Английская Википедия:Angklung

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox instrument Шаблон:Infobox intangible heritage Шаблон:Music of Indonesia

The Шаблон:Lang (Sundanese: Шаблон:Sund) is a musical instrument from the Sundanese people in Indonesia made of a varying number of bamboo tubes attached to a bamboo frame.[1] The tubes are carved to have a resonant pitch when struck and are tuned to octaves, similar to Western handbells. The base of the frame is held in one hand, while the other hand shakes the instrument, causing a repeating note to sound. Each performer in an Шаблон:Lang ensemble is typically responsible for just one pitch, sounding their individual Шаблон:Lang at the appropriate times to produce complete melodies (see Kotekan).

The Шаблон:Lang originated in what is now West Java and Banten provinces in Indonesia, and has been played by the Sundanese for many centuries. The Шаблон:Lang and its music have become an important part of the cultural identity of Sundanese communities.[2] Playing the Шаблон:Lang as an orchestra requires cooperation and coordination, and is believed to promote the values of teamwork, mutual respect and social harmony.[1]

On November 18, 2010, UNESCO officially recognized the Indonesian Шаблон:Lang as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity, and encouraged the Indonesian people and the Indonesian government to safeguard, transmit, promote performances and to encourage the craftsmanship of the Шаблон:Lang.[1]

Etymology

The word Шаблон:Lang may have originated from Sundanese Шаблон:Lang, suggesting the movement of the Шаблон:Lang player and the onomatopoeic Шаблон:Not a typo sound that comes from the instrument.[3]

History

According to Dr. Groneman, the Шаблон:Lang had already been a favorite musical instrument of the entire archipelago even before the Hindu era.[4] According to Jaap Kunst in Music in Java, besides West Java, Шаблон:Lang also exists in South Sumatra and Kalimantan. Lampung, East Java and Central Java are also familiar with the instrument.[3]

In the Hindu period and the time of the Kingdom of Sunda, the instrument played an important role in ceremonies. The Шаблон:Lang was played to honor Dewi Sri, the goddess of fertility, so she would bless their land and lives.[5] The Шаблон:Lang also signaled the time for prayers, and was said to have been played since the 7th century in the Kingdom of Sunda. In the Kingdom of Sunda, it provided martial music during the Battle of Bubat, as told in the Kidung Sunda.[6] The oldest surviving Шаблон:Lang is the Шаблон:Lang, made in the 17th century in Jasinga, Bogor. Other antique Шаблон:Lang are stored in the Sri Baduga Museum, Bandung.[6] The oldest Шаблон:Lang tradition is called Шаблон:Lang ("ancient Шаблон:Lang") from Lebak Regency, Banten.[7] The Шаблон:Lang is an ancient type of Шаблон:Lang played by Baduy people of the inland Banten province during the seren taun harvest ceremony.

In 1938, Daeng Soetigna (Sutigna), from Bandung, created an Шаблон:Lang that is based on the diatonic scale instead of the traditional pélog or sléndro scales. Since then, the Шаблон:Lang has returned to popularity and is used for education and entertainment, and may even accompany Western instruments in an orchestra. One of the first performances of Шаблон:Lang in an orchestra was in 1955 during the Bandung Conference. In 1966 Udjo Ngalagena, a student of Daeng Soetigna, opened his Шаблон:Lang ("House of Angklung") as a centre for its preservation and development.[6]

UNESCO designated the Шаблон:Lang a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity on November 18, 2010.[8]

Varieties

Traditional Шаблон:Lang

Шаблон:Lang

Файл:Angklung-Baduy.jpg
Шаблон:Lang, Banten, Indonesia

Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang is an ancient Шаблон:Lang originating from the Baduy in Lebak, the Banten province of Indonesia. This Шаблон:Lang is used to accompany the ritual of planting rice on the fields passed down by their ancestors. Шаблон:Lang are only made by the Baduy Dalam tribe who still maintain the pure traditions of their ancestors. The names of Шаблон:Lang instruments in Kanekes from the biggest are: Шаблон:Lang, and Шаблон:Lang.[9]

Шаблон:Lang

Шаблон:Lang is an Шаблон:Lang that originates from the Dogdog Lojor culture found in the Kasepuhan Pancer Pangawinan community or Kesatuan Banten Kidul scattered around Mount Halimun. Шаблон:Lang is used to accompany the tradition of farming, circumcision, and marriage. This Шаблон:Lang is played by six players consisting of two players playing the Шаблон:Lang and four players playing the large Шаблон:Lang.[9][10]

Шаблон:Lang

Шаблон:Lang is an Шаблон:Lang originating from Cipinang village, Cigudeg, Bogor, West Java. This Шаблон:Lang is very old and is used to honor the goddess of rice, Dewi Sri. Шаблон:Lang is played during Шаблон:Lang (rice planting), Шаблон:Lang (transporting rice), and Шаблон:Lang (storage) in the Шаблон:Lang (barn). According to legend, Шаблон:Lang began to exist when Cipining village experienced a dry season because Dewi Sri did not make it rain.[9]

Шаблон:Lang

Шаблон:Lang is an Шаблон:Lang originating from Garut, West Java. Initially, this Шаблон:Lang was used for the ritual of planting rice, but now it has shifted to be used to accompany the preaching of Islam. It takes nine Шаблон:Lang to complete the Шаблон:Lang accompaniment process consisting of two Шаблон:Lang, one Шаблон:Lang, four Шаблон:Lang, two Шаблон:Lang, two Шаблон:Lang, and two Шаблон:Lang.[10]

Шаблон:Lang

Файл:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Enkelvellige cilindrische trom van bamboe TMnr 15-435.jpg
Шаблон:Lang.

Шаблон:Lang is an Шаблон:Lang that originates in Bungko village, Cirebon, West Java. Шаблон:Lang is played with other musical instruments such as kendang, Шаблон:Lang and gongs. In ancient times, Шаблон:Lang was a musical accompaniment to fights between villagers. The existing Шаблон:Lang consists of three pieces which are believed to be 600 years old. This old Шаблон:Lang is believed to have originated from Ki Gede Bungko, the elder of Bungko village, as well as the Commander of the Navy of the Cirebon Sultanate in the Sunan Gunung Jati era around the 15th century. This Шаблон:Lang cannot be played anymore because it is fragile. The people believe that Шаблон:Lang has magical powers. In ancient times, if a child was sick, when the Шаблон:Lang was played around the village and accompanied by a dance, the child could recover on their own.[11]

Шаблон:Lang

Шаблон:Lang is a type of Шаблон:Lang that is used for performing arts at parades or carnivals. The art of Шаблон:Lang was born and preserved in Parakanhonje Village, Indihiang District, Tasikmalaya City, West Java. Under the care of the Kanca Indihiang Big Family, Шаблон:Lang in its era around the 70s can be known everywhere.Шаблон:Clarify The main function of Шаблон:Lang in society is to entertain children before the circumcision ritual. Before the invention of local anesthetics, a child who was going to be circumcised early in the morning would be paraded to the pool (Шаблон:Lang) to soak in it. Шаблон:Lang would be played on the way to and from the pool as the people watched, similar to a parade.[12]

Шаблон:Lang

Шаблон:Lang is an Шаблон:Lang used for entertainment, such as the Шаблон:Lang in the Baros area, Arjasari, Bandung, West Java. The instruments used in the art of Шаблон:Lang are two Шаблон:Lang, two Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, two Шаблон:Lang, one Шаблон:Lang, three Шаблон:Lang (one Шаблон:Lang, one Шаблон:Lang, and one Шаблон:Lang). Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, and gongs have been added over time. The Шаблон:Lang has a Шаблон:Lang tone and a vocal song can be Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang.[13]

Файл:Seren Taun 1012 Bogor A.jpg
Шаблон:Lang in Seren taun ceremony in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia.

Initially, Шаблон:Lang was used in agricultural events related to rice. Nowadays, Шаблон:Lang is used as entertainment. This is related to societal changes and less emphasis on traditional beliefs. The 1940s can be considered the end of the ritual function of Шаблон:Lang in honor of rice because it has since turned into an entertainment form. In addition, rice storage barns (Шаблон:Lang) began to disappear from people's homes, replaced by sack places that were more practical and easy to carry. Many of the rice is now sold directly, not stored in barns. Thus the art of Шаблон:Lang that was used for the Шаблон:Lang (rice-carrying) ritual is no longer needed. The name of the Шаблон:Lang is related to the well-known lyrics "Шаблон:Lang". The text is part of the art of Шаблон:Lang, so this art form is called Шаблон:Lang.[14]

Шаблон:Lang

Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang is a prototype musical instrument made of bamboo. In contrast to the Шаблон:Lang which is played by shaking, the Шаблон:Lang is played by hitting the rods (Шаблон:Lang) of sections of bamboo tubes arranged according to Шаблон:Lang (pentatonic scales), Шаблон:Lang. Most commonly Шаблон:Lang are made from Шаблон:Lang (black bamboo), but some are made from Шаблон:Lang (white bamboo).

The meaning of Шаблон:Lang, apart from being a musical instrument, is also attached to the term performance art. There are two known forms of Шаблон:Lang, namely Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang. This musical instrument is a traditional Sundanese musical instrument, which is also known and developed in the Banyumas region. When playing the Шаблон:Lang, the player usually plays by sitting cross-legged, while a person playing Шаблон:Lang carries the bamboo that has been lined up and plays it while standing. Initially, Шаблон:Lang was performed to accompany Sundanese traditional ceremonies as a ritual for the celebration of the people of West Java, but with the development of the Шаблон:Lang era, it began to be used as a musical instrument for entertainment.[15]

Шаблон:Lang

Angklung Reog is a musical instrument to accompany the Reog Ponorogo Dance in East Java. Angklung Reog has a characteristic in terms of a very loud sound, has two tones and an attractive curved shape of rattan (unlike the usual angklung in the form of a cube) decorated with beautiful colored fringed threads. It is said that angklung was a weapon from the kingdom of Bantarangin against the kingdom of Lodaya in the 11th century, when the victory by the kingdom of Bantarangin was happy, the soldiers were no exception, the angklung holder was no exception, because of the extraordinary strength of the reinforcement of the rope, it loosened to produce a distinctive sound, namely klong-klok. and klung-kluk when heard will feel spiritual vibrations.

Шаблон:Lang

Is a type of Angklung Reog from Sambit, Ponorogo. Shaped like Angklung Reyog but arranged from small to the largest angklung with various tones, Gong Gumbeng Angklung is the first and oldest type of pitched angklung. A set of angklung Gong Gumbeng that is more than 250 years old is now stored in the Sri Baduga Bandung Museum.

Шаблон:Lang

Balinese angklung called Rindik has a distinctive Balinese shape and tone. The angklung Rindik is played by hitting the bamboo like a gamelan. Rindik Bali was originally Angklung Reog from Ponorogo who was brought by later Majapahit officials.

Modern Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang

Файл:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Xylofoon van bamboe met vijftien toetsen onderdeel van tjalung-ensemble TMnr 1029-11a.jpg
Шаблон:Lang, West Java, before 1936.
Файл:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Portret van de muziekpedagoog Daeng Sutigna TMnr 20000362.jpg
Daeng Soetigna in 1971.

Шаблон:Lang is a musical instrument made of bamboo which is a modern variant of Шаблон:Lang. Traditional Шаблон:Lang used the Шаблон:Lang, and Шаблон:Lang scales. In 1938, Daeng Soetigna made an innovation so that the Шаблон:Lang could play diatonic notes. To appreciate his work, this Шаблон:Lang was named Шаблон:Lang, which comes from the words Шаблон:Lang (father, respected adult male) and Шаблон:Lang (the inventor's name). The tuning used is diatonic, according to the western music system, and can even be presented in an orchestral form.[9]

In line with music theory, the Шаблон:Lang is divided into two groups: the melodic Шаблон:Lang and the Шаблон:Lang. A melody Шаблон:Lang specifically consists of two sound tubes with a pitch difference of one octave. In one Шаблон:Lang unit, generally there are 31 small melodic Шаблон:Lang and 11 large melodic Шаблон:Lang. Meanwhile, the Шаблон:Lang is used as an accompaniment to play harmonic tones. The voice tube consists of three to four, according to a diatonic chord. After Daeng Soetigna's innovation, other reforms continued to develop. Some of them are Шаблон:Lang, and Шаблон:Lang. After Daeng Soetigna, one of his students, Udjo Ngalagena, continued his efforts by establishing Шаблон:Lang in the Bandung area. To this day, the area known as Шаблон:Lang is still a center of creativity with regard to Шаблон:Lang.

Шаблон:Lang

Файл:Raffles Javanese manufacturing tools and handicrafts.png
Шаблон:Lang musical instrument, The History of Java by Thomas Stamford Raffles (1817).

Шаблон:Lang is a term for Шаблон:Lang that only uses round tones (without chromatic tones) with a basic tone of C. The small unit of Шаблон:Lang contains 8 angklung (Low to High Do tones), while Шаблон:Lang plus contains 13 angklung (Low to High Sol until High mi).[16]

Шаблон:Lang

Шаблон:Lang is a musical ensemble of various musical instruments made of bamboo. Шаблон:Lang was born around the 1960s in West Java, Indonesia, and is now a typical West Javanese musical instrument. In 1964, Yoes Roesadi and his friends formed a musical group that specifically added angklung to its ensemble line. They got the idea to call themselves the Arumba group (Alunan Rumpun Bambu – Strains of Bamboo). With the passage of time, the term arumba finally stuck as an ensemble of bamboo music from West Java. Шаблон:Lang is a term for a set of musical instruments consisting of at least:[17]

  • ) Angklung – One unit of melody angklung, hung so that it can be played by one person
  • ) Lodong (big bamboo) – One lodong bass unit, also lined up so that it can be played by one person
  • ) Gambang I – Melody bamboo xylophone
  • ) Gambang II – Companion bamboo xylophone
  • ) Kendang – Traditional drum

Шаблон:Lang

Шаблон:Lang is a new innovation from conventional angklung which was already legendary. The difference between Angklung toel and the angklung that people have known so far lies in its placement. This angklung has a waist-high frame with several angklungs lined up upside down and given a rubber band. How to play it is quite unique, almost similar to playing the piano. People who want to play Шаблон:Lang simply 'touch' (toel) the angklung according to the tone and the angklung will vibrate for a while because of the rubber.[18]

Angklung toel was created by Kang Yayan Udjo from Saung Angklung Udjo in 2008. With this Angklung toel, giving a new color to the world of angklung, this type of angklung makes playing it easier and simpler.

Шаблон:Lang

Шаблон:Lang was created from the idea of Eko Mursito Budi for the purposes of angklung robots. One angklung uses two or more sound tubes with the same tone, so that it will produce a pure tone (mono-tonal).[18] This is different from the multi-tonal in angklung Padaeng. With this simple idea, the robot can easily play a combination of several angklungs simultaneously to imitate the effects of melodic angklung and accompaniment angklung.


Notations

Sundanese Daminatila

It's a kind of numbered musical notation like the solfège, but it uses a different system: high numbers correspond to low tones, and vice versa. This system might seem to be counterintuitive to people who are already familiar with the western solfège. There are only 5 notes used in each scales: 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, read as da, mi, na, ti, and la. The absolute tones depend on the scale used and the base frequency, which don't adhere to western standards. Traditional angklung have some common scales: saléndro, degung/pélog, and sorog/madenda.

Diatonic

Diatonic notation for angklung use a numbered musical notation in Indonesia, similar notation like Jianpu, but with some different standards, like the placement of rhythm lines positions and chord notations. The musical notation is written based on movable do. The musical notation displays 1 as relative do, 2 as relative re, etc. Higher octave marked with a dot above, and lower octave marked with a dot below.

Also, some alternatives notations is writing the exact written numbers on the single angklung to the musical sheet, usually marked 0–31, 0 is the lowest tone and 31 is the highest tone.

Some angklung types contains more than one notes usually marked with English chord notation, like C, Dm, Em, F, G, G7, Am, etc. This type of angklung is used for accompanying a musical piece.

Cultural context

The creation and existence of Шаблон:Lang is something that is very important in the culture of the Indonesian people, especially the Sundanese people. At first, the function and manufacture of Шаблон:Lang were intended for certain events or ceremonies related to traditional ceremonies and rituals. Now, Шаблон:Lang has developed into traditional and modern musical instruments that are in demand not only by the people of Indonesia but also the world. The following are some of the functions of angklung in Indonesian culture:

Offerings for Dewi Sri

In the old Sundanese tradition, angklung is played as a form of calling to Dewi Sri, a figure described as the goddess of fertility, who believed will gives blessings to rice plants so that they are fertile and prosperous for the community. The ceremony ususally take place during Seren Taun rice harvesting and planting ceremony. This tradition is still carried out by the Baduy or Kanekes tribe, which is the remnant of the old Sundanese that still exists.

Шаблон:Lang center

One of the largest angklung conservation and development centers is Saung Angklung Udjo (SAU). Founded in 1966 by Udjo Ngalagena and his wife Uum Sumiati, with the aim of preserving the traditional Sundanese arts and culture, especially angklung. SAU is located at Jalan Padasuka 118, East Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.

SAU is a complete cultural and educational tourism destination because SAU has a performance arena, a bamboo craft center, and a workshop for bamboo musical instruments. In addition, the presence of SAU in Bandung is more meaningful because of his concern to continue to preserve and develop Sundanese culture – especially Angklung – in the community through education and training facilities.[19]

SAU holds regular performances every afternoon. This show contains spectacular performances such as a wayang golek demonstration, a helaran ceremony, traditional dance art, beginner angklung, orchestra angklung, mass angklung, and arumba. In addition to regular performances every afternoon, Saung Angklung Udjo has repeatedly held various special performances that are performed in the morning or afternoon. The show is not limited to being held at the Saung Angklung Udjo, but also at various places both at domestic and abroad. SAU is not limited to performing arts but also sells various products of traditional bamboo musical instruments such as angklung, arumba, calung, and many more.

Gamelan Шаблон:Lang

Файл:Single note angklung ('G'), 2015-05-21.jpg
Single pitch Шаблон:Lang, for use in orchestras

In Bali, an ensemble of Шаблон:Lang is called a Шаблон:Lang. While the ensemble gets its name from the bamboo shakers, they are nowadays rarely included outside of East Bali. An ensemble of mostly bronze metallophones is used instead, generally with about 20 musicians.

While the instrumentation of the Шаблон:Lang is similar to gamelan gong kebyar, there are several critical differences. The instruments in the Шаблон:Lang are tuned to a 5-tone Шаблон:Lang scale, although most ensembles use a four-tone mode of the five-tone scale played on instruments with four keys. An exception is the five-tone Шаблон:Lang from the north of Bali, which is what as many as seven keys.[20] In four-tone Шаблон:Lang groups, the flute players will occasionally use an implied fifth tone. Additionally, whereas many of the instruments in Шаблон:Lang span multiple octaves of its pentatonic scale, most Шаблон:Lang instruments only contain one octave, although some five-tone ensembles have roughly an octave and a half. The instruments are considerably smaller than those of the Шаблон:Lang.

Шаблон:Lang is heard in Balinese temples, where it supplies musical accompaniment to temple anniversaries (Шаблон:Lang). It is also characteristic of rituals related to death (Шаблон:Lang), and is therefore connected in Balinese culture to the invisible spiritual realm and transitions from life to death and beyond. Because of their portability, Шаблон:Lang instruments may be carried in processions while a funeral bier is carried from temporary burial in a cemetery to the cremation site. The musicians also often play music to accompany the cremation ceremony. Thus, many Balinese listeners associate Шаблон:Lang music and its Шаблон:Lang scale with strong emotions evoking a combination of sacred sweetness and sadness.

The structure of the music is similar to Шаблон:Lang, although employing a four-tone scale. A pair of Шаблон:Lang metallophones carries the basic melody, which is elaborated by gangsa, reyong, Шаблон:Lang, flute, and small drums played with mallets. A medium-sized gong, called Шаблон:Lang, is generally used to punctuate a piece's major sections.

Most older compositions do not employ the Шаблон:Lang's more ostentatious virtuosity and showmanship. Recently, many Balinese composers have created Шаблон:Lang-style works for Шаблон:Lang or have rearranged Шаблон:Lang melodies to fit the Шаблон:LangШаблон:'s more restricted four-tone scale. These new pieces often feature dance, so the Шаблон:Lang is augmented with heavier gongs and larger drums. Additionally, some modern composers have created experimental instrumental pieces for the Шаблон:Lang.

Outside Indonesia

In the early 20th century during the time of the Dutch East Indies, the Шаблон:Lang was adopted in Thailand, where it is called Шаблон:Lang. It was recorded that Шаблон:Lang was brought to Siam in 1908 by Luang Pradit Pairoh, a royal musician in the entourage of Field Marshal Prince Bhanurangsi Savangwongse of Siam, who paid a royal visit to Java that year (27 years after the first state visit of his elder brother, King Chulalongkorn, to Java in 1871). The Thai Шаблон:Lang are typically tuned in the Thai tuning system of seven equidistant steps per octave, and each Шаблон:Lang has three bamboo tubes tuned in three separate octaves rather than two, as is typical in Indonesia.

In 2008, there was a grand celebration in the Thai traditional music circle to mark the 100th anniversary of the introduction of Шаблон:Lang to Thailand. Both the Thai and Indonesian governments supported the celebration.

The Шаблон:Lang has also been adopted by its Austronesian-speaking neighbors, in particular by Malaysia and the Philippines, where they are played as part of bamboo xylophone orchestras. Formally introduced into Malaysia sometime after the end of the Confrontation, Шаблон:Lang found immediate popularity.[21] They are generally played using a pentatonic scale similar to the Indonesian slendro, although in the Philippines, sets also come in the diatonic and minor scales used to perform various Spanish-influenced folk music in addition to native songs in pentatonic.

At least one Sundanese Шаблон:Lang ensemble exists in the United States. Шаблон:Lang is an ensemble at The Evergreen State College, and includes eighteen double rattles (nine tuned pairs) and four Шаблон:Lang drums.

World record

On 9 July 2011, 5,182 people from many nations played Шаблон:Lang together in Washington, D.C., and are listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the largest Шаблон:Lang ensemble.[22]

On Saturday, 5 August 2023, Indonesia succeed to break the Guinness World Records of the world's largest angklung ensamble which was conducted by 15,110 participants at the Bung Karno Stadium, Jakarta. This grand event was attended by the Indonesian President Joko Widodo with the ministers of the cabinet.[23]

Gallery

See also

Шаблон:Portal

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Further reading

External links

Шаблон:Commons category

Шаблон:Gamelan Шаблон:Indonesia UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage Шаблон:UNESCO Oral and Intangible music Шаблон:UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity Шаблон:Percussion Шаблон:Indonesian musical instruments Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 Awi-Awi Mandiri, The Spirit of Angklung, 2018
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 9,3 Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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