Английская Википедия:Armistice Day centenary
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The Armistice Day centenary was the international series of events in 2018 marking the centenary of the Armistice of 11 November 1918, which ended hostilities in World War I. It took place at the conclusion of the wider First World War centenary.
Special commemorations were scheduled for the occasion, in the weeks leading up to and including the date of the centenary itself—11 November 2018. Over 70 heads of state and government gathered in Paris for an international ceremony marking the anniversary of the end of the war, and a series of Armistice Day, Remembrance Day and Veterans Day events were also organized across Europe, the Commonwealth, and in other locations throughout the world.
Background
Шаблон:Main The Armistice of 11 November 1918 was signed near the French town of Compiègne between the Allies (represented by Supreme Allied Commander Ferdinand Foch) and Germany (represented by Matthias Erzberger), after similar agreements had been made with Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary. The agreements made by both sides included the cessation of all hostilities on the Western Front. It was officially signed at 5:45Шаблон:Nbspam on 11 November and came into effect later that morning at 11Шаблон:Nbspam Paris time.Шаблон:Sfn
Following the end of the war, 11 November is observed as an annual day of remembrance in multiple countries under different names (Armistice Day, Remembrance Day in Commonwealth countries and Veterans Day in the United States). The first Armistice Day observance took place in 1919.Шаблон:Sfn
Throughout the course of the First World War centenary, which covered a four-year period beginning in 2014, several governments, including those of the United Kingdom and France, had already planned centenary programmes up to that point, including marking key dates of the war such as the Gallipoli campaign in 2015, and the battles of Verdun and the Somme in 2016.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
France
Commemorative events were organized as part of the French government's wider Шаблон:Lang committee.Шаблон:Sfn
On 18 September 2018, the schedule for the then-forthcoming centenary was revealed in a press conference hosted by education minister Jean-Michel Blanquer and Geneviève Darrieussecq, secretary of state to the Minister of the Armed Forces.Шаблон:Sfn Plans included a commemoration ceremony at the Arc de Triomphe followed by an inaugural peace forum, which were already elaborated by president Emmanuel Macron.Шаблон:Sfn
Timeline of commemorations
On 4 November 2018, Macron and his spouse Brigitte Macron hosted German president Frank-Walter Steinmeier at the Strasbourg Cathedral, marking the official start of the week-long commemorative period. A concert was held in their presence, and the flags of France, Germany and the European Union were hoisted outside the cathedral.Шаблон:Sfn
In the lead up to the centenary itself, Macron carried out a "memorial tour", visiting symbolic locations on the Western Front. The tour, however, mainly drew "the scorn of ordinary French voters over his perceived metropolitan disregard for their pocketbook concerns."Шаблон:Sfn Macron also announced that writer Maurice Genevoix, author of numerous books on the First World War, would be listed on the Panthéon in 2019, alongside 14 other authors.Шаблон:Sfn
On 10 November, Macron and German chancellor Angela Merkel visited the Glade of the Armistice at Compiègne, where they laid a wreath, unveiled a reconciliatory plaque and signed a book of remembrance in a replica of the railway carriage where the Armistice was signed. The visit was symbolic as it marked the first time that French and German leaders had visited the site since 1945.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
At 11:00 CET on 11 November, bells across France rang simultaneously to mark a century since the armistice came into force, including at Notre-Dame de Paris and at churches in overseas territories of France.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn At the same time, international dignitaries, led by Macron, arrived at the Arc de Triomphe for the planned international ceremony, which began after a presidential inspection of troops, followed by a roll call of French soldiers killed in the preceding year and an army choir rendition of La Marseillaise, the French national anthem.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
The event included performances by cellist Yo-Yo Ma, French violinist Renaud Capuçon and Beninese musician Angélique Kidjo, and 1918 testimonies being read out by a group of teenage students.Шаблон:RefnШаблон:Sfn Macron then delivered a speech in which he denounced nationalism as a "betrayal of patriotism", and warned of the resurgence of "old demons".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn This was followed by a performance of Ravel's Bolero by the European Union Youth Orchestra.Шаблон:Sfn
The end of the service included a rekindling of the Tomb to the Unknown Soldier, where Macron also laid a wreath. The "Sonnerie aux morts" and a minute of silence, concluding with the "Cessez-le-feu" bugle call, marked the end of the ceremony.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The inaugural Paris Peace Forum was opened at the Grande halle de la Villette in the afternoon, with Macron, Merkel and United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres giving remarks.Шаблон:Sfn
The European Broadcasting Union organized a commemorative concert at the Royal Opera of Versailles with performances by the Vienna Philharmonic, entitled the "Concert for Peace."Шаблон:Sfn During a concert in La Force, Dordogne, violinist Pierre Hamel from the Orchestre Colonne performed using a metal violin assembled by soldiers in the trenches.Шаблон:Sfn A series of religious memorial services were organized for the day, including an international mass at Notre-Dame de Paris, conducted by Archbishop Michel Aupetit.Шаблон:Sfn
Guests
Over 120 foreign dignitaries, including 72 heads of state and government and representatives of several international organizations, were reported to have attended the commemorations in Paris.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn According to the French presidential office, only countries "which sent troops or workers to the European theaters of war" were invited to be represented.Шаблон:Sfn In preparation for the events, around 10,000 police officers, gendarmes and soldiers were placed on duty.Шаблон:Sfn Dignitaries included Merkel, US president Donald Trump, and Russian president Vladimir Putin.
French president Macron held a bilateral meeting with Trump at the Élysée Palace on 10 November. The meeting was timed a day after Trump published a tweet saying Europe should "first pay its fair share" of NATO in response to the former's suggestions for a continental European army.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn A similar meeting was planned between Trump and Putin, but it was ultimately scrapped due to the forthcoming 2018 G20 Buenos Aires summit.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Also on 10 November, Justin Trudeau, the prime minister of Canada, participated in separate commemorations at the Canadian National Vimy Memorial in northern France, prior to his attendance at the events scheduled for the following day.Шаблон:Sfn
On the day of the ceremony itself, Trump, Putin and Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu used their own transportation—ultimately showing up late to the venue at the Arc de Triomphe—due to security concerns, in contrast to other guests who were taken in coaches.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Visiting dignitaries were invited to an official reception dinner at the Musée d'Orsay on the evening of 10 November, and attended a reception at the Élysée Palace the following morning.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn All international guests who attended the ceremony were invited to a luncheon at the Élysée immediately after its conclusion, with their consorts gathering at the Palace of Versailles.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Most also attended the Paris Peace Forum, with Trump notably opting to instead visit the Suresnes American Cemetery and Memorial, where he made an address before returning to Washington.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
- French dignitaries
- Emmanuel Macron, President of France, and Brigitte Macron
- Nicolas Sarkozy, former President of France (2007–2012)Шаблон:Sfn
- Édouard Philippe, Prime Minister of France
- Édith Cresson, former Prime Minister (1991–1992)Шаблон:Sfn
- Édouard Balladur, former Prime Minister (1993–1995)Шаблон:Sfn
- Jean-Marc Ayrault, former Prime Minister (2012–2014)Шаблон:Sfn
- Gérard Larcher, President of the French SenateШаблон:Sfn
- Richard Ferrand, President of the National Assembly
- Christophe Castaner, Minister of the InteriorШаблон:Sfn
- Geneviève Darrieussecq, Secretary of State to the Minister of the Armed ForcesШаблон:Sfn
- Anne Hidalgo, Mayor of ParisШаблон:Sfn
- Jean-Yves Le Drian, Minister of Europe and Foreign Affairs
- Florence Parly, Minister of the Armed ForcesШаблон:Sfn
- Valérie Pécresse, President of the Regional Council of Île-de-FranceШаблон:Sfn
- Jacques Toubon, French ombudsmanШаблон:Sfn
- International
Present at the Arc de Triomphe ceremony unless stated otherwise.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
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- Heads of state and members of royal houses
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Ilir Meta, President of Albania
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Alexander Van der Bellen, President of Austria, and First Lady Doris Schmidauer
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Bakir Izetbegović, Chairman and Bosniak member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Rumen Radev, President of Bulgaria, and First Lady Desislava Radeva
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Roch Marc Christian Kaboré, President of Burkina Faso
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Faustin-Archange Touadéra, President of the Central African Republic
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Idriss Déby, President of Chad, and First Lady Hinda Déby Itno
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Azali Assoumani, President of Comoros, and First Lady Ambari Assoumani
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Denis Sassou Nguesso, President of the Republic of the Congo, and First Lady Antoinette Sassou Nguesso
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović, President of Croatia, and First Gentleman Jakov Kitarović
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Nicos Anastasiades, President of Cyprus, and First Lady Andri Anastasiades
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Ismaïl Omar Guelleh, President of Djibouti
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Kersti Kaljulaid, President of Estonia
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Sauli Niinistö, President of Finland
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Giorgi Margvelashvili, President of Georgia, and First Lady Maka Chichua
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Alpha Condé, President of Guinea
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Guðni Th. Jóhannesson, President of Iceland
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Sergio Mattarella, President of Italy
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Alassane Ouattara, President of Ivory Coast, and First Lady Dominique Ouattara
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Uhuru Kenyatta, President of Kenya
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Hashim Thaçi, President of Kosovo
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Raimonds Vējonis, President of Latvia
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Dalia Grybauskaitė, President of Lithuania
- Шаблон:Flagdeco George Weah, President of Liberia
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Fayez al-Sarraj, Chairman of the Presidential Council and Prime Minister of Libya, and Nadia Refaat
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Grand Duke Henri and Grand Duchess Maria Teresa of Luxembourg
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Gjorge Ivanov, President of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Rivo Rakotovao, acting President of Madagascar
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Ibrahim Boubacar Keita, President of Mali
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, President of Mauritania, and First Lady Mariam Mint Ahmed Dit Tekber
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Igor Dodon, President of Moldova
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Prince Albert II and Princess Charlene of Monaco
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Milo Đukanović, President of Montenegro
- Шаблон:Flagdeco King Mohammed VI of Morocco
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Crown Prince Moulay Hassan of Morocco
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Mahamadou Issoufou, President of Niger, and First Lady Lalla Malika Issoufou
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Muhammadu Buhari, President of Nigeria
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, President of Portugal
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Emir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani of QatarШаблон:Refn
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Klaus Iohannis, President of Romania, and First Lady Carmen Iohannis
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Vladimir Putin, President of Russia
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Paul Kagame, President of Rwanda
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Macky Sall, President of Senegal
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Aleksandar Vučić, President of Serbia
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Andrej Kiska, President of Slovakia
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Borut Pahor, President of Slovenia
- Шаблон:Flagdeco King Felipe VI of Spain
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Alain Berset, President and Head of the Federal Department of Home Affairs of Switzerland, and Muriel Zeender
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Beji Caid Essebsi, President of Tunisia
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, President of Turkey, and First Lady Emine Erdoğan
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Petro Poroshenko, President of Ukraine, and First Lady Maryna Poroshenko
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Donald Trump, President of the United States, and First Lady Melania Trump
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Tallis Obed Moses, President of Vanuatu, and First Lady Estella Moses
- Heads of government
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Ahmed Ouyahia, Prime Minister of Algeria
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Nikol Pashinyan, Prime Minister of Armenia, and Anna Hakobyan
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Charles Michel, Prime Minister of Belgium, and Amélie Derbaudrenghien
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Justin Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Andrej Babiš, Prime Minister of the Czech Republic, and Monika Herodesová
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Lars Løkke Rasmussen, Prime Minister of Denmark
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Angela Merkel, Chancellor of Germany
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Alexis Tsipras, Prime Minister of Greece
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Leo Varadkar, Taoiseach of Ireland
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Benjamin Netanyahu, Prime Minister of Israel, and Sara Netanyahu
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Saad Hariri, Prime Minister of LebanonШаблон:Refn
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Xavier Bettel, Prime Minister of Luxembourg, and Gauthier Destenay
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Mark Rutte, Prime Minister of the Netherlands
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Erna Solberg, Prime Minister of Norway
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Rami Hamdallah, Prime Minister of Palestine
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Pedro Sánchez, Prime Minister of Spain, and Begoña Gómez
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Stefan Löfven, Prime Minister of Sweden, and Ulla Löfven
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Prayut Chan-o-cha, Prime Minister of Thailand, and Naraporn Chan-o-cha
- Other representatives
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Sir Peter Cosgrove, Governor-General of Australia, and Lynne, Lady Cosgrove
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Elmar Mammadyarov, Minister of Foreign Affairs of AzerbaijanШаблон:Sfn
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Tarique Ahmed Siddique, security adviser to Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina of Bangladesh
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Mikhail Myasnikovich, Speaker of the Council of the Republic of the National Assembly of BelarusШаблон:Sfn
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Aurélien Agbénonci, Minister of Foreign Affairs of BeninШаблон:Sfn
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Chea Sophara, Deputy Prime Minister of Cambodia
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Ji Bingxuan, Vice-Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of ChinaШаблон:Sfn
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Epeli Nailatikau, former President of FijiШаблон:Sfn
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Шаблон:Ill, Minister of Foreign Affairs of GabonШаблон:RefnШаблон:Sfn
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Cardinal Pietro Parolin, Cardinal Secretary of State of the Holy See
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Venkaiah Naidu, Vice-President of India, and Usha Naidu
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Tarō Asō, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance of Japan
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Dastan Jumabekov, Speaker of the Parliament of KyrgyzstanШаблон:Sfn
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Phankham Viphavanh, Vice-President of Laos
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Carmelo Abela, Minister of Foreign Affairs of MaltaШаблон:Sfn
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Winston Peters, Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand, and Jan Trotman
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Jacek Czaputowicz, Minister of Foreign Affairs of PolandШаблон:Sfn
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula, Minister of Defence of South AfricaШаблон:Sfn
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Шаблон:Ill, Chairman of the Assembly of Representatives of TajikistanШаблон:Sfn
- Шаблон:Flagdeco David Lidington, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister for the Cabinet Office of the United KingdomШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Nigmatilla Yuldashev, Chairman of the Senate of UzbekistanШаблон:Sfn
- Ambassadors
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Paulo César de Oliveira Campos, Ambassador of Brazil to FranceШаблон:Sfn
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Шаблон:Ill, Ambassador of Kazakhstan to FranceШаблон:Citation needed
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Moin ul Haq, Ambassador of Pakistan to FranceШаблон:Citation needed
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Çary Nyýazow, Ambassador of Turkmenistan to FranceШаблон:Citation needed
- Шаблон:Flagdeco The Lord Llewellyn of Steep, Ambassador of the United Kingdom to FranceШаблон:Sfn
- Шаблон:Flagdeco Nguyên Thiêp, Ambassador of Vietnam to FranceШаблон:Citation needed
- International organizations
- Moussa Faki, Chairperson of the African Union Commission
- Thorbjørn Jagland, Secretary General of the Council of Europe
- Jean-Claude Juncker, President of the European Commission
- Antonio Tajani, President of the European Parliament
- Michaëlle Jean, Secretary-General of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
- Guy Ryder, Director-General of the International Labour Organization
- Christine Lagarde, chair and managing director of the International Monetary Fund
- Jens Stoltenberg, Secretary General of NATO
- José Ángel Gurría, Secretary-General of the OECD
- Audrey Azoulay, Director-General of UNESCO
- Paolo Artini, Representative to France of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
- António Guterres, Secretary-General of the United Nations
- María Fernanda Espinosa, President of the United Nations General Assembly
- Roberto Azevêdo, Director-General of the World Trade Organization
- Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group
Controversies
In October 2018, reports circulated in the French press that Philippe Pétain, who served in the Battle of Verdun and later led Nazi-aligned Vichy France, would be paid tribute at the Hôtel des Invalides alongside other World War I marshals. In response, the office of the Élysée said it didn't understand how such a tribute "ended up there", explaining that it was "not in the [official] program".Шаблон:Sfn President Macron in particular described Pétain as a "great soldier", while remarking that he made "disastrous choices" during the Nazi occupation.Шаблон:Sfn The resulting public controversy led to the tribute to Pétain being withdrawn from the schedule.
A planned visit by US President Donald Trump to the Aisne-Marne American Cemetery and Memorial, due on 10 November, was cancelled due to what the White House termed "bad weather".Шаблон:Sfn The decision was met with harsh criticism, particularly from former secretary of state John Kerry, former Obama national security advisor Ben Rhodes and British Conservative politician Nicholas Soames, a grandson of Winston Churchill.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
During the procession to the Arc de Triomphe, Trump's motorcade passed by a topless woman who ran towards it and was quickly dragged out by French police. The radical feminist group Femen claimed responsibility for the incident.Шаблон:Sfn French police had already arrested three Femen demonstrators who staged a protest at the Arc de Triomphe on the morning of 10 November welcoming "war criminals".Шаблон:RefnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Anti-Trump demonstrations were also held at the Place de la République.Шаблон:Sfn
The seating arrangement caused a major controversy in Serbia. As the Serbian army had a pivotal role in forcing both Bulgaria and Austria-Hungary out of the war, with Serbia itself having the most extensive casualties compared to its population number and a historical friendship with France, the positioning of Serbian president Aleksandar Vučić away from the frontline seating areas in place of representatives of countries which were on the opposing side in the war or didn't even exist as separate states at the time, was taken as an insult in Serbia.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
United Kingdom
Шаблон:See also On 4 November, 10,000 torches were lit in the moat of the Tower of London, in an artistic installation entitled Beyond the Deepening Shadow which repeated nightly ending on 11 November.Шаблон:Sfn The Shrouds of the Somme, designed by artist Rob Heard and comprising 72,396 shrouded figures representing all servicemen from the British Commonwealth with no known grave, was laid out at the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, being on display from 8 to 18 November 2018.Шаблон:Sfn The BBC planned a week-long series of special programming across its platforms.Шаблон:Sfn
On 9 November, Prime Minister Theresa May and French President Emmanuel Macron jointly paid respects at the Thiepval Memorial in northern France. May also laid wreaths at the graves of John Parr and George Edwin Ellison, respectively the first and last British soldiers killed during the war, during a visit to the St Symphorien Military Cemetery in Belgium. Her wreaths were engraved with handwritten messages, invoking wartime poems to express gratitude to the dead for being "staunch to the end".Шаблон:Sfn
As Remembrance Sunday in 2018 fell on 11 November, the National Service of Remembrance was held concurrently with other commemorative events in Europe. The service at the Cenotaph in London began at 11:00 GMT, with a two-minute silence being observed, after which Prince Charles then laid the first wreath on behalf of Queen Elizabeth II.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Thousands were able to pay respect to relatives and soldiers killed in the war during a march past the memorial.Шаблон:Sfn Despite ongoing renovations, the Big Ben rang eleven times at 12:30 GMT.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier was invited to attend as a special guest, becoming the first German leader to lay a wreath at the Cenotaph.Шаблон:Sfn The invitation was reportedly planned as early as September 2018.Шаблон:Sfn The Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport described his presence as "a symbol of the friendship that exists between the two countries today".Шаблон:Sfn A memorial service was held in the evening at Westminster Abbey, where Steinmeier read out a passage from 1 St John 4:7–11 in German.Шаблон:Sfn The Queen and several senior royal family members also attended a remembrance concert.Шаблон:Sfn
Similar events were held across the United Kingdom's constituent countries and Crown Dependencies. In Scotland, Princess Anne attended a service at Glasgow Cathedral, while First Minister Nicola Sturgeon and other officials laid wreaths.Шаблон:Sfn The government of the Isle of Man released a series of special commemorative coins to mark the centenary.Шаблон:Sfn
Commonwealth of Nations
Remembrance Day ceremonies were organized in Commonwealth countries, as on previous occasions, in conjunction with the Armistice centenary.
The centenary was commemorated in Australia with a national Remembrance Day service in Canberra, alongside a national minute of silence in remembrance of Australian soldiers who fought and died in overseas conflicts. Prime Minister Scott Morrison addressed a crowd of more than 12,000 attending the ceremony. An extension of the Anzac Memorial in Sydney was opened to the public for the occasion.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In addition, over a thousand people attended a commemoration at the Australian National Memorial in the French town of Villers-Bretonneux.Шаблон:Sfn
In India, a memorial service was held at the Delhi War Cemetery, where Indian and British delegates laid wreaths. Conservative MP Tom Tugendhat led the British delegation and was joined by Sir Dominic Asquith, British High Commissioner to India, and defence attaché Brigadier Mark Goldsack.Шаблон:Sfn In a series of tweets, Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid tribute to Indian troops and pledged to "further an atmosphere of harmony and brotherhood".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
In New Zealand, the Pukeahu National War Memorial Park in Wellington hosted an Armistice commemoration service, which was organized as part of the wider New Zealand WW100 commemorations. A 100-gun salute was held at the Wellington waterfront, and two minutes of silence were observed at 11:00 NZDT, followed by a cacophony of noise replicating how the public initially reacted to the news of the Armistice a century prior. Governor-General Dame Patsy Reddy and Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern gave speeches at the event.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Ceremonies in Kenya and Zambia were scheduled for 25 November 2018; German forces fighting in Northern Rhodesia only received news of the armistice on 14 November 1918, and eventually surrendered later that month.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In Voi, the Commonwealth War Cemetery hosted a small ceremony, which was attended by British and German diplomats; a Kenyan army bugler played the Last Post during the ceremony, and wreaths were laid by a Kenyan general and some local and international visitors.Шаблон:Sfn The Zambian government sponsored a centenary event in the town of Mbala organized by the national tourism agency, saying that attraction to the region would unlock the "tourism and investment potential of Northern Province".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
The centenary was also marked in Canada.Шаблон:Sfn
Other locations
Commemorative events took place in Hong Kong, Italy, Myanmar, Romania, and Russia on the occasion of the centenary.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Belgium
National commemorations were held in the capital of Brussels. In an address, King Philippe pledged to keep "the memory of those who sacrificed themselves for us and the values for which they fought", and to "engage together in building a world of peace." A dove and 11 pigeons were released during the memorial service.Шаблон:Sfn In Ypres, a series of tributes to Commonwealth veterans was attended by the Minister-President of Flanders, Geert Bourgeois.Шаблон:Sfn The Last Post, traditionally performed nightly at the Menin Gate since 1928, was additionally played at 11:00 CET to mark the centenary.Шаблон:Sfn
In Mons, celebrations were held marking the anniversary of Canadian troops taking over the city from the Germans, in the final leg of Canada's Hundred Days.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada led a recreated Armistice parade through the city.Шаблон:Sfn
Germany
Public memorization of the First World War in modern Germany was muted, mainly owing to the defeat of the German Empire and the chronology of events resulting from the aftermath of the war. Nonetheless, some individual events were organized, including a religious service at the Berlin Cathedral, and an exhibition showcasing works by 31 international artists representing countries involved in WWI peace negotiations.Шаблон:RefnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Hungary
The Hungarian National Bank released a series of commemorative coins on 16 October 2018, which included a silver collector coin with a face value of 10,000 Hungarian forint and a non-ferrous metal variant with a fifth of the face value.Шаблон:Sfn
Ireland
A service was organized at Glasnevin Cemetery, and attended by President Michael D. Higgins, who was due to be sworn in for a second term on the same day, along with representatives of at least 47 countries. The Last Post was played during the ceremony.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Luxembourg
A ceremony was held at the Gëlle Fra monument in the capital during the late afternoon, in the presence of Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, and Grand Duchess Maria Teresa, as well as prime minister Xavier Bettel, who also paid tribute to war casualties.Шаблон:Sfn
United States
The National World War I Museum and Memorial in Kansas City, Missouri hosted a ceremony in which participants and relatives of WWI veterans tolled a "bell of peace" and laid wreaths in memory of those killed in the war.Шаблон:Sfn The Washington National Cathedral organized a commemorative worship service.Шаблон:Sfn
President Donald Trump proposed that a military parade at the Capitol be held on 10 November to mark the centenary, in admiration of France's Bastille Day military parade (which Trump attended as a guest in 2017). However, Trump cancelled the proposed event in August 2018 over cost concerns, with estimates that the parade would have cost as much as US$92 million.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Vatican City
In remarks made during a weekly Angelus address, Pope Francis appealed for a rejection of a "culture of war", quoting Benedict XV, who served as pope during the majority of the First World War, and reflecting on the occasion of St. Martin's Day, which also fell on 11 November. The bells at St. Peter's Basilica were tolled in the afternoon in unison with other church bells across Europe.Шаблон:Sfn
See also
- First World War centenary
- Centenary of the outbreak of World War I
- Paris Peace Forum
- Armistice Day
- Remembrance Day
- Veterans Day
Notes and references
Notes
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Books and journals
News
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Websites and others
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Further reading
- S. Sumartojo, Experiencing 11 November 2018 – Commemoration and the First World War Centenary, Routledge, 2020. Шаблон:ISBN.
External links
- AP Was There: Armistice brings World War I to an end – Associated Press
- Cérémonie internationale du Centenaire de l'Armistice du 11 novembre 1918 à l'Arc de triomphe – Présidence de la République (Dailymotion video)
- Remembrance Day National Ceremony 2018 – Australian War Memorial (YouTube video)
- Armistice Centenary National Ceremony – WW100 New Zealand (YouTube video)
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