Английская Википедия:Azadan

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Italic title

Файл:Bishapur relief of Sasanian cavalry (1).jpg
Sasanian-era rock relief in Bishapur depicting cavalrymen, who were generally drawn from the ranks of the azadan and wuzurgan

The Azadan (Middle Persian: Шаблон:Transl, Parthian: Шаблон:Transl; meaning 'free' and 'noble') were a class of Iranian nobles. They are probably identical to the Шаблон:Transl ('the free ones') mentioned in Greek sources to refer to a group of Parthian nobles.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn According to the 1st-century Romano-Jewish historian Josephus (died 100 AD), the Parthian army led by prince Pacorus I during the invasion of Judea consisted of members of the Шаблон:Transl.Шаблон:Sfn The Kingdom of Armenia adopted the same hierarchy as that of the Parthians, which included the Шаблон:Transl class (Шаблон:Transl), which was used to label the Armenian middle and lower nobility.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The name of the Georgian nobility, Шаблон:Transl, also corresponded to that of Шаблон:Transl.Шаблон:Sfn A class of Шаблон:Transl are also attested in Sogdia, an Iranian civilization located in Central Asia.Шаблон:Sfn

The Sasanians, who supplanted the Parthians in 224, maintained the same divisions of the nobility as their predecessor.Шаблон:Sfn Under the Sasanians, the Шаблон:Transl were members of the lower nobility and the last class-rank of the four types of the Sasanian nobility. The four ranks consisted of the Шаблон:Transl (vassal kings and dynasts), the Шаблон:Transl (princes of royal blood), the Шаблон:Transl (grandees) and the Шаблон:Transl (lower nobility).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The Шаблон:Transl and Шаблон:Transl formed the bulk of the cavalry (Шаблон:Transl), which in turn formed the backbone of the Sasanian army.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The Шаблон:Transl were analogous to the knights of Medieval Europe.Шаблон:Sfn

The Шаблон:Transl are first attested in the bilingual Hajjiabad inscription of the King of Kings (Шаблон:Transl) Shapur I (Шаблон:Reign):Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

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They are later mentioned in the Paikuli inscription of 293, erected by Shapur I's grandson Narseh (Шаблон:Reign), who mentions the Шаблон:Transl along with other groups of the nobility. They are likewise mentioned in the inscription of Shapur II (Шаблон:Reign) at Meshkinshahr. According to the 5th-century Byzantine Armenian historian Faustus of Byzantium, the Шаблон:Transl formed the bulk of Shapur II's royal bodyguard regiment.Шаблон:Sfn

References

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Sources