Английская Википедия:Australopithecine
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Australopithecina or Hominina is a subtribe in the tribe Hominini. The members of the subtribe are generally Australopithecus (cladistically including the genera Homo, Paranthropus,Шаблон:Sfn and Kenyanthropus), and it typically includes the earlier Ardipithecus, Orrorin, Sahelanthropus, and (sometimes) Graecopithecus. All these closely related species are now sometimesШаблон:Dubious collectively termed australopiths or homininians.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn They are the extinct, close relatives of modern humans and, together with the extant genus Homo, comprise the human clade. Members of the human clade, i.e. the Hominini after the split from the chimpanzees, are now called Hominina[1] (see Hominidae; terms "hominids" and hominins).
While none of the groups normally directly assigned to this group survived, the australopiths do not appear to be literally extinct (in the sense of having no living descendants) as the genera Kenyanthropus, Paranthropus and Homo probably emerged as sister of a late Australopithecus species such as A. africanus and/or A. sediba.
The term australopithecine came from a former classification as members of a distinct subfamily, the Australopithecinae.Шаблон:Sfn Members of Australopithecus are sometimes referred to as the "gracile australopiths", while Paranthropus are called the "robust australopiths".Шаблон:Sfn[2]
The australopiths occurred in the Late Miocene sub-epoch and were bipedal, and they were dentally similar to humans, but with a brain size not much larger than that of modern non-human apes, with lesser encephalization than in the genus Homo.Шаблон:Sfn Humans (genus Homo) may have descended from australopith ancestors and the genera Ardipithecus, Orrorin, Sahelanthropus, and Graecopithecus are the possible ancestors of the australopiths.[2]
Classification
Classification of subtribe Australopithecina according to Шаблон:Harvnb.
- Australopithecina
Phylogeny
Phylogeny of Hominina/Australopithecina according to Dembo et al. (2016).[3] Шаблон:Clade
Physical characteristics
The post-cranial remains of australopiths show they were adapted to bipedal locomotion, but did not walk identically to humans. They have a high brachial index (forearm/upper arm ratio) when compared to other hominins, and they exhibit greater sexual dimorphism than members of Homo or Pan but less so than Gorilla or Pongo. It is thought that they averaged heights of Шаблон:Convert and weighed between Шаблон:Convert. The brain size may have been 350 cc to 600 cc. The postcanines (the teeth behind the canines) were relatively large, and had more enamel compared to contemporary apes and humans, whereas the incisors and canines were relatively small, and there was little difference between the males' and females' canines compared to modern apes.[2]
Relation to Homo
Most scientists maintain that the genus Homo emerged in Africa within the Australopiths around two million years ago. However, there is no consensus on within which species:
Asian australopiths
Шаблон:See also A minority-held view among palaeoanthropologists is that australopiths moved outside Africa. A notable proponent of this theory is Jens Lorenz Franzen, formerly Head of Paleoanthropology at the Research Institute Senckenberg. Franzen argues that robust australopiths had reached not only Indonesia, as Meganthropus, but also China:
In 1957, an Early Pleistocene Chinese fossil tooth of unknown province was described as resembling P. robustus. Three fossilized molars from Jianshi, China (Longgudong Cave) were later identified as belonging to an Australopithecus species.Шаблон:Sfn However further examination questioned this interpretation; Zhang (1984) argued the Jianshi teeth and unidentified tooth belong to H. erectus. Liu et al. (2010) also dispute the Jianshi-australopithecine link and argue the Jianshi molars fall within the range of Homo erectus:Шаблон:Sfn
But, Wolpoff (1999) notes that in China "persistent claims of australopithecine or australopithecine-like remains continue".Шаблон:Sfn
See also
Notes
References
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- Шаблон:Cite book
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External links
Шаблон:Human Evolution Шаблон:Haplorhini Шаблон:Portal bar Шаблон:Taxonbar Шаблон:Authority control
