Английская Википедия:Afrikaans

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:For multi Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox language

Файл:Colin speaks Afrikaans.webm
Colin speaking Afrikaans.
Файл:WIKITONGUES- Alaric speaking Afrikaans.webm
Alaric speaking Afrikaans.
Файл:WIKITONGUES- Roussow speaking Afrikaans.webm
Rossouw speaking Afrikaans.

Afrikaans (Шаблон:IPAc-en Шаблон:Respell, Шаблон:IPAc-en Шаблон:Respell)[1][2] is a West Germanic language that evolved in the Dutch Cape Colony from the Dutch vernacular[3][4] of Holland proper (i.e. the Hollandic dialect)[5][6] used by Dutch, French, and German settlers and people enslaved by them. Afrikaans gradually began to develop distinguishing characteristics during the course of the 18th century.[7] Now spoken in South Africa, Namibia and (to a lesser extent) Botswana, Zambia and Zimbabwe, estimates Шаблон:Circa of the total number of Afrikaans speakers range between 15 and 23 million.Шаблон:NoteTag Most linguists consider Afrikaans to be a partly creole language.[8][9][10]

Файл:AfrikaanseTaalmonumentObelisks.jpg
Obelisks of the Afrikaans Language Monument near Paarl

An estimated 90% to 95% of the vocabulary is of Dutch origin, with adopted words from other languages, including German and the Khoisan languages of Southern Africa.Шаблон:NoteTag Differences with Dutch include a more analytic-type morphology and grammar, and some pronunciations.Шаблон:Refn There is a large degree of mutual intelligibility between the two languages, especially in written form.Шаблон:Refn

About 13.5% of the South African population (7 million people) speak Afrikaans as a first language, making it the third most common natively-spoken language in the country,[11] after Zulu and Xhosa. It has the widest geographic and racial distribution of the 12 official languages and is widely spoken and understood as a second or third language, although Zulu and English are estimated to be understood as a second language by a much larger proportion of the population.Шаблон:NoteTag It is the majority language of the western half of South Africa—the provinces of the Northern Cape and Western Cape—and the first language of 75.8% of Coloured South Africans (4.8 million people), 60.8% of Whites (2.7 million people), 1.5% of Blacks (600,000 people), and 4.6% of Indians (58,000 people).[12]

Etymology

The name of the language comes directly from the Dutch word Шаблон:Lang (now spelled Шаблон:Lang)[13] meaning "African".[14] It was previously referred to as "Cape Dutch" (Kaap-Hollands/Kaap-Nederlands), a term also used to refer to the early Cape settlers collectively, or the derogatory "kitchen Dutch" (kombuistaal) from its use by slaves of colonial settlers "in the kitchen".

History

Origin

The Afrikaans language arose in the Dutch Cape Colony, through a gradual divergence from European Dutch dialects, during the course of the 18th century.[15][16] As early as the mid-18th century and as recently as the mid-20th century, Afrikaans was known in standard Dutch as a "kitchen language" (Шаблон:Lang-af), lacking the prestige accorded, for example, even by the educational system in Africa, to languages spoken outside Africa. Other early epithets setting apart Шаблон:Lang ("Cape Dutch", i.e. Afrikaans) as putatively beneath official Dutch standards included Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang ("mutilated/broken/uncivilised Dutch"), as well as Шаблон:Lang ("incorrect Dutch").[17][18]

Шаблон:Infobox language

Den Besten theorises that modern Standard Afrikaans derives from two sources:[19]

  • Cape Dutch, a direct transplantation of European Dutch to Southern Africa, and
  • 'Hottentot Dutch',[20] a pidgin that descended from 'Foreigner Talk' and ultimately from the Dutch pidgin spoken by slaves, via a hypothetical Dutch creole.

Thus in his view Afrikaans is neither a creole nor a direct descendant of Dutch, but a fusion of two transmission pathways.

Development

Файл:Stuttafords Huisgenoot.jpg
Standard Dutch used in a 1916 South African newspaper before Afrikaans replaced it for use in media

Most of the first settlers whose descendants today are the Afrikaners were from the United Provinces (now Netherlands),[21] with up to one-sixth of the community of French Huguenot origin, and a seventh from Germany.[22]

African and Asian workers, Cape Coloured children of European settlers and Khoikhoi women,[23] and slaves contributed to the development of Afrikaans. The slave population was made up of people from East Africa, West Africa, India, Madagascar, and the Dutch East Indies (modern Indonesia).[24] A number were also indigenous Khoisan people, who were valued as interpreters, domestic servants, and labourers. Many free and enslaved women married or cohabited with the male Dutch settlers. M. F. Valkhoff argued that 75% of children born to female slaves in the Dutch Cape Colony between 1652 and 1672 had a Dutch father.Шаблон:Sfnp Sarah Grey Thomason and Terrence Kaufman argue that Afrikaans' development as a separate language was "heavily conditioned by nonwhites who learned Dutch imperfectly as a second language."Шаблон:Sfnp

Beginning in about 1815, Afrikaans started to replace Malay as the language of instruction in Muslim schools in South Africa, written with the Arabic alphabet: see Arabic Afrikaans. Later, Afrikaans, now written with the Latin script, started to appear in newspapers and political and religious works in around 1850 (alongside the already established Dutch).[15]

In 1875, a group of Afrikaans-speakers from the Cape formed the Шаблон:Lang ("Society for Real Afrikaners"),[15] and published a number of books in Afrikaans including grammars, dictionaries, religious materials and histories.

Until the early 20th century, Afrikaans was considered a Dutch dialect, alongside Standard Dutch, which it eventually replaced as an official language.[25] Before the Boer wars, "and indeed for some time afterwards, Afrikaans was regarded as inappropriate for educated discourse. Rather, Afrikaans was described derogatorily as 'a kitchen language' or 'a bastard jargon', suitable for communication mainly between the Boers and their servants."[26]Шаблон:Better source needed

Recognition

Файл:The Afrikaans Language Monument 23.JPG
Шаблон:Lang ("This is our passion"), Шаблон:Nowr

In 1925, Afrikaans was recognised by the South African government as a distinct language, rather than simply a vernacular of Dutch.[15] On 8 May 1925, twenty-three years after the Second Boer War ended,[26] the Official Languages of the Union Act of 1925 was passed—mostly due to the efforts of the Afrikaans-language movement—at a joint sitting of the House of Assembly and the Senate, in which the Afrikaans language was declared a variety of Dutch.[27] The Constitution of 1961 reversed the position of Afrikaans and Dutch, so that English and Afrikaans were the official languages, and Afrikaans was deemed to include Dutch. The Constitution of 1983 removed any mention of Dutch altogether.

The Afrikaans Language Monument is located on a hill overlooking Paarl in the Western Cape Province. Officially opened on 10 October 1975,[28] it was erected on the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Society of Real Afrikaners,[29] and the 50th anniversary of Afrikaans being declared an official language of South Africa in distinction to Dutch.

Standardisation

Файл:Pretoriase kunsmuseum 1.jpg
The side view of the Pretoria Art Museum in Arcadia, Pretoria, with its name written in Afrikaans Xhosa and Southern Ndebele.

The earliest Afrikaans texts were some doggerel verse from 1795 and a dialogue transcribed by a Dutch traveller in 1825. Afrikaans used the Latin alphabet around this time, although the Cape Muslim community used the Arabic script. In 1861, L.H. Meurant published his Шаблон:Lang ("Conversation between Nicholas Truthsayer and John Doubter"), which is considered to be the first book published in Afrikaans.[30]

The first grammar book was published in 1876; a bilingual dictionary was later published in 1902. The main modern Afrikaans dictionary in use is the Шаблон:Lang (HAT). A new authoritative dictionary, called Шаблон:Lang (WAT), was under development as of 2018. The official orthography of Afrikaans is the Шаблон:Lang, compiled by Шаблон:Lang.[30]

The Afrikaans Bible

Шаблон:Main The Afrikaners primarily were Protestants, of the Dutch Reformed Church of the 17th century. Their religious practices would later be influenced in South Africa by British ministries during the 1800s.[31] A landmark in the development of the language was the translation of the whole Bible into Afrikaans. While significant advances had been made in the textual criticism of the Bible, especially the Greek New Testament, the 1933 translation followed the Textus Receptus and was closely akin to the Шаблон:Lang. Before this, most Cape Dutch-Afrikaans speakers had to rely on the Dutch Шаблон:Lang. This Шаблон:Lang had its origins with the Synod of Dordrecht of 1618 and was thus in an archaic form of Dutch. This was hard for Dutch speakers to understand, and increasingly unintelligible for Afrikaans speakers.

C. P. Hoogehout, Шаблон:Ill, and Stephanus Jacobus du Toit were the first Afrikaans Bible translators. Important landmarks in the translation of the Scriptures were in 1878 with C. P. Hoogehout's translation of the Шаблон:Lang (Gospel of Mark, lit. Gospel according to Mark); however, this translation was never published. The manuscript is to be found in the South African National Library, Cape Town.

The first official translation of the entire Bible into Afrikaans was in 1933 by J. D. du Toit, E. E. van Rooyen, J. D. Kestell, H. C. M. Fourie, and BB Keet.[32][33] This monumental work established Afrikaans as Шаблон:Lang, that is "a pure and proper language" for religious purposes, especially amongst the deeply Calvinist Afrikaans religious community that previously had been sceptical of a Bible translation that varied from the Dutch version that they were used to.

In 1983, a fresh translation marked the 50th anniversary of the 1933 version and provided a much-needed revision. The final editing of this edition was done by E. P. Groenewald, A. H. van Zyl, P. A. Verhoef, J. L. Helberg and W. Kempen. This translation was influenced by Eugene Nida's theory of dynamic equivalence which focused on finding the nearest equivalent in the receptor language to the idea that the Greek, Hebrew or Aramaic wanted to convey.

A new translation, Die Bybel: 'n Direkte Vertaling was released in November 2020. It is the first truly ecumenical translation of the Bible in Afrikaans as translators from various churches, including the Roman Catholic and Anglican Churches, were involved.[34]

Various commercial translations of the Bible in Afrikaans have also appeared since the 1990s, such as Die Boodskap and the Nuwe Lewende Vertaling. Most of these translations were published by Christelike Uitgewersmaatskappy (CUM).Шаблон:Citation neededШаблон:Vague

Classification

Afrikaans descended from Dutch dialects in the 17th century. It belongs to a West Germanic sub-group, the Low Franconian languages.[35] Other West Germanic languages related to Afrikaans are German, English, the Frisian languages, and the unstandardised languages Low German and Yiddish.

Geographic distribution

Statistics

Файл:South Africa Afrikaans speakers proportion map.svg
The geographical distribution of Afrikaans in South Africa: proportion of the population that speaks Afrikaans at home. Шаблон:Div col Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Colend
Country Speakers Percentage of speakers Year Reference
Шаблон:Flag 650 0.001% 2019 [36]
Шаблон:Flag 49,375 0.68% 2021 [37]
Шаблон:Flag 8,082 0.11% 2011 [37]
Шаблон:Flag 23,410 0.32% 2016 [38]
Шаблон:Flag 11,247 0.16% 2011 [39]
Шаблон:Flag 122 0.002% 2021 [40]
Шаблон:Flag 2,228 0.03% 2016 [41]
Шаблон:Flag 36 0.000005% 2011 [37]
Шаблон:Flag 219,760 3.05% 2011 [37]
Шаблон:Flag 36,966 0.51% 2018 [42]
Шаблон:Flag 6,855,082 94.66% 2011 [37]
Шаблон:Flag 28,406 0.39% 2016 [43]
Total 7,211,537

Sociolinguistics

SomeШаблон:Who state that instead of Afrikaners, which refers to an ethnic group, the terms Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang (lit. Afrikaans speakers) should be used for people of any ethnic origin who speak Afrikaans. Linguistic identity has not yet established which terms shall prevail, and all three are used in common parlance.[44]

Файл:South Africa Afrikaans speakers density map.svg
The geographical distribution of Afrikaans in South Africa: density of Afrikaans home-language speakers. Шаблон:Div col Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Div col end
Файл:Distribution of Afrikaans in Namibia.png
The geographical distribution of Afrikaans in Namibia.

Afrikaans is also widely spoken in Namibia. Before independence, Afrikaans had equal status with German as an official language. Since independence in 1990, Afrikaans has had constitutional recognition as a national, but not official, language.[45][46] There is a much smaller number of Afrikaans speakers among Zimbabwe's white minority, as most have left the country since 1980. Afrikaans was also a medium of instruction for schools in Bophuthatswana, an Apartheid-era Bantustan.[47] Eldoret in Kenya was founded by Afrikaners.[48]

Many South Africans living and working in Belgium, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the United States, Israel, the UAE and Kuwait are also Afrikaans speakers. They have access to Afrikaans websites, news sites such as Netwerk24.com and Sake24, and radio broadcasts over the web, such as those from Radio Sonder Grense, Bokradio and Radio Pretoria. There are also many artists that tour to bring Afrikaans to the emigrants.

Afrikaans has been influential in the development of South African English. Many Afrikaans loanwords have found their way into South African English, such as Шаблон:Lang ("pickup truck"), Шаблон:Lang ("barbecue"), Шаблон:Lang ("tangerine"), Шаблон:Lang (American "sneakers", British "trainers", Canadian "runners"). A few words in standard English are derived from Afrikaans, such as aardvark (lit. "earth pig"), trek ("pioneering journey", in Afrikaans lit. "pull" but used also for "migrate"), spoor ("animal track"), Шаблон:Lang ("Southern African grassland" in Afrikaans, lit. "field"), commando from Afrikaans Шаблон:Lang meaning small fighting unit, Шаблон:Lang ("tree snake") and Шаблон:Lang ("segregation"; more accurately "apartness" or "the state or condition of being apart").

In 1976, secondary-school pupils in Soweto began a rebellion in response to the government's decision that Afrikaans be used as the language of instruction for half the subjects taught in non-White schools (with English continuing for the other half). Although English is the mother tongue of only 8.2% of the population, it is the language most widely understood, and the second language of a majority of South Africans.[49] Afrikaans is more widely spoken than English in the Northern and Western Cape provinces, several hundred kilometres from Soweto.[50] The Black community's opposition to Afrikaans and preference for continuing English instruction was underlined when the government rescinded the policy one month after the uprising: 96% of Black schools chose English (over Afrikaans or native languages) as the language of instruction.[50] Afrikaans-medium schools were also accused of using language policy to deter black African parents.[51] Some of these parents, in part supported by provincial departments of education, initiated litigation which enabled enrolment with English as language of instruction. By 2006 there were 300 single-medium Afrikaans schools, compared to 2,500 in 1994, after most converted to dual-medium education.[51] Due to Afrikaans being viewed as the "language of the white oppressor" by some, pressure has been increased to remove Afrikaans as a teaching language in South African universities, resulting in bloody student protests in 2015.[52][53][54]

Under South Africa's Constitution of 1996, Afrikaans remains an official language, and has equal status to English and nine other languages. The new policy means that the use of Afrikaans is now often reduced in favour of English, or to accommodate the other official languages. In 1996, for example, the South African Broadcasting Corporation reduced the amount of television airtime in Afrikaans, while South African Airways dropped its Afrikaans name Шаблон:Lang from its livery. Similarly, South Africa's diplomatic missions overseas now display the name of the country only in English and their host country's language, and not in Afrikaans. Meanwhile, the constitution of the Western Cape, which went into effect in 1998, declares Afrikaans to be an official language of the province alongside English and Xhosa.[55]

In spite of these moves, the language has remained strong, and Afrikaans newspapers and magazines continue to have large circulation figures. Indeed, the Afrikaans-language general-interest family magazine Шаблон:Lang has the largest readership of any magazine in the country.[56] In addition, a pay-TV channel in Afrikaans called KykNet was launched in 1999, and an Afrikaans music channel, MK (Шаблон:Lang) (lit. 'Music Channel'), in 2005. A large number of Afrikaans books are still published every year, mainly by the publishers Human & Rousseau, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, and Шаблон:Lang. The Afrikaans film trilogy Шаблон:Lang (first released in 2008) caused a reawakening of the Afrikaans film industry (which had been moribund since the mid to late 1990s Шаблон:According to whom) and Belgian-born singer Karen Zoid's debut single "Шаблон:Lang" (released 2001) caused a resurgence in the Afrikaans music industry, as well as giving rise to the Afrikaans Rock genre.

Afrikaans has two monuments erected in its honour. The first was erected in Шаблон:Lang, South Africa, in 1893, and the second, nowadays better-known Afrikaans Language Monument (Шаблон:Lang), was built in Paarl, South Africa, in 1975.

When the British design magazine Wallpaper described Afrikaans as "one of the world's ugliest languages" in its September 2005 article about the monument,[57] South African billionaire Johann Rupert (chairman of the Richemont Group), responded by withdrawing advertising for brands such as Cartier, Van Cleef & Arpels, Montblanc and Alfred Dunhill from the magazine.[58] The author of the article, Bronwyn Davies, was an English-speaking South African.

Mutual intelligibility with Dutch

Шаблон:Main An estimated 90 to 95% of the Afrikaans lexicon is ultimately of Dutch origin,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and there are few lexical differences between the two languages.[59] Afrikaans has a considerably more regular morphology,[60] grammar, and spelling.[61] There is a high degree of mutual intelligibility between the two languages,[60][62][63] particularly in written form.[61][64][65]

Afrikaans acquired some lexical and syntactical borrowings from other languages such as Malay, Khoisan languages, Portuguese,[66] and Bantu languages,[67] and Afrikaans has also been significantly influenced by South African English.[68] Dutch speakers are confronted with fewer non-cognates when listening to Afrikaans than the other way round.[65] Mutual intelligibility thus tends to be asymmetrical, as it is easier for Dutch speakers to understand Afrikaans than for Afrikaans speakers to understand Dutch.[65]

In general, mutual intelligibility between Dutch and Afrikaans is far better than between Dutch and Frisian[69] or between Danish and Swedish.[65] The South African poet writer Breyten Breytenbach, attempting to visualise the language distance for Anglophones once remarked that the differences between (Standard) Dutch and Afrikaans are comparable to those between the Received Pronunciation and Southern American English.[70]

Current status

Use of Afrikaans as a first language by province
Province 1996[71] 2001[71] 2011[71] 2016[71]
Western Cape 58.5% 55.3% 49.7% 45.7%
Eastern Cape 9.8% 9.6% 10.6% 10.1%
Northern Cape 57.2% 56.6% 53.8% 55.7%
Free State 14.4% 11.9% 12.7% 10.7%
KwaZulu-Natal 1.6% 1.5% 1.6% 1.0%
North West 8.8% 8.8% 9.0% 7.0%
Gauteng 15.6% 13.6% 12.4% 9.9%
Mpumalanga 7.1% 5.5% 7.2% 4.8%
Limpopo 2.6% 2.6% 2.6% 2.2%
Шаблон:Flag 14.4%[72] 13.3%[73] 13.5%[11] 12.1%

Post-apartheid South Africa has seen a loss of preferential treatment by the government for Afrikaans, in terms of education, social events, media (TV and radio), and general status throughout the country, given that it now shares its place as official language with ten other languages. Nevertheless, Afrikaans remains more prevalent in the media – radio, newspapers and television[74] – than any of the other official languages, except English. More than 300 book titles in Afrikaans are published annually.[75] South African census figures suggest a growing number of speakers in all nine provinces, a total of 6.85 million in 2011 compared to 5.98 million a decade earlier.[76] The South African Institute of Race Relations (SAIRR) projects that a growing majority will be Coloured Afrikaans speakers.[77] Afrikaans speakers experience higher employment rates than other South African language groups, though as of 2012 half a million were unemployed.[76]

Despite the challenges of demotion and emigration that it faces in South Africa, the Afrikaans vernacular remains competitive, being popular in DSTV pay channels and several internet sites, while generating high newspaper and music CD sales. A resurgence in Afrikaans popular music since the late 1990s has invigorated the language, especially among a younger generation of South Africans. A recent trend is the increased availability of pre-school educational CDs and DVDs. Such media also prove popular with the extensive Afrikaans-speaking emigrant communities who seek to retain language proficiency in a household context.

Afrikaans-language cinema showed signs of new vigour in the early 21st century. The 2007 film Шаблон:Lang, the first full-length Afrikaans movie since Paljas in 1998, is seen as the dawn of a new era in Afrikaans cinema. Several short films have been created and more feature-length movies, such as Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang (both in 2008) have been produced, besides the 2011 Afrikaans-language film Шаблон:Lang, which was the first Afrikaans film to screen at the Cannes Film Festival. The film Шаблон:Lang was also released in 2011.[78] The Afrikaans film industry started gaining international recognition via the likes of big Afrikaans Hollywood film stars, like Charlize Theron (Monster) and Sharlto Copley (District 9) promoting their mother tongue.

SABC3 announced early in 2009 that it would increase Afrikaans programming due to the "growing Afrikaans-language market and [their] need for working capital as Afrikaans advertising is the only advertising that sells in the current South African television market". In April 2009, SABC3 started screening several Afrikaans-language programmes.[79] Further latent support for the language derives from its de-politicised image in the eyes of younger-generation South Africans, who less and less often view it as "the language of the oppressor".Шаблон:Citation needed Indeed, there is a groundswell movement within Afrikaans to be inclusive, and to promote itself along with the other indigenous official languages. In Namibia, the percentage of Afrikaans speakers declined from 11.4% (2001 Census) to 10.4% (2011 Census). The major concentrations are in Hardap (41.0%), ǁKaras (36.1%), Erongo (20.5%), Khomas (18.5%), Omaheke (10.0%), Otjozondjupa (9.4%), Kunene (4.2%), and Oshikoto (2.3%).[80]

Many native speakers of Bantu languages and English also speak Afrikaans as a second language. It is widely taught in South African schools, with about 10.3 million second-language students.[81] Even in KwaZulu-Natal (where there are relatively few Afrikaans home-speakers), the majority of pupils opt for Afrikaans as their first additional language because it is regarded as easier than Zulu.[82]

Afrikaans is offered at many universities outside South Africa, including in the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Poland, Russia and the United States.[83]

Grammar

Шаблон:Main

Шаблон:Unreferenced section

In Afrikaans grammar, there is no distinction between the infinitive and present forms of verbs, with the exception of the verbs 'to be' and 'to have':

infinitive form present indicative form Dutch English
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang be
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang have

In addition, verbs do not conjugate differently depending on the subject. For example,

Afrikaans Dutch English
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang I am
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang you are (sing.)
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang he/she/it is
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang we are
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang you are (plur.)
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang they are

Only a handful of Afrikaans verbs have a preterite, namely the auxiliary Шаблон:Lang ("to be"), the modal verbs, and the verb Шаблон:Lang ("to think"). The preterite of Шаблон:Lang ("may") is rare in contemporary Afrikaans.

Afrikaans Dutch English
present past present past present past
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang I am I was
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang I can I could
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang I must (I had to)
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang I want to I wanted to
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang I shall I should
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang I may I might
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang I think I thought

All other verbs use the perfect tense, het + past participle (ge-), for the past. Therefore, there is no distinction in Afrikaans between I drank and I have drunk. (In colloquial German, the past tense is also often replaced with the perfect.)

Afrikaans Dutch English
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang I drank
Шаблон:Lang I have drunk

When telling a longer story, Afrikaans speakers usually avoid the perfect and simply use the present tense, or historical present tense instead (as is possible, but less common, in English as well).

A particular feature of Afrikaans is its use of the double negative; it is classified in Afrikaans as Шаблон:Lang and is something that is absent from the other West Germanic standard languages. For example,

Шаблон:Lang-af
Шаблон:Lang-nl
English: He can not speak Afrikaans. / He can't speak Afrikaans.

Both French and San origins have been suggested for double negation in Afrikaans. While double negation is still found in Low Franconian dialects in West Flanders and in some "isolated" villages in the centre of the Netherlands (such as Garderen), it takes a different form, which is not found in Afrikaans. The following is an example:

Шаблон:Lang-af* (lit. I want not this do not.)
Шаблон:Lang-nl
English: I do not want to do this.

* Compare with Шаблон:Lang, which changes the meaning to "I want not to do this." Whereas Шаблон:Lang emphasizes a lack of desire to act, Шаблон:Lang emphasizes the act itself.

The Шаблон:Lang was the Middle Dutch way to negate but it has been suggested that since Шаблон:Lang became highly non-voiced, Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang was needed to complement the Шаблон:Lang. With time the Шаблон:Lang disappeared in most Dutch dialects.

The double negative construction has been fully grammaticalised in standard Afrikaans and its proper use follows a set of fairly complex rules as the examples below show:

Afrikaans Dutch (literally translated) More correct Dutch Literal English Idiomatic English
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang I did (not) know that he would (not) come. I did (not) know that he was (not) going to come.
Шаблон:LangШаблон:NoteTag Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang He will not come, as he is sick. He is sick and is not going to come.
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang It is not so difficult to learn Afrikaans.

A notable exception to this is the use of the negating grammar form that coincides with negating the English present participle. In this case there is only a single negation.

Шаблон:Lang-af
Шаблон:Lang-nl
English: He is in [the] hospital, though he eats not.

Certain words in Afrikaans would be contracted. For example, Шаблон:Lang, which literally means "must not", usually becomes Шаблон:Lang; although one does not have to write or say it like this, virtually all Afrikaans speakers will change the two words to Шаблон:Lang in the same way as do not is contracted to don't in English.

The Dutch word Шаблон:Lang ("it" in English) does not correspond to Шаблон:Lang in Afrikaans. The Dutch words corresponding to Afrikaans Шаблон:Lang are Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang.

Afrikaans Dutch English
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang have, has
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang the
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang it

Phonology

Шаблон:Main

Файл:Stem van Suid-Afrika.ogg
A voice recording of Шаблон:Lang ('The Voice of South Africa'), the former national anthem, read in poetic form

Vowels

Monophthong phonemesШаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp
Front Central Back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
short long short long short long short long short long
Close Шаблон:IPA link (Шаблон:IPA link) Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link (Шаблон:IPA link)
Mid Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link (Шаблон:IPA link) Шаблон:IPA link (Шаблон:IPA link) Шаблон:IPA link (Шаблон:IPA link)
Near-open (Шаблон:IPA link) (Шаблон:IPA link)
Open Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link

Diphthongs

Diphthong phonemes[89][90]
Starting point Ending point
Front Central Back
Mid Шаблон:Small Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:Small Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
Open Шаблон:Small Шаблон:IPA, ɑːi

Consonants

Consonant phonemes
Labial Alveolar Post-
alveolar 		Dorsal Glottal
Nasal Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
Plosive Шаблон:Small Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
Шаблон:Small Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link (Шаблон:IPA link) (Шаблон:IPA link)
Fricative Шаблон:Small Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link (Шаблон:IPA link) Шаблон:IPA link
Шаблон:Small Шаблон:IPA link (Шаблон:IPA link) Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
Approximant Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
Rhotic Шаблон:IPA link ~ Шаблон:IPA link ~ Шаблон:IPA link ~ Шаблон:IPA link

Dialects

Файл:Graham Maclachlan - Gevaar Slagysters.jpg
A warning sign in Afrikaans: Шаблон:Lang or "Danger, Traps".

Following early dialectal studies of Afrikaans, it was theorised that three main historical dialects probably existed after the Great Trek in the 1830s. These dialects are the Northern Cape, Western Cape, and Eastern Cape dialects.[95] Northern Cape dialect may have resulted from contact between Dutch settlers and the Khoekhoe people between the Great Karoo and the Kunene, and Eastern Cape dialect between the Dutch and the Xhosa. Remnants of these dialects still remain in present-day Afrikaans, although the standardising effect of Standard Afrikaans has contributed to a great levelling of differences in modern times.[96]Шаблон:Better source needed

There is also a prison cant, known as Sabela, which is based on Afrikaans, yet heavily influenced by Zulu. This language is used as a secret language in prison and is taught to initiates.[96]

Шаблон:Lang

Шаблон:Main The term Kaapse Afrikaans (Шаблон:Translation) is sometimes erroneously used to refer to the entire Western Cape dialect; it is more commonly used for a particular sociolect spoken in the Cape Peninsula of South Africa. Шаблон:Lang was once spoken by all population groups. However, it became increasingly restricted to the Cape Coloured ethnic group in Cape Town and surrounds. Kaapse Afrikaans is still understood by the large majority of native Afrikaans speakers in South Africa.

Шаблон:Lang preserves some features more similar to Dutch than to Afrikaans.[97]

Шаблон:Lang has some other features not typically found in Afrikaans.

Шаблон:Lang is also characterised by much code-switching between South African English and Afrikaans, especially in the inner-city and areas in Cape Town with lower socio-economic status.

An example of characteristic Шаблон:Lang:

Шаблон:Lang-nl
Шаблон:Lang: Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang-af
English (literal): And I say to you, what seek you here by me? I seek you not! No, go now away!
English: And I'm telling you, what are you looking for here? I don't want you! No, go away now!

Шаблон:Lang

The term Шаблон:Lang ("Afrikaans of the Orange River") is sometimes erroneously used to refer to the Northern Cape dialect; it is more commonly used for the regional peculiarities of standard Afrikaans spoken in the Upington/Orange River wine district of South Africa.

Some of the characteristics of Шаблон:Lang are the plural form Шаблон:Lang (Ma-Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang), variant pronunciation such as in Шаблон:Lang ("Church") and Шаблон:Lang ("money") and the ending Шаблон:Lang, which indicates possession.

Patagonian Afrikaans dialect

A distinct dialect of Afrikaans is spoken by the 650-strong South African community of Argentina, in the region of Patagonia.[98]

Influences on Afrikaans from other languages

Malay

Due to the early settlement of a Cape Malay community in Cape Town, who are now known as Coloureds, numerous Classical Malay words were brought into Afrikaans. Some of these words entered Dutch via people arriving from what is now known as Indonesia as part of their colonial heritage. Malay words in Afrikaans include:[99]

Portuguese

Some words originally came from Portuguese such as Шаблон:Lang ("umbrella") from the Portuguese Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang ("pen/cattle enclosure") from the Portuguese Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang ("corn", from Шаблон:Lang). Some of these words also exist in Dutch, like Шаблон:Lang "parasol",[100] though usage is less common and meanings can slightly differ.

Khoisan languages

Some of these words also exist in Dutch, though with a more specific meaning: Шаблон:Lang for example means "South-African tribal javelin"[102] and Шаблон:Lang means "South-African tribal blanket of animal hides".[103]

Bantu languages

Loanwords from Bantu languages in Afrikaans include the names of indigenous birds, such as Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang, and indigenous plants, such as Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang.[104]

French

The revoking of the Edict of Nantes on 22 October 1685 was a milestone in the history of South Africa, for it marked the beginning of the great Huguenot exodus from France. It is estimated that between 250,000 and 300,000 Protestants left France between 1685 and 1700; out of these, according to Louvois, 100,000 had received military training. A measure of the calibre of these immigrants and of their acceptance by host countries (in particular South Africa) is given by H. V. Morton in his book: In Search of South Africa (London, 1948). The Huguenots were responsible for a great linguistic contribution to Afrikaans, particularly in terms of military terminology as many of them fought on the battlefields during the wars of the Great Trek.

Most of the words in this list are descendants from Dutch borrowings from French, Old French or Latin, and are not direct influences from French on Afrikaans.

Afrikaans Dutch French English
advies advies avis advice
alarm alarm alarme alarm
ammunisie ammunitie, munitie munition ammunition
amusant amusant amusant funny
artillerie artillerie artillerie artillery
Шаблон:Lang atelier atelier studio
bagasie bagage bagage luggage
bastion bastion bastion bastion
bataljon bataljon bataillon battalion
battery batterij batterie battery
biblioteek bibliotheek bibliothèque library
faktuur factuur facture invoice
fort fort fort fort
Шаблон:Lang frikadel fricadelle meatball
garnisoen garnizoen garnison garrison
generaal generaal général general
granaat granaat grenade grenade
infanterie infanterie infanterie infantry
interessant interessant intéressant interesting
kaliber kaliber calibre calibre
kanon kanon canon canon
kanonnier kanonnier canonier gunner
kardoes kardoes, cartouche cartouche cartridge
kaptein kapitein capitaine captain
kolonel kolonel colonel colonel
kommandeur commandeur commandeur commander
kwartier kwartier quartier quarter
lieutenant lieutenant lieutenant lieutenant
magasyn magazijn magasin magazine
manier manier manière way
marsjeer marcheer, marcheren marcher (to) march
meubels meubels meubles furniture
militêr militair militaire militarily
morsel morzel morceau piece
mortier mortier mortier mortar
muit muit, muiten mutiner (to) mutiny
musket musket mousquet musket
muur muur mur wall
myn mijn mine mine
offisier officier officier officer
orde orde ordre order
papier papier papier paper
pionier pionier pionnier pioneer
Шаблон:Lang plafond plafond ceiling
plat plat plat flat
pont pont pont ferry
provoos provoost prévôt chief
rondte rondte, ronde ronde round
salvo salvo salve salvo
soldaat soldaat soldat soldier
tante tante tante aunt
tapyt tapijt tapis carpet
tros tros trousse bunch

Orthography

The Afrikaans writing system is based on Dutch, using the 26 letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet, plus 16 additional vowels with diacritics. The hyphen (e.g. in a compound like see-eend 'sea duck'), apostrophe (e.g. ma's 'mothers'), and a whitespace character (e.g. in multi-word units like Dooie See 'Dead Sea') is part of the orthography of words, while the indefinite article ʼn is a ligature. All the alphabet letters, including those with diacritics, have capital letters as allographs; the ʼn does not have a capital letter allograph. This means that Afrikaans has 88 graphemes with allographs in total.

Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)
A Á Ä B C D E É È Ê Ë F G H I Í Î Ï J K L M N O Ó Ô Ö P Q R S T U Ú Û Ü V W X Y Ý Z
Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters)
a á ä b c d e é è ê ë f g h i í î ï j k l m n ʼn o ó ô ö p q r s t u ú û ü v w x y ý z

In Afrikaans, many consonants are dropped from the earlier Dutch spelling. For example, Шаблон:Lang ('only') in Dutch becomes Шаблон:Lang in Afrikaans. Also, Afrikaans and some Dutch dialects make no distinction between Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA, having merged the latter into the former; while the word for "south" is written Шаблон:Lang in Dutch, it is spelled Шаблон:Lang in Afrikaans (as well as dialectal Dutch writings) to represent this merger. Similarly, the Dutch digraph Шаблон:Lang, normally pronounced as Шаблон:IPA, corresponds to Afrikaans Шаблон:Lang, except where it replaces the Dutch suffix Шаблон:Lang which is pronounced as Шаблон:IPA, as in Шаблон:Lang > Шаблон:Lang.

Another difference is the indefinite article, Шаблон:Lang in Afrikaans and Шаблон:Lang in Dutch. "A book" is Шаблон:Lang in Afrikaans, whereas it is either Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang in Dutch. This Шаблон:Lang is usually pronounced as just a weak vowel, Шаблон:IPA, just like English "a".

The diminutive suffix in Afrikaans is Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang, whereas in Dutch it is Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang, hence a "bit" is ʼn Шаблон:Lang in Afrikaans and Шаблон:Lang in Dutch.

The letters c, q, x, and z occur almost exclusively in borrowings from French, English, Greek and Latin. This is usually because words that had c and ch in the original Dutch are spelled with k and g, respectively, in Afrikaans. Similarly original qu and x are most often spelt kw and ks, respectively. For example, Шаблон:Lang instead of equatoriaal, and Шаблон:Lang instead of excuus.

The vowels with diacritics in non-loanword Afrikaans are: á, ä, é, è, ê, ë, í, î, ï, ó, ô, ö, ú, û, ü, ý. Diacritics are ignored when alphabetising, though they are still important, even when typing the diacritic forms may be difficult. For example, Шаблон:Lang ("ate") instead of the 3 e's alongside each other: *Шаблон:Lang, which can never occur in Afrikaans, or Шаблон:Lang, which translates to "say", whereas Шаблон:Lang is a possessive form. The acute's (á, é, í, ó, ú, ý) primary function is to place emphasis on a word (i.e. for emphatic reasons), by adding it to the emphasised syllable of the word. For example, sál ("will" (verb)), néé ('no'), móét ("must"), hý ("he"), gewéét ("knew"). The acute is only placed on the i if it is the only vowel in the emphasised word: wil ('want' (verb)) becomes wíl, but lui ('lazy') becomes lúi. Only a few non-loan words are spelled with acutes, e.g. dié ('this'), ná ('after'), óf ... óf ('either ... or'), nóg ... nóg ('neither ... nor'), etc. Only four non-loan words are spelled with the grave: Шаблон:Lang ('yes?', 'right?', 'eh?'), Шаблон:Lang ('here, take this!' or '[this is] yours!'), hè ('huh?', 'what?', 'eh?'), and appèl ('(formal) appeal' (noun)).

Initial apostrophes

A few short words in Afrikaans take initial apostrophes. In modern Afrikaans, these words are always written in lower case (except if the entire line is uppercase), and if they occur at the beginning of a sentence, the next word is capitalised. Three examples of such apostrophed words are Шаблон:Lang. The last (the indefinite article) is the only apostrophed word that is common in modern written Afrikaans, since the other examples are shortened versions of other words (Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang, respectively) and are rarely found outside of a poetic context.[111]

Here are a few examples:

Apostrophed version Usual version Translation Notes
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang I said it Uncommon, more common: Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Did you eat it? Extremely uncommon
Шаблон:Lang A man walks there Standard Afrikaans pronounces Шаблон:Lang as a schwa vowel.

The apostrophe and the following letter are regarded as two separate characters, and are never written using a single glyph, although a single character variant of the indefinite article appears in Unicode, Шаблон:Lang.

Table of characters

For more on the pronunciation of the letters below, see Help:IPA/Afrikaans.

Afrikaans letters and pronunciation
Grapheme IPA Examples and Notes
a Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang ('apple'; Шаблон:IPA), Шаблон:Lang ('languages'; Шаблон:IPA). Represents Шаблон:IPA in closed syllables and Шаблон:IPA in stressed open syllables
á /a/, /ɑ:/ ná (after)
ä /a/, /ɑ:/ sebraägtig ('zebra-like'). The diaeresis indicates the start of new syllable.
aa Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang ('monkey', 'ape'). Only occurs in closed syllables.
aai Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang ('turn')
ae Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang ('questions'); the vowels belong to two separate syllables
ai Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang ('many', 'much' or 'very'), Шаблон:Lang (expression of frustration or resignation)
b Шаблон:IPA, /p/ Шаблон:Lang ('tree')
c Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA Found only in borrowed words or proper nouns; the former pronunciation occurs before 'e', 'i', or 'y'; featured in the Latinate plural ending Шаблон:Lang (singular form Шаблон:Lang)
ch Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang ('surgeon'; Шаблон:IPA; typically Шаблон:Lang is used instead), Шаблон:Lang ('chemistry'; Шаблон:IPA), Шаблон:Lang ('chitin'; Шаблон:IPA). Found only in recent loanwords and in proper nouns
d Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang ('day'), Шаблон:Lang ('part', 'divide', 'share')
dj Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang ('teak'), Шаблон:Lang ('sandwich'). Used to transcribe foreign words for the former pronunciation, and in the diminutive suffix Шаблон:Lang for the latter in words ending with d
e Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPA), Шаблон:Lang ('person', /eː/) (lengthened before Шаблон:IPA) Шаблон:Lang ('meal', Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA respectively), Шаблон:Lang ('I', /æ/), berg ('mountain', /æː/) (lengthened before Шаблон:IPA). Шаблон:IPA is the unstressed allophone of Шаблон:IPA
é Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA dié ('this'), mét ('with', emphasised), ék ('I; me', emphasised), wéét ('know', emphasised)
è Шаблон:IPA Found in loanwords (like crèche) and proper nouns (like Eugène) where the spelling was maintained, and in four non-loanwords: Шаблон:Lang ('yes?', 'right?', 'eh?'), Шаблон:Lang ('here, take this!' or '[this is] yours!'), hè ('huh?', 'what?', 'eh?'), and appèl ('(formal) appeal' (noun)).
ê Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang ('to say'), Шаблон:Lang ('world'), Шаблон:Lang ('file') (Allophonically Шаблон:IPA before Шаблон:IPA)
ë - Diaeresis indicates the start of new syllable, thus Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang are pronounced like 'e', 'ee' and 'ei', respectively
ee Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang ('to know'), Шаблон:Lang ('one')
eeu Шаблон:IPA leeu ('lion'), eeu ('century', 'age')
ei Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang ('to lead')
eu Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang ('son' or 'lad')
f Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang ('bicycle')
g Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA exists as the allophone of Шаблон:IPA if at the end of a root word preceded by a stressed single vowel + Шаблон:IPA and suffixed with a schwa, e.g. Шаблон:Lang ('mountain') is pronounced as Шаблон:IPA, and Шаблон:Lang is pronounced as Шаблон:IPA
gh Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang ('golf'). Used for Шаблон:IPA when it is not an allophone of Шаблон:IPA; found only in borrowed words. If the h instead begins the next syllable, the two letters are pronounced separately.
h Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang ('hail'), Шаблон:Lang ('dog')
i Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang ('child'; Шаблон:IPA), Шаблон:Lang ('ink'; Шаблон:IPA), Шаблон:Lang ('crisis'; Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA respectively), Шаблон:Lang ('electricity'; Шаблон:IPA for all three; third 'i' is part of diphthong 'ei')
í /i/, /ə/ Шаблон:Lang ('crisis', emphasised), Шаблон:Lang ('that', emphasised)
î Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang (plural of Шаблон:Lang; 'wedges' or 'quoins')
ï /i/, /ə/ Found in words such as Шаблон:Lang ('to influence'). The diaeresis indicates the start of new syllable.
Шаблон:Not a typo Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang ('something'), Шаблон:Lang ('four')
j Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang (plural 'you')
k Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang ('cat'), Шаблон:Lang ('can' (verb) or 'jug')
l Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang ('laugh')
m Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang ('man')
n Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang ('nail')
ʼn /ə/ indefinite article ʼn ('a'), styled as a ligature (Unicode character U+0149)
ng Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang ('to sing')
o Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang ('up(on)'; Шаблон:IPA), Шаблон:Lang ('size'; Шаблон:IPA), Шаблон:Lang ('police'; Шаблон:IPA)
ó Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA óp ('done, finished', emphasised), gróót ('huge', emphasised)
ô Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang ('tomorrow')
ö Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA Found in words such as Шаблон:Lang ('co-operation'). The diaeresis indicates the start of new syllable, thus Шаблон:Lang is pronounced the same as 'o' based on the following remainder of the word.
oe Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang ('book'), Шаблон:Lang ('course', 'direction')
oei Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang ('cow')
oo Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang ('uncle' or 'sir')
ooi Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang ('pretty', 'beautiful'), Шаблон:Lang ('invite')
ou Шаблон:IPA By itself means ('guy'). Sometimes spelled Шаблон:Lang in loanwords and surnames, for example Шаблон:Lang.
p Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang ('pot'), Шаблон:Lang ('purple' — or 'press' indicating the news media; the latter is often spelled with an <ê>)
q Шаблон:IPA Found only in foreign words with original spelling maintained; typically Шаблон:Lang is used instead
r Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang ('red')
s Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang ('six'), Шаблон:Lang ('voice' or 'vote'), Шаблон:Lang ('position', Шаблон:IPA for first 's', Шаблон:IPA for second 's'), Шаблон:Lang ('rational', Шаблон:IPA (nonstandard; formally /s/ is used instead) Шаблон:Lang ('visual', Шаблон:IPA (nonstandard; /z/ is more formal)
sj Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang ('shawl'), Шаблон:Lang ('chocolate')
t Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang ('table')
tj Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang ('whine like a dog' or 'to cry incessantly'). The latter pronunciation occurs in the common diminutive suffix Шаблон:Lang
u Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang ('piece'), Шаблон:Lang ('union'), Шаблон:Lang ('wall')
ú /œ/, /y(:)/ búk ('bend over', emphasised), ú ('you', formal, emphasised)
û Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang ('bridges')
ü - Found in words such as Шаблон:Lang ('reunion'). The diaeresis indicates the start of a new syllable, thus Шаблон:Lang is pronounced the same as Шаблон:Lang, except when found in proper nouns and surnames from German, like Шаблон:Lang.
ui Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang ('out')
uu Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang ('hour')
v Шаблон:IPA, /v/ Шаблон:Lang ('fish'), visuëel ('visual')
w Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang ('water'; Шаблон:IPA); allophonically Шаблон:IPA after obstruents within a root; an example: Шаблон:Lang ('brush'; Шаблон:IPA)
x Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang ('xiphoid'; Шаблон:IPA), Шаблон:Lang ('x-ray'; Шаблон:IPA).
y Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang ('bite')
ý /əi/ hý ('he', emphasised)
z Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang ('Zulu'). Found only in onomatopoeia and loanwords

Afrikaans phrases

Although there are many different dialects and accents, the transcription would be fairly standard.

Afrikaans IPA Dutch IPA English German
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang
Also used: Шаблон:Lang 		Шаблон:IPA Hello! How goes it? (Hello! How are you?) Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang)
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA Very well, thank you. Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA Do you speak Afrikaans? Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA Do you speak English? Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA Yes. Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA No. Шаблон:Lang
Also: Шаблон:Lang (Colloquial)
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA A bit. Шаблон:Lang Sometimes shortened in text: "'n bisschen"
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang / Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA What is your name? Шаблон:Lang / Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA The children speak Afrikaans. Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang
Less common: Шаблон:Lang. 		Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang
Common in Southern Dutch: Шаблон:Lang. 		Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA I love you. Шаблон:Lang
Also: Шаблон:Lang (Colloquial; virtually no romantic connotation)

In the Dutch language the word Шаблон:Lang means African, in the general sense. Consequently, Afrikaans is commonly denoted as Шаблон:Lang. This ambiguity also exists in Afrikaans itself and is resolved either in the context of its usage, or by using Шаблон:Lang in the adjective sense (e.g. Afrika-olifant for African elephant).

A handful of Afrikaans words are exactly the same as in English. The following Afrikaans sentences, for example, are exactly the same in the two languages, in terms of both their meaning and spelling; only their pronunciation differs.

Sample text

Psalm 23 1983 translation:[113]

<poem style="margin-left: 1em; font-style: italic;" lang="af"> Die Here is my Herder, ek kom niks kort nie. Hy laat my rus in groen weivelde. Hy bring my by waters waar daar vrede is. Hy gee my nuwe krag. Hy lei my op die regte paaie tot eer van Sy naam. Selfs al gaan ek deur donker dieptes, sal ek nie bang wees nie, want U is by my. In U hande is ek veilig. </poem>

Psalm 23 1953 translation:[114]

<poem style="margin-left: 1em; font-style: italic;" lang="af"> Die Here is my Herder, niks sal my ontbreek nie. Hy laat my neerlê in groen weivelde; na waters waar rus is, lei Hy my heen. Hy verkwik my siel; Hy lei my in die spore van geregtigheid, om sy Naam ontwil. Al gaan ek ook in 'n dal van doodskaduwee, ek sal geen onheil vrees nie; want U is met my: u stok en u staf die vertroos my. </poem>

Lord's Prayer (Afrikaans New Living translation)Шаблон:Citation needed

<poem style="margin-left: 1em; font-style: italic;" lang="af"> Ons Vader in die hemel, laat U Naam geheilig word. Laat U koningsheerskappy spoedig kom. Laat U wil hier op aarde uitgevoer word soos in die hemel. Gee ons die porsie brood wat ons vir vandag nodig het. En vergeef ons ons sondeskuld soos ons ook óns skuldenaars vergewe het. Bewaar ons sodat ons nie aan verleiding sal toegee nie; en bevry ons van die greep van die bose. Want van U is die koninkryk, en die krag, en die heerlikheid, tot in ewigheid. Amen </poem>

Lord's Prayer (Original translation):

<poem style="margin-left: 1em; font-style: italic;" lang="af"> Onse Vader wat in die hemel is, laat U Naam geheilig word; laat U koninkryk kom; laat U wil geskied op die aarde, net soos in die hemel. Gee ons vandag ons daaglikse brood; en vergeef ons ons skulde soos ons ons skuldenaars vergewe en laat ons nie in die versoeking nie maar verlos ons van die bose Want aan U behoort die koninkryk en die krag en die heerlikheid tot in ewigheid. Amen </poem>

See also

Шаблон:Portal

Notes

Шаблон:NoteFoot

References

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

Further reading

External links

Шаблон:InterWiki Шаблон:Wikivoyage Шаблон:Wikibooks Шаблон:Wikiquote

Шаблон:- Шаблон:Germanic languages Шаблон:Languages of Botswana Шаблон:Languages of Namibia Шаблон:Languages of South Africa Шаблон:Languages of Swaziland

Шаблон:Authority control

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Разное

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  10. ↑ Afrikaans was historically called Cape Dutch; see Шаблон:Harvnb, Шаблон:Harvnb, Шаблон:Harvnb, Шаблон:Harvnb, Шаблон:Harvnb, Шаблон:Harvnb.
    Afrikaans is rooted in seventeenth century dialects of Dutch; see Шаблон:Harvnb, Шаблон:Harvnb, Шаблон:Harvnb, Шаблон:Harvnb.
    Afrikaans is variously described as a creole, a partially creolised language, or a deviant variety of Dutch; see Шаблон:Harvnb.
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  13. ↑ The changed spelling rule was introduced in article 1, rule 3, of the Dutch "orthography law" of 14 February 1947. In 1954 the Word list of the Dutch language which regulates the spelling of individual words including the word Afrikaans was first published.Шаблон:PbШаблон:Cite web
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  58. ↑ Afrikaans stars join row over 'ugly language' Шаблон:Webarchive Cape Argus, 10 December 2005.
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