Английская Википедия:Al-Ubulla
Шаблон:Short description Al-Ubulla (Шаблон:Lang-ar), called Apologou (Шаблон:Lang-gr) by the Greeks in the pre-Islamic period, was a port city at the head of the Persian Gulf east of Basra in present-day Iraq. In the medieval period, it served as Iraq's principal commercial port for trade with India.
Location
Al-Ubulla was situated on the right bank of the Euphrates–Tigris estuary at the opening into the Persian Gulf.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It was located to the east of old Basra and lay on the northern side of the eponymous canal, the Nahr al-Ubulla, which connected Basra southeastwards to the Tigris river, Abadan (in modern Iran) and ultimately to the Persian Gulf.Шаблон:Sfn[1] The 'Ashar neighborhood of modern Basra currently occupies the site of al-Ubulla.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
History
Al-Ubulla is identified with the ancient city of Apologou mentioned in the Greek manuscript Periplus of the Erythraean Sea.Шаблон:Sfn The city dates at least to the Sasanian era (3rd–7th centuries CE), and possibly before.Шаблон:Sfn According to the 10th-century chronicler Eutychius of Alexandria, it was founded by the Sasanian emperor Ardashir I (Шаблон:Reign).Шаблон:Sfn Toward the end of the Sasanian period, it typically formed part of the territories of the Empire's al-Hira-based Lakhmid vassals.Шаблон:Sfn
During the early Muslim conquests in the 630s, al-Ubulla was conquered by the Arab forces of Utba ibn Ghazwan al-Mazini after the defeat of its 500-man Sasanian garrison. In fact the stubborn port city had to be conquered in two separate occasions by ʿUtba b. Ghazwān.[2][3] In a letter attributed to Utba, he describes the city as the "port of al-Bahrayn (eastern Arabia), Uman, al-Hind (India) and al-Sin (China)".Шаблон:Sfn Following the foundation of the Arab garrison town of Basra further inland, al-Ubulla declined in strategic importance but remained a major trade port until the Mongol invasion.Шаблон:Sfn
As indicated by the medieval Arabic geographers, al-Ubulla continued to be a large town, more populous than Basra, throughout the Abbasid era (750–1258).Шаблон:Sfn Yaqut al-Hamawi praised the city and Ibn Hawqal describes the border lands of the Nahr al-Ubulla as a single extensive garden.Шаблон:Sfn Al-Ubulla supplied Basra with fresh water and was noted for its linens and shipbuilding.Шаблон:Sfn In 942, the governor of Uman captured the city on his way to Basra during his conflict with its strongman Abu'l-Husayn al-Baridi and his brother Abu Abdallah al-Baridi. According to the historian J. H. Kramers, the events of its occupation demonstrate its weakness as "a bulwark for that city [Basra]".Шаблон:Sfn
The 13th-century Mongol invasions brought about a decline of several places in this part of Iraq, including al-Ubulla.Шаблон:Sfn The 14th-century traveler Ibn Batuta described it as a mere village and around this time it disappeared from the historical record.Шаблон:Sfn
References
Bibliography
Further reading
- Английская Википедия
- Страницы с неработающими файловыми ссылками
- Former populated places in Iraq
- History of Basra
- Medieval Iraq
- Sasanian cities
- Iraq under the Abbasid Caliphate
- Страницы, где используется шаблон "Навигационная таблица/Телепорт"
- Страницы с телепортом
- Википедия
- Статья из Википедии
- Статья из Английской Википедии
