Английская Википедия:Avadh Akhbar

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox newspaper Avadh Akhbar (or Awadh Akhbar or Oudh Akhbar) was an Urdu-language newspaper founded by Munshi Nawal Kishore, and published by Nawal Kishore Press from Lucknow, British India. It was launched in 1858 and lasted for almost a century. It was the most popular newspaper of its time, specialising in politics, social reform and literature. In 1877, it became the first Urdu daily in Northern India.

Pandit Ratan Nath Dhar Sarshar, one of the paper's editors, serialised his novel Fasana-e-Azad in this newspaper between 1878 and 1883. It is considered the first 'serialised novel' in Urdu.

Founding

Файл:Munshi Nawal Kishore.jpg

Munshi Nawal Kishore, founder of the paper

The date of the first publication of Avadh Akhbar is not traceable, but most authorities on Urdu journalism maintain that the first issue of Avadh Akhbar did not appear before January 1859. The issue of 8 January 1862 was marked as volume 4, no. 2, which suggests that the first issue was produced in 1859. Naval Kishore launched the paper at some point in 1858; however, its regular weekly publication began the following year, starting a fresh count with volume 1 in January 1859.Шаблон:Sfn

Format

Avadh Akhbar was initially a four-page weekly, 18 x 22 cm in size. Its front cover was illustrated with a drawing of Chattar Manzil, a building in Lucknow, and Farhat Bakhsh Palace. It appeared every Wednesday. From 1864, its size was increased to sixteen pages, and the format was expanded to 22 x 29 cm.Шаблон:Sfn From August 1871, it began to appear twice a week, and from May 1875 three times a week.Шаблон:Sfn

On 23 May 1877, it was announced through a special supplement to the paper that, starting from 1 June 1877, the paper would be published on a daily basis, initially for a six-month trial period. After receiving support from readers, it continued as a regular daily after the six-month trial period,Шаблон:Sfn becoming the first Urdu daily in Northern India.Шаблон:Sfn

Content

Avadh Akhbar published local, national and international news.Шаблон:Sfn It provided extensive coverage of the ongoing wars, the Russo-Turkish war (1877–1878) and the second Anglo-Afghan war (1878–80), which interested the North Indian people at the time, especially Muslims. The paper introduced a special column entitled Maidān e Jang Kī Tāzatarīn Khabareṃ ('Latest news from the battlefield'), with maps and illustrations.Шаблон:Sfn The paper also contained articles on social and cultural topics, education and literature. It adopted a reformist and progressive attitude for social change.Шаблон:Sfn It published reports on Mushairas (poetic symposia), literary gatherings and book publications.

Following the appointment of Pandit Ratan Nath 'Sarshar' as editor, his Urdu novel Fasana-e-Azad began to appear in the paper from August 1878. Considered a landmark in modern Urdu fiction, the novel received unprecedented public interest, and boosted the paper.Шаблон:Sfn

Editors

A mustachioed Ratan Nath Dhar Sarshar, wearing a fez

Pandit Ratan Nath Dhar Sarshar, one of the editors of Avadh Akhbar; his novel Fasana-e-Azad was serialised in the paper.

The initial issues of Avadh Akhbar were edited by Munshi Naval Kishore himself. He was soon forced to entrust this time-consuming task to others. In 1859, Maulvi Hadi Ali 'Ashk', one of Naval Kishore Press's scholars and calligraphers, was appointed the paper's first formal editor. Due to his failing health, Ashk left the editorship in 1864. According to an editorial notice which appeared in a later issue of the paper, Maulvi Fakhruddin 'Fakhr', a scholar, took over the editorship from Ashk, probably in 1865. In 1866, he was succeeded by Mehdi Husain Khan, the ex-proprietor of the Riyaz-e-Nur Press in Multan and former editor of an Urdu weekly of the same name.Шаблон:Sfn

Following Mehdi Husain Khan, in 1867 the editorship was assumed by Maulvi Raunaq Ali, a Persian and Urdu scholar and poet who wrote under the pen names 'Afsun' and 'Raunaq'. He had joined the Naval Kishore Press as a proofreader for Avadh Akhbar but was soon promoted to editor.Шаблон:Sfn He was sent to Patiala by Naval Kishore to oversee the establishment of a new printing office. In 1870, Maulvi Ghulam Muhammad Khan was appointed as the new editor. As well as a journalist and editor, he was a pupil of poet Mirza Ghalib and wrote poetry in Persian and Urdu under the pen-name 'Tapish'. He served as editor for eight years. During his editorship, Avadh Akhbar flourished. In 1876, he left the press following disagreements with Naval Kishore. Some time later he became editor again, and in March 1877, he announced in the paper that because of his ill health and low eyesight he would quit Avadh Akhbar and start his own paper, Mushir-e-Qaisar-e-Hind. According to Garcin de Tassy, Maulvi Amjad Ali 'Ashhari' took charge of the paper for a short period after Tapish.Шаблон:Sfn

On 10 August 1878, Pandit Ratan Nath Dhar Sarshar was appointed as editor. Avadh Akhbar helped to launch his career as one of the most important fiction writers in Urdu.Шаблон:Sfn Sarshar's novel Fasana-e-Azad appeared serially, and later as a special supplement, in the paper from 1878 to 1880. It became the first Urdu novel to be serialised in a newspaper.Шаблон:Sfn Sarshar also published articles on literary, educational, political and social subjects in the paper, advocating progressive thoughts, enlightenment and modernity. Ulrike Stark remarks that Sarshar gave a new dimension to journalistic prose in Urdu and became a model for many later writers.Шаблон:Sfn Sarshar resigned from the editorship on 1 February 1880; however, he remained associated with the Naval Kishore Press for some time. His novels Fasana-e-Jadid (later published in book form as Jam-e-Sarshar) and Sair-e-Kohsar were serialised as special supplements to Avadh Akhbar in 1880 and 1886 respectively.Шаблон:Sfn

After Sarshar, no formal editor was appointed. The editorial work was handled by several editors including Abdul Halim Sharar (assistant editor from 1880 to 1882), Mirza Hairat Dehlavi, Munshi Shiv Parshad, Maulvi Ahmad Hasan 'Shaukat' and Munshi Debi Parshad 'Sihr'.Шаблон:Sfn

Circulation, frequency and editors

Circulation, frequency and editors of Avadh Akhbar.Шаблон:Sfn

Year	Circulation/Government Subscriptions	Frequency	Editor
1858		weekly	Munshi Nawal Kishore
1859–64		weekly	Maulvi Hadi Ali 'Ashk'
1865–66	ca. 400	weekly	Maulvi Fakhruddin 'Fakhr' Muhammad Mehdi Husain Khan
1867–69		weekly	Maulvi Raunaq Ali 'Afsos'
1870		weekly	Maulvi Ghulam Muhammad Khan 'Tapish'
1871		weekly/ bi-weekly	Maulvi Ghulam Muhammad Khan 'Tapish'
1872		bi-weekly	Maulvi Ghulam Muhammad Khan 'Tapish'
1873		bi-weekly	Maulvi Ghulam Muhammad Khan 'Tapish'
1874		bi-weekly	Maulvi Ghulam Muhammad Khan 'Tapish'
1875–76	600	bi-weekly/ thrice-weekly	Maulvi Ghulam Muhammad Khan 'Tapish'
1877	820/50	thrice-weekly/ daily	Maulvi Ghulam Muhammad Khan 'Tapish'
1878	719/50	daily	Maulvi Amjad Ali 'Ashhari' Pandit Ratan Nath Dhar Sarshar
1879	719/50	daily	Pandit Ratan Nath Dhar Sarshar
1880	685	daily	Editorial board consisting of several people, including: Abdul Halim Sharar (assistant editor from 1880 to 1882), Mirza Hairat Dehlavi, Munshi Shiv Parshad, Maulvi Ahmad Hasan 'Shaukat', Munshi Debi Parshad 'Sihr'
1881	715	daily
1882	620	daily
1883	620/90	daily
1884	605/94	daily
1885	605/94; 732/94	daily
1886	732/90; 660/94	daily
1887	660/94; 595/94	daily
1888	595/94; 690/94	daily
1889	690/94; 550/94	daily
1890	550/94	daily
1891	540/94	daily
1892	540/90	daily
1893	521/87; 503/92	daily
1894	503/92; 521/92	daily
1895	521/94	daily

Reception

The paper appears to be Nawal Kishore's most profitable journalistic venture and received great success with Urdu readers.Шаблон:Sfn It was the most popular newspaper of its time, specialising in politics, social reform and literature.

Avadh Akhbar was the only commercially viable Urdu daily newspaper for a decade (1877–1887), until a rival newspaper, Paisa Akhbar, began being published in Lahore around 1887.Шаблон:Sfn It was read across a wide geographical region in India ranging from Delhi to Hyderabad, and from Lahore to Kolkata.Шаблон:Sfn

References

Sources

• Шаблон:Cite book