Английская Википедия:Al-Tira, Ramle

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See Tira for other sites with similar names.

Шаблон:Infobox settlement

Al-Tira was a Palestinian village in the Ramle Subdistrict. It was depopulated during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War on July 10, 1948, by the Alexandroni and Armored (Eighth) brigades under Operation Dani. It was located 12 km northeast of Ramla. al-Tira was mostly destroyed with the exception of a few houses survived destruction.

History

Archeological remains from Early Bronze Age,[1] Iron Age II,[1] Hellenistic[1][2] and Roman era have been found.[1]

A wine-press, dating to late Roman or early Byzantine era have been excavated,[3] together with a cistern, dating from the pre-Byzantine era.[4]

Crusader era remains have been found,[5] together with remains from the Mamluk era.[1][5]

Ottoman era

In 1517, Tira was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire along with the rest of Palestine, and by 1596 it was a part of the nahiya ("subdistrict") of Ramla, which was under the administration of the liwa ("district") of Gaza. A village of 26 households and 3 bachelors, an estimated 160 persons, Muslims. They paid a fixed tax rate of 25% on agricultural products, such as wheat, barley, vineyards, fruit trees, beehives, and goats, a total of 6,800 akçe.[6][7]

In 1863, Victor Guérin noted Al-Tira situated about 2 kilometres south of Qula, and containing five hundred inhabitants.[8] Guérin also found here "caves and a tomb cut in the rock; also, still standing, the door of an ancient house, its two jambs formed of great cut stones covered by a splendid block forming the lintel, and formerly decorated by mouldings, now effaced".[9] An Ottoman village list from about the same year (1870) indicated 54 houses and a population of 385, though the population count included men, only.[10][11]

In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described it as: "A mud village of moderate size, with cactus hedges, situated at the edge of the plain, the hills rising behind; on the west, by the high road, is a good well, with remains of masonry".[12]

In 1896, the population of Et-tire was estimated to be about 210 persons.[13]

British Mandate era

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Tireh had a population of 705, all Muslims,[14] increasing in the 1931 census to 892, still all Muslims, in a total of 225 houses.[15]

An elementary school was founded in 1922, and by 1947–48, it had an enrollment of 110 boys and 22 girls.[7]

In the 1945 statistics the population was 1,290, all Muslims,[16] while the total land area was 6,956 dunams, according to an official land and population survey.[17] Of this, 78 were allocated for plantations and irrigable land, 5,551 for cereals,[18] while 45 dunams were classified as built-up areas.[19]

Al-'Umari Mosque was one of the notable landmarks.[7]


1948, and aftermath

The village became depopulated on July 10, 1948, after a military assault by the Israeli army.[20] On the same day, Operation Danny headquarter ordered the Yiftach Brigade to blow up most of Innaba and Al-Tira, leaving only houses enough for a small garrison.[21][22]

The Israeli settlements of Tirat Yehuda, Giv'at Ko'ah and Bareket are all on the land of Al-Tira.[23]

In 1992 the village site was described: "The site, situated next to paved road, is partly deserted and overgrown with a variety of trees, such as olive, date palm, fig and gum trees. The rubble of some of the destroyed houses is visible. A number of stone houses survive, however; some are deserted, others are occupied by Israelis, and still others are used as stables for livestock. A deserted house, fenced in with barbed wire, has high, round-arched windows and a flat roof; the yard is overgrown with untended grass. One of the occupied houses is quite modest. It has a rectangular door and window and a flat roof; date-palm and other trees grow on two sides. A second, larger, occupied house has two stories and a wide porch, and is also surrounded by trees. A third is also quite large and has two stories; a side stairway leads to a second-floor porch and there is a large, round arched entrance on the first floor. There are some destroyed houses inside the settlement of Bareqet. Some of the surrounding land is planted in grapes and kiwi fruit."[23]

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

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External links

Шаблон:Palestinian Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestine War

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 Masarwa, 2012, Khirbat et-Tira
  2. ↑ Zelinger, 2005, Khirbet et-Tira (Bareket)
  3. ↑ Hillel, 2009, Khirbat et-Tira
  4. ↑ Romano, 2004, Khirbat et-Tira
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 Itach and Zuckerman-Cooper, 2016, Khirbat et-Tira (Bareket)
  6. ↑ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 153
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 Khalidi, 1992, p. 417
  8. ↑ Guérin, 1875, p. 391
  9. ↑ Guérin, 1875, p. 391; as given by Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 378
  10. ↑ Socin, 1879, p. 162
  11. ↑ Hartmann, 1883, p. 138, also noted 54 houses
  12. ↑ Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 298
  13. ↑ Schick, 1896, p. 126 Schick also notes he thinks the Socin-number too high
  14. ↑ Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Ramleh, p. 22
  15. ↑ Mills, 1932, p. 23.
  16. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок 1945p30 не указан текст
  17. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Hadawi68 не указан текст
  18. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 117
  19. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 167
  20. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Morris18 не указан текст
  21. ↑ Morris, 2004, p. 355, note #86
  22. ↑ Morris, 2004, p. 400, note #86
  23. ↑ 23,0 23,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Khalidi418 не указан текст
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