Английская Википедия:Airbus A321
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The Airbus A321 is a member of the Airbus A320 family of short to medium range, narrow-body, commercial passenger twin engine jet airliners;Шаблон:Efn it carries 185 to 236 passengers. It has a stretched fuselage which was the first derivative of the baseline A320 and entered service in 1994, about six years after the original A320. The aircraft shares a common type rating with all other Airbus A320-family variants, allowing previous A320-family pilots to fly the aircraft without the need for further training.
In December 2010, Airbus announced a new generation of the A320 family, the A320neo (new engine option).[1] The similarly lengthened fuselage A321neo variant offers new, more efficient engines, combined with airframe improvements and the addition of winglets (called Sharklets by Airbus). The aircraft delivers fuel savings of up to 15%. The A321neo carries up to 244 passengers, with a maximum range of Шаблон:Cvt for the long-range version when carrying no more than 206 passengers.[2]
Final assembly of the aircraft takes place in Hamburg, Germany, and in Mobile, Alabama, United States. Шаблон:As of, a total of 2,965 A321 airliners have been delivered, of which 2,903 are in service. In addition, another 4,356 aircraft are on firm order (comprising 7 A321ceo and 4,349 A321neo). American Airlines is the largest operator of the Airbus A321 with 288 airplanes in its fleet.[3]
Development
The Airbus A321 was the first derivative of the A320, also known as the Stretched A320, A320-500 and A325.[4][5] Its launch came on 24 November 1988, around the same time as the A320 entered service, after commitments for 183 aircraft from 10 customers were secured.[4][6]
The maiden flight of the Airbus A321 came on 11 March 1993, when the prototype, registration F-WWIA, flew with IAE V2500 engines; the second prototype, equipped with CFM56-5B turbofans, flew in May 1993. Lufthansa and Alitalia were the first to order the stretched Airbuses, with 20 and 40 aircraft requested, respectively. The first of Lufthansa's V2500-A5-powered A321s arrived on 27 January 1994, while Alitalia received its first CFM56-5B-powered aircraft on 22 March 1994.[7] The A321-100 entered service in January 1994 with Lufthansa.[8]
Final assembly for the A321 was carried out in Germany (then West Germany), a first for any Airbus.[9] This came after a dispute between the French, who claimed that the move would incur $150 million (€135 million) in unnecessary expenditure associated with the new plant,[4] and the Germans, who claimed that it would be more productive for Airbus in the long run. The second production line was located in Hamburg, which later produced the smaller Airbus A319 and A318. For the first time, Airbus entered the bond market, through which it raised $480 million (€475 million) to finance development costs.[6] An additional $180 million (€175 million) was borrowed from European Investment Bank and private investors.[10]
The A321 is the largest variant of the A320 family.[11][2] The A321-200's length exceeds Шаблон:Cvt, increasing maximum takeoff weight to Шаблон:Cvt.[4] Wingspan remained unchanged, supplementing various wingtip devices. Two suppliers provided turbofan engines for the A321: CFM International with its CFM56 and International Aero Engines with the V2500 engine, both in the thrust range of Шаблон:Cvt.
Over 30 years since launch, the A321 Maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) grew by 20% from the Шаблон:Cvt -100 to the Шаблон:Cvt A321XLR, seating became 10% more dense with 244 seats, up by 24, and range doubled from Шаблон:Cvt.[12] By 2019, 4,200 had been ordered—one-quarter of all Airbus single-aisles—including 2,400 neos, one-third of all A320neo orders.[12]
Design
The Airbus A321 is a narrow-body (single-aisle) aircraft with a retractable tricycle landing gear, powered by two wing pylon-mounted turbofan engines. It is a low-wing cantilever monoplane with a conventional tail unit having a single vertical stabilizer and rudder. Changes from the A320 include a fuselage stretch and some modifications to the wing. The fuselage was lengthened by a Шаблон:Cvt plug ahead of the wing and a Шаблон:Cvt plug behind it, making the A321 Шаблон:Convert longer than the A320.[2][11][4][13] The length increase required the overwing window exits of the A320 to be converted into door exits and repositioned in front of and behind the wings.[7] To maintain performance, double-slotted flaps and minor trailing edge modifications were included,[4] increasing the wing area from Шаблон:Cvt to Шаблон:Cvt.[14] The centre fuselage and undercarriage were reinforced to accommodate a Шаблон:Cvt increase in maximum takeoff weight, taking it to Шаблон:Cvt.[4]
Variants
A321-100
The original derivative of the A321, the A321-100, had shorter range than the A320 because no extra fuel tank was added to compensate for the increased weight. The MTOW of the A321-100 is Шаблон:Cvt. The A321-100 entered service with Lufthansa in 1994. Only about 90 were produced; a few were later converted to the A321-200 variant.[15]
A321-200
Airbus began development of the heavier and longer-range A321-200 in 1995 to give the A321 full-passenger transcontinental US range. This was achieved through higher thrust engines (V2533-A5 or CFM56-5B3), minor structural strengthening, and an increase in fuel capacity with the installation of one or two optional Шаблон:Cvt tanks in the rear underfloor hold.[13] The additional fuel tanks increased the total capacity to Шаблон:Cvt. These modifications also increased the maximum takeoff weight of the A321-200 to Шаблон:Cvt. This variant first flew in December 1996, and entered service with Monarch Airlines in April 1997. The following month, Middle East Airlines received its first A321-200 in May 1997. Its direct competitors include the 757-200 and the 737-900/900ER.
A321neo
On 1 December 2010, Airbus launched the A320neo family (neo for New Engine Option) with Шаблон:Cvt more range and 15% better fuel efficiency, thanks to new CFM International LEAP-1A or Pratt & Whitney PW1000G engines and large sharklets.[16] The lengthened A321neo prototype made its first flight on 9 February 2016.[17] It received its type certification on 15 December 2016.[18] The first entered service in May 2017 with Virgin America.[19]
A321LR
In October 2014, Airbus started marketing a longer range Шаблон:Cvt maximum takeoff weight variant with three auxiliary fuel tanks, giving it Шаблон:Cvt more operational range than a Boeing 757-200.[20] Airbus launched the A321LR (Long Range) on 13 January 2015; it has a range of Шаблон:Cvt with 206 seats in two classes.[21][22] On 31 January 2018, the variant completed its first flight.[23] Airbus announced its certification on 2 October 2018.[24] On 13 November 2018, Arkia received the first A321LR.[25]
A321XLR
Шаблон:Main In January 2018, Airbus was studying an A321LR variant with a further increased MTOW.[26] The proposed A321XLR, with an increased range of Шаблон:Cvt, was to be launched in 2019 to enter service in 2021 or 2022 and compete with the Boeing NMA.[27] In November, Airbus indicated that the A321XLR would have an MTOW over Шаблон:Cvt and Шаблон:Cvt more range than the A321LR.[28] The A321XLR was launched at the June 2019 Paris Air Show, with Шаблон:Cvt of range from 2023, including a new permanent Rear Centre Tank (RCT) for more fuel, a strengthened landing gear for a Шаблон:Cvt MTOW; and an optimised wing trailing-edge flap configuration to preserve take-off performance.[29] The company announced in June 2022 that the aircraft had completed its first flight.[30]
Freighter conversion
While no freighter version of the A321 has been built new by Airbus, a first attempt of converting used A320/321 into freighter aircraft was undertaken by Airbus Freighter Conversion GmbH. The program, however, was canceled in 2011 before any aircraft were converted.[31]
On 17 June 2015, ST Aerospace signed agreements with Airbus and EFW for a collaboration to launch the A320/A321 passenger-to-freighter (P2F) conversion programme.[32] The initial converted aircraft first flew on 22 January 2020. On 27 October 2020, the first A321-200P2F was delivered to launch operator Qantas Airways.[33]
Sine Draco Aviation also offers an A321 passenger-to-freighter conversion programme; its first conversion is expected for the first quarter of 2022.[34]
On 15 March 2022, Lufthansa Cargo started to operate its A321F, a cargo variant of the A321.[35]
Operators
Шаблон:Main Шаблон:As of, 2,903 Airbus A321 aircraft were in service with more than 100 operators.[3]
American Airlines and Delta Air Lines operate the largest A321 fleets of 288 and 170 aircraft, respectively.[3]
Orders and deliveries
Type | Orders | Deliveries | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Backlog | Total | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | 2010 | |
A321ceo | 1,791 | 7 | 1,784 | — | — | 22 | 9 | 38 | 99 | 183 | 222 | 184 | 150 | 102 | 83 | 66 | 51 |
A321neo | 5,530 | 4,349 | 1,181 | 250 | 264 | 199 | 178 | 168 | 102 | 20 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
(A321) | (7,321) | (4,356) | (2,965) | (250) | (264) | (221) | (187) | (206) | (201) | (203) | (222) | (184) | (150) | (102) | (83) | (66) | (51) |
Type | Deliveries | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2009 | 2008 | 2007 | 2006 | 2005 | 2004 | 2003 | 2002 | 2001 | 2000 | 1999 | 1998 | 1997 | 1996 | 1995 | 1994 | |
A321ceo | 87 | 66 | 51 | 30 | 17 | 35 | 33 | 35 | 49 | 28 | 33 | 35 | 22 | 16 | 22 | 16 |
A321neo | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
(A321) | (87) | (66) | (51) | (30) | (17) | (35) | (33) | (35) | (49) | (28) | (33) | (35) | (22) | (16) | (22) | (16) |
Data Шаблон:As of[3][36]
Accidents and incidents
For the Airbus A321, 32 aviation accidents and incidents have occurred,[37] including 6 hull-loss accidents or criminal occurrences with a total of 377 fatalities as of August 2019.[38][39]
Specifications
Variant | A321[2] | A321neo[40] |
---|---|---|
Cockpit crew | 2 | |
2-class seats | 185 (16F @ 36 in, 169Y @ 32 in)[41] | 206 (16Шаблон:Abbr @ 36Шаблон:Nbspin + 190Шаблон:Abbr @ 30Шаблон:Nbspin)[42] |
1-class max. | 220[43][44] | 240 @ 28Шаблон:Nbspin[45] |
Cargo capacity | Шаблон:Cvt / 10×LD3-45sШаблон:Efn | |
Length | Шаблон:Cvt | |
Wingspan | Шаблон:Cvt Шаблон:Efn | |
Wing | Шаблон:Cvt area, 25° sweep[46] | |
Height | Шаблон:Cvt | |
Fuselage | Шаблон:Cvt width × height, Шаблон:Cvt wide cabin | |
Max. takeoff weight | Шаблон:Cvt | Шаблон:Cvt |
Max. payload | Шаблон:Cvt | Шаблон:Cvt[47]Шаблон:Rp |
Op. empty weight | Шаблон:Cvt[41] | Шаблон:Cvt |
Fuel capacity | Шаблон:Cvt | 23,700–32,940 L (6,261–8,700 US gal)Шаблон:Efn |
Engines (×2) | CFM56-5B, Шаблон:Cvt fan IAE V2500-A5, Шаблон:Cvt fan |
CFM LEAP-1A, 78 in (1.98 m) fan PW1100G-JM, 81 in (2.06 m) fan |
Max. Thrust (×2)[48] | Шаблон:Cvt | Шаблон:Cvt |
Speed | Cruise: Шаблон:Cvt[49] Max.: Шаблон:Cvt[48] | |
Ceiling | Шаблон:Cvt[48] | |
Typical range | Шаблон:CvtШаблон:Efn | neo: Шаблон:Cvt[50] LR : Шаблон:CvtШаблон:Efn XLR: Шаблон:Cvt |
Engines
Aircraft model | Certification date | Engines[48] | Take-Off Thrust | Max. Continuous |
---|---|---|---|---|
A321-111 | 27 May 1994 | CFM56-5B1 | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
A321-112 | 15 February 1994 | CFM56-5B2 or 5B2/P | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
A321-131 | 17 December 1993 | IAE Model V2530-A5 | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
A321-211 | 20 March 1997 | CFM56-5B3 or 5B3/P or 5B3/2P | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
A321-212 | 31 August 2001 | CFM56-5B1 or 5B1/P or 5B1/2P | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
A321-213 | 31 August 2001 | CFM56-5B2 or 5B2/P | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
A321-231 | 20 March 1997 | IAE Model V2533-A5 | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
A321-232 | 31 August 2001 | IAE Model V2530-A5 | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
A321-251N | 15 December 2016 | CFM LEAP-1A32 | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
A321-252N | 18 December 2017 | CFM LEAP-1A30 | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
A321-253N | 3 March 2017 | CFM LEAP-1A33 | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
A321-271N | 15 December 2016 | IAE PW1133G-JM | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
A321-272N | 23 May 2017 | IAE PW1130G-JM | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
A321-251NX | 22 March 2018 | CFM LEAP-1A32 | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
A321-252NX | 22 March 2018 | CFM LEAP-1A30 | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
A321-253NX | 22 March 2018 | CFM LEAP-1A33 | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
A321-271NX | 22 March 2018 | IAE PW1133G-JM | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
A321-272NX | 22 March 2018 | IAE PW1130G-JM | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
See also
Шаблон:Portal Шаблон:Aircontent
Notes
References
External links
Шаблон:Airbus aircraft Шаблон:Airbus A3xx timeline Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>
; для сносокAirbus O&D
не указан текст - ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4 4,5 4,6 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 12,0 12,1 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ 13,0 13,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite press release
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite press release
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite press release
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite press release
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite press release
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite press release
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Airbus A321 occurrences Шаблон:Webarchive. Aviation Safety, 3 October 2017.
- ↑ Airbus A321 hull-loss occurrences Шаблон:Webarchive. Aviation Safety, 3 October 2017.
- ↑ A321 accident statistics Шаблон:Webarchive. Aviation Safety, 3 October 2017.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 41,0 41,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>
; для сносокAcap
не указан текст - ↑ 48,0 48,1 48,2 48,3 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web