Английская Википедия:AmeriCorps
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox government agency AmeriCorps (Шаблон:IPAc-en Шаблон:Respelling; officially the Corporation for National and Community Service or CNCS) is an independent agency of the United States government that engages more than five million Americans in service through a variety of stipended volunteer work programs in many sectors. These programs include AmeriCorps VISTA, AmeriCorps NCCC, AmeriCorps State and National, AmeriCorps Seniors, the Volunteer Generation Fund, and other national service initiatives.[1] The agency's mission is "to improve lives, strengthen communities, and foster civic engagement through service and volunteering."[2] It was created by the National and Community Service Trust Act of 1993.[3] In September 2020, the agency rebranded itself as AmeriCorps, although its official name is unchanged.[4]
Programs
AmeriCorps delivers several programs designed to help communities address poverty, the environment, education, and other unmet human needs. The programs include:
AmeriCorps VISTA
Шаблон:Main AmeriCorps VISTA, or Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA), was founded in 1965 as a domestic version of the Peace Corps. The program was incorporated into AmeriCorps and renamed AmeriCorps VISTA to create AmeriCorps in 1993.[5] VISTA provides full-time members to nonprofit, faith-based and other community organizations, and public agencies to create and expand programs that ultimately bring low-income individuals and communities out of poverty. There are currently over 5,000 VISTA members serving in 1,200 VISTA programs nationwide.
VISTA members take the following oath: "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion; and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter: So help me God."
AmeriCorps NCCC
Шаблон:Main AmeriCorps National Civilian Community Corps (NCCC) is a full-time, residential team-based program for men and women ages 18–26. Members serve at one of four regional campuses located throughout the United States (Vicksburg, Mississippi; Vinton, Iowa; Aurora/Denver, Colorado; and Sacramento, California). Each campus focuses efforts on states within its region but may travel to other areas in response to national crises. Former campuses were located in Washington, DC; Charleston, South Carolina; San Diego, California; Baltimore, Maryland; and Perry Point, Maryland.
AmeriCorps State and National
AmeriCorps State and National is the largest of the AmeriCorps programs, and provides grants to local and national organizations and agencies, including faith-based and community organizations, higher education institutions, and public agencies. Public Land Corps programs and Urban Youth Corps are specifically authorized for funding. The Edward M. Kennedy Serve America Act authorizes Education Corps, Health Futures Corps, Clean Energy Corps, Veterans Corps, and Opportunity Corps programs as qualifying for AmeriCorps programs. Grants assist these groups in recruiting, training and placing AmeriCorps members to meet critical community needs in education, public safety, health, and the environment.[6] AmeriCorps State operates through Service Commissions in each state, such as Volunteer Florida and the Mississippi Commission for Volunteer Service; South Dakota is the only state without a Service Commission. Each state's Service Commission dispenses funding from AmeriCorps to organizations in their states through annual grant competitions. Since the program's inception, thousands of organizations across the nation have been awarded AmeriCorps State and National grants.
AmeriCorps State and National members engage in direct service activities, such as after-school tutoring or homebuilding, and capacity-building activities, such as volunteer recruitment, for the organizations they serve. After successfully completing their term of service, AmeriCorps State and National members may be eligible for an Education Award of up to $6,095 or equal to the full Pell Grant for the year in which service was approved.[7] The Education Award can pay for additional college or graduate school courses, or it can pay off existing student loans.[8] Full-time members typically complete 1,700 hours of service over 11 months; they also receive a living allowance, health benefits, and child care assistance during their term.[9]
AmeriCorps State and National members take the following pledge:[10] Шаблон:Poem quote
AmeriCorps Seniors
Шаблон:Main The AmeriCorps Seniors umbrella includes three programs that engage seniors aged 55+ in volunteerism: the Foster Grandparents program, through which volunteers teach and mentor children; Senior Companions, through which volunteers help older adults live independently in their homes; and RSVP, through which volunteers can serve in a variety of roles to meet their communities' needs.[11]
American Climate Corps
Other programs
- MLK Day of Service
- September 11th National Day of Service and Remembrance
- President's Volunteer Service Award
- Presidential Freedom Scholarship Program
- Learn and Serve America (discontinued)
Special initiatives
Employers of National Service
On September 12, 2014, President Barack Obama launched the Employers of National Service initiative at the 20th Anniversary of AmeriCorps event on the South Lawn of the White House.[12] Employers participating in the initiative connect to the talent pipeline of AmeriCorps, Peace Corps, and other service year alumni, by indicating in their hiring processes that they view national service experience as a plus. The initiative is a collaboration between AmeriCorps with the Peace Corps, Service Year Alliance, AmeriCorps Alums, and the National Peace Corps Association. To date, over 500 employers have joined the initiative.[13]
History
The Commission on National and Community Service was a new, independent federal agency created as a consequence of the National and Community Service Act of 1990, signed into law by President George H. W. Bush.
The Commission was intended to bring about a renewed focus on encouraging volunteering in the United States and was charged with supporting four streams of service:
- Service-learning programs for school-aged youth
- Higher education service programs
- Youth corps
- National service demonstration models
In 1993 the Corporation for National and Community Service was created by merging another agency, ACTION, and the Commission on National and Community Service together, thus ending the Commission.
Timeline
1990: President George H. W. Bush signs the National and Community Service Act of 1990 into law, ushering in a renewed federal focus on encouraging volunteering in the U.S. This legislation created the new independent federal agency called the Commission on National and Community Service.
1992: Enacted as part of the 1993 National Defense Authorization Act, the National Civilian Community Corps (NCCC) is created as a demonstration program to explore the possibility of using post-Cold War military resources to help solve problems here at home. It is modeled on the Depression-era Civilian Conservation Corps and the United States military.
1993: President Bill Clinton signs into passage The National and Community Service Trust Act, formally merging the federal offices of ACTION and the Commission on National and Community Service, including Serve America and NCCC, to form the Corporation for National and Community Service, along with the addition of the new AmeriCorps program.
2002: President George W. Bush creates the USA Freedom Corps.
2020: The agency is rebranded as "AmeriCorps".[4]
CEO
Past CEOs of the agency include:
| Шаблон:Abbr | Image | CEO | Service dates | Appointed by | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Файл:Eli Segal AmeriCorp.jpg | Eli Segal | 1993–1995 | Clinton | |
| 2 | Файл:Harris Wofford.jpg | Harris Wofford | 1995–2001 | ||
| 3 | Leslie Lenkowsky | 2001–2003 | G.W. Bush | ||
| 4 | David Eisner | 2004–2008 | |||
| – | Файл:Nicky Goren (cropped).jpg | Nicola Goren (Acting) | 2008–2010 | Obama | |
| 5 | Файл:Patrick Corvington (cropped).jpg | Patrick Corvington | 2010–2011 | ||
| – | Файл:Robert Velasco II (cropped).jpg | Robert Velasco II (Acting) | 2011–2012 | ||
| 6 | Файл:Wendy spencer.jpg | Wendy Spencer | 2012–2017 | ||
| – | Kim Mansaray (Acting) | 2017–2018 | Trump | ||
| 7 | Файл:Barbara Stewart official photo (cropped).jpg | Barbara Stewart | 2018–2021 | ||
| – | Malcolm Coles (Acting) | 2021–2022 | Biden | ||
| 8 | Файл:Michael-D-Smith-WH.jpg | Michael D. Smith | 2022-present |
Board of directors
The Board of Directors of the Corporation for National and Community Service has fifteen seats. Members are nominated by the President of the United States for five-year terms, and are confirmed by the United States Senate. Unless otherwise specified, dates are taken from Congress.gov.[14]
Current board members
| Member | Term began | Term expires | Appointed by |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fagan Harris | Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | Biden |
| Catherine McLaughlin, chair | Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | |
| Alvin Warren | Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | |
| Flor Romero | Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | |
| Leslie Bluhm | Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | |
| Lisette Nieves | Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | |
| Shirley Sagawa | Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts |
Succession of board seats
Seats are ordered in the order in which they were initially filled by the senate.
Seat 1
| Member | Term | Appointed by | Term ended due to |
|---|---|---|---|
| James A. Joseph | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | Clinton | resignation |
| Eli Segal | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | expiration | |
| Leslie Lenkowsky | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | expiration | |
| Vince Juaristi | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | G. W. Bush | expiration |
| Lisa Garcia Quiroz | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | Obama | expiration |
| vacant | Шаблон:Dts – present | — | |
Seat 2
| Member | Term | Appointed by | Term ended due to |
|---|---|---|---|
| Andrea N. Brown | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | Clinton | expiration |
| Victor Ashe | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | expiration | |
| Stephen Goldsmith | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | G. W. Bush | expiration |
| Шаблон:Dts[15] – Шаблон:Dts | expiration | ||
| vacant | Шаблон:Dts – present | — | |
Seat 3
| Member | Term | Appointed by | Term ended due to |
|---|---|---|---|
| Thomas Ehrlich | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | Clinton | expiration |
| Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | expiration | ||
| Cynthia Boich | Шаблон:Dts[16] – Шаблон:Dts | G. W. Bush | expiration |
| Tom Osborne | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | resignation | |
| Richard Christman | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | Obama | expiration |
| Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | expiration | ||
| Lisette Nieves | Шаблон:Dts – present | Biden | — |
Seat 4
| Member | Term | Appointed by | Term ended due to |
|---|---|---|---|
| Christopher Gallagher | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | Clinton | expiration |
| Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | expiration | ||
| Henry Lozano | Шаблон:Dts[16] – Шаблон:Dts | G. W. Bush | resignation |
| Hyepin Im | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | expiration | |
| Alvin Warren | Шаблон:Dts – present | Biden | — |
Seat 5
| Member | Term | Appointed by | Term ended due to |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reatha Clark King | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | Clinton | resignation |
| Marc Racicot | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | expiration | |
| Donna N. Williams | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | G. W. Bush | resignation |
| Jane D. Hartley | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | Obama | expiration |
| Shirley Sagawa | Шаблон:Dts – present | Biden | — |
Seat 6
| Member | Term | Appointed by | Term ended due to |
|---|---|---|---|
| Carol Kinsley | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | Clinton | expiration |
| Alan Solomont | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | expiration | |
| Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | G. W. Bush | resignation | |
| Shamina Singh | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | Obama | expiration |
| Catherine McLaughlin | Шаблон:Dts – present | Biden | — |
Seat 7
| Member | Term | Appointed by | Term ended due to |
|---|---|---|---|
| Leslie Lenkowsky | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | Clinton | expiration |
| Amy Achor | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | expiration | |
| Leona White Hat | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | G. W. Bush | expiration |
| Matthew McCabe | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | Obama | expiration |
| Romonia Dixon | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | expiration | |
| Fagan Harris | Шаблон:Dts – present | Biden | — |
Seat 8
| Member | Term | Appointed by | Term ended due to |
|---|---|---|---|
| Marlee Matlin | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | Clinton | expiration |
| Robert B. Rogers | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | expiration | |
| Donna N. Williams | Шаблон:Dts[16] – Шаблон:Dts | G. W. Bush | expiration |
| James Palmer | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | expiration | |
| Victoria Ann Hughes | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | Obama | expiration |
| vacant | Шаблон:Dts – present | — | |
Seat 9
| Member | Term | Appointed by | Term ended due to |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arthur Naparstek | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | Clinton | expiration |
| Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | expiration | ||
| Jack Lew | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | G. W. Bush | expiration |
| Phyllis Segal | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | Obama | expiration |
| Leslie Bluhm | Шаблон:Dts – present | Biden | — |
Seat 10
| Member | Term | Appointed by | Term ended due to |
|---|---|---|---|
| John Rother | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | Clinton | expiration |
| Toni Fay | Шаблон:Dts[17] – Шаблон:Dts | recess appointment not confirmed | |
| Carol Kinsley | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | G. W. Bush | expiration |
| Stan Soloway | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | expiration | |
| vacant | Шаблон:Dts – present | — | |
Seat 11
| Member | Term | Appointed by | Term ended due to |
|---|---|---|---|
| Walter Shorenstein | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | Clinton | expiration |
| Dorothy A. Johnson | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | expiration | |
| Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | G. W. Bush | expiration | |
| Eric Tanenblatt | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | expiration | |
| vacant | Шаблон:Dts – present | — | |
Seat 12
| Member | Term | Appointed by | Term ended due to |
|---|---|---|---|
| Robert B. Rogers | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | Clinton | expiration |
| Juanita Doty | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | expiration | |
| Rick Hill | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | G. W. Bush | expiration |
| Marguerite Kondracke | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | Obama | expiration |
| vacant | Шаблон:Dts – present | — | |
Seat 13
| Member | Term | Appointed by | Term ended due to |
|---|---|---|---|
| Carol Kinsley | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | Clinton | expiration |
| William Schambra | Шаблон:Dts[18] – Шаблон:Dts | G. W. Bush | expiration |
| Julie Fisher Cummings | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | expiration | |
| Dean Reuter | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | Obama | expiration |
| vacant | Шаблон:Dts – present | — | |
Seat 14
| Member | Term | Appointed by | Term ended due to |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mark Gearan | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | Clinton | expiration |
| Mimi Mager | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | G. W. Bush | expiration |
| Layshae Ward | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | expiration | |
| Eric Liu | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | Obama | expiration |
| vacant | Шаблон:Dts – present | — | |
Seat 15
| Member | Term | Appointed by | Term ended due to |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mark Gearan | Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | G. W. Bush | expiration |
| Шаблон:Dts – Шаблон:Dts | expiration | ||
| Flor Romero | Шаблон:Dts – present | Biden | — |
Effectiveness
While discussion has occurred about the range and efficacy of evaluating the successes of AmeriCorps State and National, VISTA, and NCCC programs,[19] there has been a variety of documentation supporting the programs. AmeriCorps provided fiscal resources and personnel to support the start-up of national programs, including Public Allies and Teach For America. It also brought vital resources to established programs, including City Year, Boys and Girls Club, Big Brothers Big Sisters, JusticeCorps and the American Red Cross.[20]
AmeriCorps is reported to increase the effectiveness of community service. Successes for individual AmeriCorps State and National, VISTA, and NCCC members include increasing their commitment to community service, increasing community-based activism, connection to their communities, knowledge of community problems, engagement in the political process, and voting participation.[21][22]
Additionally, according to a 2007 study released by AmeriCorps, a majority of AmeriCorps State and National, VISTA, and NCCC alumni within the study period claimed they had gained life and job skills, such as leadership, teamwork, time-management, and hands-on experience in a field of interest. The study further reported that 71% of alumni were incentivized to join by the prospect of earning a Segal AmeriCorps Education Award; 41% of members went on to receive a four-year college degree within three years of entering AmeriCorps.[23]
Criticisms
AmeriCorps programs have been criticized as being exploitive of their volunteers, being "voluntourism,"[24] and serving to privatize or de-professionalize public services.[25]
In 2018, a A CBS News Radio did an investigation into years of complaints about AmeriCorps programs which found multiple allegations of sexual harassment, abusive behavior and mismanagement since 2013.[26]
See also
References
External links
- The Corporation for National and Community Service website
- Corporation for National and Community Service in the Federal Register
- History of Service Learning in Higher Education website
- Booknotes interview with Steven Waldman on The Bill: How the Adventures of Clinton's National Service Bill Reveal What is Corrupt, Comic, Cynical -- and Noble -- About Washington, January 29, 1995.
Шаблон:Bill Clinton Шаблон:EOP agencies Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Bill Text, 103rd Congress (1993-1994), H.R.2010.EAS Шаблон:Webarchive Library of Congress
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Frequently Asked Questions About AmeriCorps VISTA Шаблон:Webarchive. AmeriCorps website. Retrieved 12/5/08.
- ↑ AmeriCorps State and National. AmeriCorps website. Retrieved 12/4/08.
- ↑ [1] AmeriCorps website. Retrieved June 26, 2018
- ↑ AmeriCorps Benefits: Education Award Шаблон:Webarchive. AmeriCorps website. Retrieved August 10, 2009.
- ↑ AmeriCorps State and National Шаблон:Webarchive. AmeriCorps website. Retrieved August 10, 2009.
- ↑ "The AmeriCorps Pledge", AmeriCorps.gov. Retrieved 11/10/16.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Archive of Obama White House Blog https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2015/03/09/employers-national-service-and-americorps-vista-champions-change Accessed 6 March 2018.
- ↑ Employers of National Service Website. https://www.nationalservice.gov/special-initiatives/employers-national-service Accessed 6 March 2018.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 16,0 16,1 16,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ (2004) "Transcript - March 31 AmeriCorps Rulemaking Session," Corporation for National Service. p. 7. Retrieved 8/12/07.
- ↑ Gomperts, J. "Towards a bold new policy agenda: Five ideas to advance new civic engagement opportunities among older Americans," Шаблон:Webarchive Generations. XXX(4). p. 87.
- ↑ VeraWorks. (2006) "AmeriCorps Service Effects on Member Civic Engagement." Шаблон:Webarchive Washington State Office of Financial Management. Retrieved 8/12/07.
- ↑ Abt Associates. "Serving Country and Community: A Longitudinal Study of Service in AmeriCorps Factsheet" Шаблон:Webarchive. Retrieved 8/12/07.
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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