Английская Википедия:Begadkefat
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:IPA notice Begadkefat (also begedkefet) is the name given to a phenomenon of lenition affecting the non-emphatic stop consonants of Biblical Hebrew and Aramaic when they are preceded by a vowel and not geminated. The name is also given to similar cases of spirantization of post-vocalic plosives in other languages; for instance, in the Berber language of Djerba.[1] Celtic languages have a similar system.
The name of the phenomenon is made up of these six consonants, mixed with haphazard vowels for the sake of pronunciation: BeGaDKePaT. The Hebrew term Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Modern Hebrew Шаблон:IPA) denotes the letters themselves (rather than the phenomenon of spirantization). If a beged-kephat is at the beginning of a word, and is preceded by a word ending in an open syllable, then there is no dagesh. Begedkefet spirantization developed sometime during the lifetime of Biblical Hebrew under the influence of Aramaic.[2] Its time of emergence can be found by noting that the Old Aramaic phonemes Шаблон:IPAslink, Шаблон:IPAslink disappeared in the 7th century BC.[3] During this period all six plosive / fricative pairs were allophonic.
In Modern Hebrew, Sephardi Hebrew, and most forms of Mizrahi Hebrew, three of the six letters, Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (bet), Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (kaf) and Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (pe) each still denotes a stop–fricative variant pair; however, in Modern Hebrew these variants are no longer purely allophonic (see below). Although orthographic variants of Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (gimel), Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (dalet) and Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (tav) still exist, these letters' pronunciation always remains acoustically and phonologically indistinguishable.[note 1]
In Ashkenazi Hebrew and in Yiddish borrowings from Ashkenazi Hebrew, Шаблон:Script/Hebrew without dagesh still denotes a fricative variant Шаблон:IPAblink (under the influence of Judeo-German, aka Yiddish) which diverged from Biblical/Mishnaic Шаблон:IPAblink.
The only extant Hebrew pronunciation tradition to preserve and distinguish all begadkefat letters is Yemenite Hebrew; however, in Yemenite Hebrew the sound of gimel with dagesh is a voiced palato-alveolar affricate Шаблон:IPAblink (under the influence of Judeo-Yemeni Arabic), which diverged from Biblical/Mishnaic Шаблон:IPAblink.
Orthography
The phenomenon is attributed to the following allophonic consonants:
| Plosives | Spirants | Hebrew Notes | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hebrew | Syriac | Hebrew | Syriac | Biblical, Mishnaic |
Standard Israeli | ||
| Bet | Letter | Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | Шаблон:Lang | [β] | [v] |
| IPA | Шаблон:IPAblink | Шаблон:IPAblink | - | ||||
| Gimel | Letter | Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | Шаблон:Lang | [ɣ] | [ɡ] |
| IPA | Шаблон:IPAblink | Шаблон:IPAblink | - | ||||
| Dalet | Letter | Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | Шаблон:Lang | [ð] | [d] |
| IPA | Шаблон:IPAblink | Шаблон:IPAblink | - | ||||
| Kaph | Letter | Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | Шаблон:Lang | [x] | Шаблон:IPAblink |
| IPA | Шаблон:IPAblink | Шаблон:IPAblink | - | ||||
| Pe | Letter | Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | Шаблон:Lang | [ɸ] | Шаблон:IPAblink |
| IPA | Шаблон:IPAblink | Шаблон:IPAblink | - | ||||
| Taw | Letter | Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | Шаблон:Lang | [θ] | [t] |
| IPA | Шаблон:IPAblink | Шаблон:IPAblink | - | ||||
In Hebrew writing with niqqud, a dot in the center of one of these letters, called dagesh ( ּ ), marks the plosive articulation:
- at the beginning of a word[note 2] or after a consonant (in which cases it is termed "dagesh qal"[note 3]),
- when the sound is – or was historically – geminated (in which case it is termed "dagesh ẖazaq", a mark for historical gemination in most other consonants of the language as well), and
- in some modern Hebrew words independently of these conditions (see below).
A line (similar to a macron) placed above it, called "rafe" ( ֿ ), marks in Yiddish (and rarely in Hebrew) the fricative articulation.
In Modern Hebrew
As mentioned above, the fricative variants of Шаблон:IPAblink, Шаблон:IPAblink and Шаблон:IPAblink no longer exist in modern Hebrew. (However, Hebrew does have the guttural R consonant Шаблон:IPAslink which is the voiced counterpart of Шаблон:IPAslink and sounds similar to Mizrahi Hebrew's fricative variant of Шаблон:IPAblink ḡimel as well as Arabic's غ ġayn, both of which are Шаблон:IPA. Modern Hebrew ר resh can still sporadically be found standing in for this phoneme, for example in the Hebrew rendering of Raleb (Ghaleb) Majadele's name.) The three remaining pairs Шаблон:IPAslink~Шаблон:IPAslink, Шаблон:IPAslink~Шаблон:IPAslink, and Шаблон:IPAslink~Шаблон:IPAslink still sometimes alternate, as demonstrated in inflections of many roots in which the roots' meaning is retained despite variation of begedkefet letters' manner of articulation, e.g.,
| in verbs: | ||
| Шаблон:•Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | Шаблон:IPA | ("come" (imperative) → "you will come"), |
| Шаблон:•Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | Шаблон:IPA | ("broke" (transitive) → "broke" (intransitive), |
| Шаблон:•Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | Шаблон:IPA | ("he wrote" → "he will write"), |
| Шаблон:•Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | Шаблон:IPA | ("he remembered" → "he will remember"), |
| Шаблон:•Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | Шаблон:IPA | ("you (f.) turned" → "to turn"), |
| Шаблон:•Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | Шаблон:IPA | ("you (f.) judged" → "to judge "), |
| or in nouns: | ||
| Шаблон:•Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | Шаблон:IPA | ("evening" → "twilight"), |
| Шаблон:•Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | Шаблон:IPA | ("king" → "queen"), |
| Шаблон:•Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | Шаблон:IPA | ("a thousand" → "a thousandth"), |
however, in Modern Hebrew, stop and fricative variants of Шаблон:Script/HebrewШаблон:Rtl, Шаблон:Script/Hebrew and Шаблон:Script/Hebrew are distinct phonemes, and there are minimal pairs:
| Шаблон:•Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | Шаблон:IPA – Шаблон:IPA | ("applied make up" – "tipped ash"), |
| Шаблон:•Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | Шаблон:IPA – Шаблон:IPA | ("striped" – "missed"), |
| Шаблон:•Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | Шаблон:IPA – Шаблон:IPA | ("connected" – "made friends (with)"), |
| Шаблон:•Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | Шаблон:IPA – Шаблон:IPA | ("got integrated" – "was shocked"), |
and consider, e.g.:
| Шаблон:• | Шаблон:Script/Hebrew "to star", whose common pronunciation Шаблон:IPA preserves the manner of articulation of each kaf in the word it is derived from: Шаблон:Script/Hebrew Шаблон:IPA "a star" (first stop, then fricative), as opposed to the prescribed pronunciation Шаблон:IPA, which regards the variation in pronunciation of kaf Шаблон:IPAslink ←→ Шаблон:IPAslink as allophonic and determines its manner of articulation according to historical phonological principles; or: |
| Шаблон:• | similarly, Шаблон:Script/Hebrew "to gossip", whose prescribed pronunciation Шаблон:IPA is colloquially rejected, commonly pronounced Шаблон:IPA, preserving the fricative manner of articulation in related nouns (e.g. Шаблон:Script/Hebrew Шаблон:IPA "gossip", Шаблон:Script/Hebrew Шаблон:IPA "gossiper"). |
This phonemic divergence is due to a number of factors, amongst others:
- due to loss of consonant gemination in modern Hebrew, which formerly distinguished the stop members of the pairs from the fricatives when intervocalic – e.g. in the inflections:
Шаблон:•Шаблон:Script/Hebrew Шаблон:IPA, historically Шаблон:IPA ("jumped" → "hopped"), Шаблон:•Шаблон:Script/Hebrew Шаблон:IPA, historically Шаблон:IPA ("broke" → "shattered"), Шаблон:•Шаблон:Script/Hebrew Шаблон:IPA, historically Шаблон:IPA ("resided" → "housed"),
- due to the introduction, through foreign borrowings, of:
- Шаблон:•syllable-initial Шаблон:IPAslink (e.g. Шаблон:Script/Hebrew Шаблон:IPA "fabricated"),
- Шаблон:•non-syllable-initial Шаблон:IPAslink (e.g. Шаблон:Script/Hebrew Шаблон:IPA "hypnotized")
- Шаблон:•non-syllable-initial Шаблон:IPAslink (e.g. Шаблон:Script/Hebrew Шаблон:IPA "fabricated"), ג׳וֹבּ Шаблон:IPA "job", Шаблон:Script/Hebrew Шаблон:IPA "cubic meter", Шаблон:Script/Hebrew Шаблон:IPA "pub").
Even aside from borrowings or lost gemination, common Israeli pronunciation sometimes violates the original phonological principle "stop variant after a consonant; fricative after a vowel", although this principle is still prescribed as standard by the Academy of the Hebrew Language, e.g.:
- The words Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (ferry) and Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (refugee absorption camps), whose respective prescribed pronunciation is Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA, are commonly pronounced Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA, replacing the consonant (Шаблон:IPAslink) with a vowel (Шаблон:IPAslink), but still preferring the stop variant Шаблон:IPAslink to its fricative counterpoint Шаблон:IPAslink.
- Similarly, the words Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Aliyah Bet, called the Ha'apala which designates the covert Jewish immigration to British Palestine, 1934–1948) and Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (the immigrants of this immigration), whose respective prescribed pronunciation is Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA, are commonly pronounced Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA, again replacing the consonant (Шаблон:IPAslink) with the vowel (Шаблон:IPAslink), but still preferring the stop Шаблон:IPAslink to the fricative Шаблон:IPAslink.
- Conversely, words like Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (to deny) or Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (paintbrush), whose respective prescribed pronunciation is Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA, are commonly pronounced Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA, preferring the stop Шаблон:IPAslink to the fricative Шаблон:IPAslink, although following vowels (respectively Шаблон:IPAslink and Шаблон:IPAslink), due to the shifting of the original semitic pronunciation of the letter Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (heth) from Шаблон:IPAslink to Шаблон:IPAslink, rendering it identical to common Israeli pronunciation of the fricative variant of the letter Шаблон:Script/Hebrew.
Notes
References
- ↑ See for instance: Werner Vycichl, "Begadkefat im Berberischen", in: James and Theodora Bynon (eds.), Hamito-Semitica, London 1975, pp. 315-317.
- ↑ Or perhaps Hurrian, but this is unlikely, c.f. Dolgoposky 1999, pp. 72-73.Шаблон:Citation not found
- ↑ Dolgopolsky 1999, p. 72.Шаблон:Citation not found
- ↑ Шаблон:Bibleref, Mechon Mamre.
External links
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