 10 May – 25 June 1940 | |||||||||
1 | 19 May 1940 | 16:15 | Hurricane | Le CateauШаблон:Sfn | |||||
– 10. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 51 –Шаблон:Sfn Battle of Britain and on the English Channel — 25 August 1940 – 7 June 1941 | |||||||||
2 | 5 March 1941 | 14:55 | Spitfire | west of BoulogneШаблон:Sfn | |||||
– 10. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 51 –Шаблон:Sfn Operation Barbarossa — 22 June – 5 December 1941 | |||||||||
3 | 24 June 1941 | 10:28 | DB-3Шаблон:Sfn | 14 | 27 August 1941 | 08:55 | I-16Шаблон:Sfn?Шаблон:Refn | ||
4 | 24 June 1941 | 10:36 | DB-3Шаблон:Sfn | 15 | 31 August 1941 | 17:30 | I-18 (MiG-1)Шаблон:Sfn | ||
5 | 30 June 1941 | 10:45 | DB-3Шаблон:Sfn | 16 | 3 September 1941 | 16:15 | DB-3Шаблон:Sfn | ||
6 | 30 June 1941 | 13:10 | DB-3Шаблон:Sfn | 17 | 10 October 1941 | 09:20 | Pe-2Шаблон:Sfn | ||
7 | 30 June 1941 | 13:50 | SB-2Шаблон:Sfn | 18 | 12 October 1941 | 12:45 | Douglas DC-3 (PS-84)Шаблон:Sfn | ||
8 | 4 July 1941 | 15:17 | SB-2Шаблон:Sfn | 19 | 12 October 1941 | 12:46 | Douglas DC-3 (PS-84)Шаблон:Sfn | ||
9 | 5 July 1941 | 06:50 | SB-2Шаблон:Sfn | 20 | 13 October 1941 | 10:20 | DB-3Шаблон:Sfn | ||
10 | 14 July 1941 | 16:10 | ZKB-19Шаблон:Sfn?Шаблон:Refn | 21 | 17 October 1941 | 10:45 | Pe-2Шаблон:Sfn | ||
11 | 27 July 1941 | 15:50 | DB-3Шаблон:Sfn | 22 | 24 October 1941 | 07:55 | R-3Шаблон:Sfn?Шаблон:Refn | ||
12 | 8 August 1941 | 15:30 | DB-3Шаблон:Sfn | 23 | 24 October 1941 | 11:05 | SB-2Шаблон:Sfn | ||
13 | 26 August 1941 | 05:25 | DB-3Шаблон:Sfn | ||||||
– 10. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 51 –Шаблон:Sfn Eastern Front — 6 December 1941 – 30 April 1942 | |||||||||
24 | 2 February 1942 | 10:10 | DB-3Шаблон:Sfn | 26 | 31 March 1942 | 17:30 | MiG-3Шаблон:Sfn | ||
25 | 20 March 1942 | 11:10 | I-18 (MiG-1)Шаблон:Sfn | ||||||
– 10. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 51 –Шаблон:Sfn Eastern Front — 1 May – August 1942 | |||||||||
27 | 10 July 1942 | 10:05 | LaGG-3Шаблон:Sfn | 28 | 31 July 1942 | 17:35 | Pe-2 | Шаблон:Convert north-northeast of RzhevШаблон:Sfn | |
– 11. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 51 –Шаблон:Sfn Eastern Front — August 1942 – 3 February 1943 | |||||||||
29 | 24 August 1942 | 07:50 | LaGG-3 | PQ 47764Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert southwest of Zubtsov |
37 | 29 December 1942 | 09:20 | MiG-3 | PQ 07673Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert northeast of Oryol |
30 | 2 September 1942 | 07:05 | Il-2 | northwest of RzhevШаблон:Sfn | 38 | 29 December 1942 | 09:40 | Il-2 | PQ 07722Шаблон:Sfn |
31 | 3 September 1942 | 09:45 | Il-2 | northwest of RzhevШаблон:Sfn | 39 | 5 January 1943 | 08:40 | Il-2 | PQ 07722Шаблон:Sfn |
32 | 4 December 1942 | 13:40 | Il-2 | Шаблон:Convert north of Velikiye LukiШаблон:Sfn | 40 | 6 January 1943 | 10:35 | Pe-2 | PQ 07733Шаблон:Sfn |
33 | 4 December 1942 | 13:45 | Il-2 | Шаблон:Convert northeast of MorosolshikiШаблон:Sfn | 41 | 14 January 1943 | 10:25 | MiG-3 | PQ 07594Шаблон:Sfn vicinity of Glazunovka |
34 | 14 December 1942 | 09:03 | Il-2 | Шаблон:Convert north of Velikiye LukiШаблон:Sfn | 42 | 16 January 1943 | 14:45 | Il-2 | PQ 07352Шаблон:Sfn |
35 | 16 December 1942 | 11:42 | Il-2 | Шаблон:Convert northeast of NevelШаблон:Sfn | 43 | 28 January 1943 | 10:45 | MiG-3 | PQ 07754Шаблон:Sfn vicinity of Velikiye Luki |
36 | 16 December 1942 | 11:46 | Il-2 | Шаблон:Convert northeast of NevelШаблон:Sfn | |||||
– 11. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 51 –Шаблон:Sfn Eastern Front — 4 February – 31 December 1943 | |||||||||
44 | 6 May 1943 | 13:10 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 63164Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert northeast of Oryol |
63 | 13 July 1943 | 13:40 | Il-2 m.H.Шаблон:Refn | PQ 35 Ost 63252Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert southeast of Zalegoshch |
45 | 6 May 1943 | 13:20 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 63412Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert southeast of Zmiyovka |
64 | 13 July 1943 | 14:10 | Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] | PQ 35 Ost 63254Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert southeast of Zalegoshch |
46 | 6 May 1943 | 13:40 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 63471Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert north of Maloarkhangelsk |
65 | 5 August 1943 | 17:30 | LaGG-3 | southwest of KarachevШаблон:Sfn |
47 | 7 May 1943 | 04:30 | MiG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 63419Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert southeast of Zmiyovka |
66 | 13 August 1943 | 17:50 | LaGG-3 | southwest of KharkivШаблон:Sfn |
48 | 7 May 1943 | 04:35 | La-5 | PQ 35 Ost 63244Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert south of Zalegoshch |
67 | 16 August 1943 | 06:05 | La-5 | south of MerafaШаблон:Sfn |
49 | 7 May 1943 | 04:39 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 64832Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert east-southeast of Mzensk |
68 | 16 August 1943 | 13:40 | Pe-2 | east of Kasstschaja-LoganШаблон:Sfn |
50 | 2 June 1943 | 04:03 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 63843Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert southeast of Zolotukhino |
69 | 18 August 1943 | 06:02 | La-5 | PQ 35 Ost 70793, southeast of IziumШаблон:Sfn |
51 | 8 June 1943 | 19:17 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 54832Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert southwest of Telchje |
70 | 18 August 1943 | 06:10 | La-5 | PQ 34 Ost 79213, north of SlawjanskШаблон:Sfn |
52 | 8 June 1943 | 19:22 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 64772Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert south of Telchje |
71 | 22 August 1943 | 17:40 | La-5 | east of MerefaШаблон:Sfn |
53 | 14 June 1943 | 03:20 | La-5 | PQ 35 Ost 63264Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert east-southeast of Zalegoshch |
72 | 2 September 1943 | 15:45 | P-40 | west of YelnyaШаблон:Sfn |
54 | 5 July 1943 | 15:35 | La-5 | PQ 35 Ost 63364Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert southeast of Glazunowka |
73 | 20 September 1943 | 13:35 | Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] | west of SsinelnikowoШаблон:Sfn |
55 | 6 July 1943 | 07:45 | La-5 | PQ 35 Ost 63183Шаблон:Sfn vicinity of Zmiyovka |
74 | 27 September 1943 | 09:58 | Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] | southwest of MolochanskШаблон:Sfn |
56 | 7 July 1943 | 03:50 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 63349Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert south-southeast of Trosna |
75 | 27 October 1943 | 07:45 | La-5 | northeast of Kriwoy-RogШаблон:Sfn |
57 | 8 July 1943 | 13:35 | La-5 | PQ 35 Ost 63551Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert west of Maloarkhangelsk |
76 | 28 October 1943 | 07:10 | P-39 | southeast of Nowo-StarodubШаблон:Sfn |
58 | 8 July 1943 | 13:40 | La-5 | PQ 35 Ost 63611Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert northeast of Maloarkhangelsk |
77 | 29 October 1943 | 07:02 | P-39 | southwest of SelanojeШаблон:Sfn |
59 | 9 July 1943 | 08:43 | La-5 | PQ 35 Ost 63583Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert southwest of Maloarkhangelsk |
78 | 22 November 1943 | 09:32 | Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] | Шаблон:Convert northwest of AnnowkaШаблон:Sfn |
60 | 10 July 1943 | 10:35 | La-5 | PQ 35 Ost 63554Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert west of Maloarkhangelsk |
79 | 29 November 1943 | 07:32 | Il-2 | Шаблон:Convert southwest of KanzeropolШаблон:Sfn |
61 | 11 July 1943 | 12:30 | La-5 | PQ 35 Ost 63381Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert northwest of Maloarkhangelsk |
80 | 29 November 1943 | 07:35 | Il-2 | Шаблон:Convert southwest of KanzeropolШаблон:Sfn |
62 | 13 July 1943 | 07:15 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 64891Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert east-northeast of Zalegoshch |
|||||
– 11. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 51 –Шаблон:Sfn Eastern Front — March – May 1944 | |||||||||
81 | 7 March 1944 | 10:34 | Yak-9 | PQ 35 Ost 05414Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert north-northeast of Orsha |
85 | 5 May 1944 | 18:40 | Yak-9 | PQ 25 Ost 50478Шаблон:Sfn vicinity of Ternopil |
82 | 7 March 1944 | 10:36 | Yak-9 | PQ 35 Ost 15311Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert northwest of Krassnyj |
86?Шаблон:Refn | 10 May 1944 | 07:08 | R-5 | PQ 24 Ost 49424Шаблон:Sfn |
83 | 17 April 1944 | 09:20 | Il-2 | PQ 25 Ost 51811Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert south-southwest of Dubno |
87?[Note 3] | 10 May 1944 | 07:09 | R-5 | PQ 24 Ost 49422Шаблон:Sfn |
84 | 2 May 1944 | 15:30 | Yak-9 | PQ 25 Ost 40662Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert south of Berezhany |
88 | 28 May 1944 | 06:32 | La-5 | PQ 25 Ost 50563Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert south-southwest of Ternopil |
– Stab I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 52 –Шаблон:Sfn Eastern Front — July – October 1944 | |||||||||
89 | 5 July 1944 | 12:23 | R-5 | PQ 25 Ost 51751Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert northeast of Brody |
106 | 26 August 1944 | 13:27 | Il-2 | PQ 25 Ost 11335Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert south of Opatów |
90 | 7 July 1944 | 13:32 | Yak-9 | PQ 25 Ost 42859Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert south of Kovel |
107 | 26 August 1944 | 13:30 | Il-2 | PQ 25 Ost 11441Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert southwest of Sandomierz |
?Шаблон:Refn | 14 July 1944 | 07:54 | Yak-9 | Шаблон:Convert north of BrodyШаблон:Sfn | 108 | 26 August 1944 | 17:48 | Il-2 | PQ 25 Ost 11334Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert south of Opatów |
91 | 14 July 1944 | 08:05?Шаблон:Refn | Yak-9 | PQ 25 Ost 51548Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert north of Brody |
109 | 28 August 1944 | 12:51 | Yak-9 | PQ 25 Ost 01296Шаблон:Sfn |
92 | 14 July 1944 | 17:51?Шаблон:Refn | Yak-9 | PQ 25 Ost 50318Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert north of Ternopil |
110 | 31 August 1944 | 14:09 | P-39 | PQ 25 Ost 11147Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert west-northwest of Opatów |
93 | 15 July 1944 | 11:25 | Yak-9 | PQ 25 Ost 51711Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert north of Brody |
111 | 31 August 1944 | 14:15 | Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] | PQ 25 Ost 11313Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert southwest of Opatów |
94 | 18 July 1944 | 19:45 | Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] | PQ 25 Ost 50187Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert east of Zolochiv |
112 | 31 August 1944 | 14:16 | Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] | PQ 25 Ost 11172Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert west of Opatów |
95 | 22 July 1944 | 09:32 | Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] | PQ 25 Ost 40628Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert west of Berezhany |
113 | 31 August 1944 | 14:18 | Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] | PQ 25 Ost 01283Шаблон:Sfn |
96 | 22 July 1944 | 09:34 | Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] | PQ 25 Ost 40631Шаблон:Sfn vicinity of Berezhany |
114 | 1 September 1944 | 10:07 | Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] | PQ 25 Ost 11187Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert west of Opatów |
97 | 22 July 1944 | 09:37 | Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] | PQ 25 Ost 50379Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert northeast of Berezhany |
115 | 1 September 1944 | 10:10 | Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] | PQ 25 Ost 11149Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert west-northwest of Opatów |
98 | 23 July 1944 | 09:58 | Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] | PQ 25 Ost 40568Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert west-southwest of Berezhany |
116 | 2 September 1944 | 10:02 | Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] | PQ 25 Ost 11179Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert west of Opatów |
99 | 23 July 1944 | 10:01 | Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] | PQ 25 Ost 40652Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert southwest of Berezhany |
117 | 2 September 1944 | 10:04 | Yak-9 | PQ 25 Ost 11187Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert west of Opatów |
100 | 24 July 1944 | 18:32 | Pe-2 | PQ 25 Ost 30683Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert west-northwest of Stryi |
118 | 2 September 1944 | 15:56 | Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] | PQ 25 Ost 11332Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert south of Opatów |
101 | 22 August 1944 | 13:41 | Yak-9 | PQ 25 Ost 11336Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert south of Opatów |
119 | 22 September 1944 | 11:33 | Il-2Шаблон:Sfn | |
102 | 22 August 1944 | 13:45 | Il-2 | PQ 25 Ost 11414Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert west of Sandomierz |
120 | 23 September 1944 | 13:52 | La-5 | PQ 25 Ost 10633Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert southwest of Sanok (Poland) |
103 | 22 August 1944 | 13:46 | Il-2 | PQ 25 Ost 11273Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert east-southeast of Opatów |
121 | 14 October 1944 | 13:12 | Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] | PQ 25 Ost 13156Шаблон:Sfn vicinity of Budsztmihaly |
104 | 24 August 1944 | 15:24 | Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] | PQ 25 Ost 11442Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert southwest of Sandomierz |
122 | 15 October 1944 | 13:47 | Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] | PQ 25 Ost 13159Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert east-southeast of Trepca |
105 | 25 August 1944 | 17:13 | Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] | PQ 25 Ost 11515Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert northwest of Mielec |
123 | 26 October 1944 | 11:15?Шаблон:Refn | Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] | PQ 25 Ost 25373Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert south of Orșova |
– Stab III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 52 –Шаблон:Sfn Eastern Front — March 1945 | |||||||||
126 | 22 March 1945 | Шаблон:Center | Pe-2 | PQ 71657Шаблон:Sfn | 127 | 22 March 1945 | Шаблон:Center | Pe-2 | PQ 71682Шаблон:Sfn |
Awards
- Iron Cross (1939) 2nd and 1st class
- Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe on 20 October 1941 as Oberfeldwebel in a JagdgeschwaderШаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn
- German Cross in Gold on 15 October 1942 as Oberleutnant in the 11./Jagdgeschwader 51Шаблон:Sfn
- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 22 November 1943 as Hauptmann and Staffelkapitän of the 11./Jagdgeschwader 51 "Mölders"Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Notes
References
Citations
Bibliography
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Шаблон:Top German World War II Aces Шаблон:Subject bar
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