Английская Википедия:Bellinzona

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Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox Swiss town Bellinzona (Шаблон:IPAc-en Шаблон:Respell,[1] Шаблон:IPA-it;[2] Ticinese Шаблон:Lang-lmo Шаблон:IPA-lmo; Шаблон:Lang-fr Шаблон:IPA-fr; Шаблон:Lang-de Шаблон:IPA-de; Шаблон:Lang-rm Шаблон:IPA-rm) is a municipality, a historic Swiss town, and the capital of the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. The town is famous for its three castles (Castelgrande, Montebello, Sasso Corbaro) that have been UNESCO World Heritage Sites since 2000.

The town lies east of the river Ticino, at the foot of the Alps. It stretches along the river valley, surrounded by the southern ranges of the Lepontine Alps to the east and west, and by the Lugano Prealps to the south.

Name and coat of arms

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Coat of arms

The toponym is first attested in 590 in Latin as Belitio or Bilitio (in the accusative, Bilitionem), by Gregory of Tours.[3] The name is Lepontic in origin, possibly from belitio ("juniper") or belitione ("juniper bushes").[4]

During the medieval period, the name is found as Berinzona (721, 762, 803, 1002), Birrinzona (1004), Birizona (1168), Beliciona (901, 977) and Belinzona (1055).[5] The German name of the town is Bellenz. A local folk etymology derives the name Bellinzona from zona bellica "war zone", making a connection to the Italian Wars.

The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is an erect serpent in silver on a red field. The fabulous animal is called in Italian "Biscione". This animal, which can also be found on the arms of the Alfa Romeo car company, is linked with the Visconti of Milan, who were feudal lords of Bellinzona in the 14th and 15th centuries.[6]

History

Pre-History and Roman era

Bellinzona has always occupied an important geographic location in the Alps. To the south, the Po Valley is accessible by a lowland route down the valley of the river Ticino and by Lake Maggiore. To the north, the valley of the Ticino leads to the high alpine passes of Nufenen, St. Gotthard, Lukmanier and San Bernardino. Although now little used, the San Jorio Pass to the east was also important in Bellinzona's past.[7]

While the region has been occupied since the early Neolithic age[7][8] it wasn't until the late 1st century BC that a fort was built in the area during the reign of the Roman Emperor Augustus. While the fort fell into disrepair in the following centuries, it was rebuilt and greatly expanded in the 4th century AD. During the reign of Diocletian and Constantin a chain of castles and watchtowers were built to protect northern Italy from invasion. Bellinzona's location was recognized as a key point in the defenses and a large castle was built to protect the walls. The town that grew up around the fortifications was known as Bilitio.

Following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire the successor states, which included the Ostrogoths around 500 AD, the eastern Byzantine Empire towards the middle of the 6th century, and the Longobards from 568/70, all took control of Bellinzona and used the castle to assert control of the surrounding passes. Under the Longobards, Bellinzona became the site of a permanent garrison to protect the region from raids by the neighboring Frankish and Alemannic tribes.[9] From Bellinzona the Longobards controlled the traffic on the important trade route from Varese over Ponte Tresa, the Monte Ceneri Pass, Biasca and finally over the Lukmanier Pass into Chur. Some researchers believe that Bellinzona may have been the capital of a county that included most of the valleys in Ticino.[9]

Early Middle Ages

At around 774 the Frankish Kingdom (that would become the Carolingian Empire) gained control of the Ticino valley including Bellinzona.

About two centuries later the Holy Roman Emperor Otto III, seeking to restore the power of glory of ancient Rome and expand into Italy, opened the Lukmanier and St. Bernard passes. Control of Bellinzona was a key part of this expansion. The town was taken from Milan and given as a gift to the Bishop of Como, who supported the Ottonian dynasty. In 1002, following the death of Otto III, Marquis Arduino of Ivrea declared himself King of Italy and ratified the bishop's ownership of the Castelgrande and the town. Two years later, after Arduino had been defeated by Henry II the King of Germany, Henry II's man Enrico II reratified the gift of the Castelgrande on the Bishop of Como.[10] The town is mentioned in medieval sources in 1218 as Bilizione.

Conflicts between the Pope and the Emperor

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Coat of arms of the House of Visconti. Under the Visconti, Bellinzona flourished and the town was expanded.

During the Investiture Controversy of the late 11th century the town of Bellinzona with its castle came under the control of the Hohenstaufens of Swabia. However, in 1180, Frederick I (Barbarossa) placed the town under the jurisdiction of the town of Como.[10] In the following years Como tended to support the Pope in his conflicts with the Holy Roman Emperor. However, in 1239, Como sided with the Emperor Frederick II who quickly moved forces into Bellinzona and strengthened the Castelgrande. In 1242 Milan sent Guelph (or pro-papacy) forces under the command of Simone di Orello to take Bellinzona.[10] The town and castle were taken which weakened the Emperor south of the Alps. However the town was back under the jurisdiction of Como in 1249.[9] Conflicts in northern Italy continued, the Castelgrande was besieged several times in 1284, 1292 and 1303. During this time the Rusca family in Como, a Ghibelline or pro-Imperial family, fought the growing power of Milan under the pro-papacy House of Visconti with limited success. Around the end of the 13th century the Rusca family built another castle, Montebello, in Bellinzona, which they controlled. This was fortunate because by 1335 the Rusca family had been driven out of Como and had to retreat to Bellinzona. Five years later, in 1340, Milan besieged Bellinzona. Following a lengthy siege, the town fell to Milan but the Ruscas were allowed to keep Montebello.[10] Pro-papacy Milan would dominate Bellinzona for the next one and a half centuries, though the pro-Imperial Rusca would also occupy part of the town.

Expansion of Bellinzona under Milan

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The Murata or town wall of Bellinzona

Under the control of the Visconti, trade flourished and Bellinzona grew. When an alternative route over the Alps, the Schöllenen bridge opened, traffic in the St. Gotthard increased to the highest levels ever.[11] During the second half of the 14th century a long wall, the Murata, was built across the Tessin valley, allowing Milan to protect and tax the trade route over the St. Gotthard Pass.[9] While the town was controlled by Milan through the Visconti after 1340, the Visconti did not have a formal title and feudal rights until 1396 when they were granted by King Wenceslaus. However, the orderly growth of Bellinzona was threatened in 1402 when Duke Gian Galeazzo Visconti died. In 1403 Bellinzona came under the control of Alberto di Sacco of Val Mesolcina, who held it until 1419 before it was taken over by Uri and Obwalden, which expanded into the Leventina Valley. Milan attacked the town three years later in 1422 after an offer to buy the town was rejected by the Swiss Confederation. The troops from Uri and Obwalden were quickly driven from the town and later defeated at the Battle of Arbedo on 30 June 1422. This defeat discouraged the expansionist intentions of Uri and its allies towards Lake Maggiore for a time.

During the period of unrest following Gian Galeazzo Visconti's death, a tower which would become the nucleus of the third castle, Sasso Corbaro, was built outside the town.

While the border between Uri and Milan was fixed in the peace treaty of 1426, in 1439 Uri invaded again. While they were unable to take Bellinzona, the victories of the Swiss troops led to Milan granting all of the Leventina Valley to Pollegio to Uri in 1441. Following the death of Duke Filippo Maria Visconti in 1447, Bellinzona was in the middle of the succession crisis between Franchino Rusca of Locarno and Heinrich of Val Mesolcina, who were allied with Uri and the Ambrosian Republic in Milan. The war following the succession crisis lasted nearly three years until Francesco I Sforza seized power in Milan. Bellinzona quickly accepted the new Sforza dynasty and the peace and stability that followed.[9]

The peace was broken again in 1478 when the Swiss once again attacked Bellinzona unsuccessfully. However Swiss pride was restored by the Battle of Giornico which followed, where a force of 600 Swiss soldiers defeated 10,000 Milanese troops. Following the attack, Milan built the Sasso Corbaro either on the site of a tower which had been built nearly a century before.[9] The other two castles were strengthened and the Murata wall across the valley was rebuilt. Much of the modern castles and fortifications date from this period of construction in the late 15th century.

An associate of the Swiss Confederation

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Castles of Bellinzona

In 1499 nearly one and a half centuries of Milanese rule ended with the invasion of Milan by Louis XII of France. He captured Bellinzona and fearing an attack by the Swiss, fortified the Castelgrande with 1000 troops.[12] Throughout the winter of 1499/1500 unrest in Bellinzona grew, until January when an armed revolt of the citizens of Bellinzona drove the French troops from the town. Following the capture and execution of Ludovico Sforza in April 1500 and seeking protection from France, Bellinzona joined the Swiss Confederation on 14 April 1500, as a condominium under the joint administration of Uri, Schwyz and Nidwalden. Following the Napoleonic invasion of Switzerland in 1798, Bellinzona was the capital of the canton of Bellinzona within the Helvetic Republic (1798–1803).

Bellinzona since 1803

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Train disaster in Bellinzona, May 1924

Following the Act of Mediation in 1803 Bellinzona became part of the independent canton of Ticino, and the capital of the new canton from 1803 to 1814. From that date until 1878, Bellinzona, Lugano, and Locarno, took turns being capital every six years. In 1878 Bellinzona became the capital of the canton.

The town includes the village of Artore and, since the incorporation in 1907, the former municipalities of Carasso, Daro, and Ravecchia.

In 1874, the first sections of the Gotthard railway opened, linking Bellinzona to Biasca and Locarno. By 1882, the whole line was open, extending northwards to northern Switzerland via the Gotthard Tunnel, southwards to Lugano and Milan via the Monte Ceneri Pass, and down the east shore of Lake Maggiore to Luino. Between 1907 and 1972, Bellinzona was also linked to Mesocco and other Val Mesolcina communities by the Bellinzona–Mesocco railway.

Geography

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Castelgrande in 2004
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View of the town Bellinzona from Castello Montebello
Файл:Picswiss TI-21-34.jpg
Piazza del Sole, post office, and station
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Aerial view by Walter Mittelholzer (1919)

On 2 April 2017 the former neighbouring municipalities of Camorino, Claro, Giubiasco, Gnosca, Gorduno, Gudo, Moleno, Monte Carasso, Pianezzo, Preonzo, Sant'Antonio and Sementina merged into Bellinzona.[13]

Bellinzona is situated in the valley of the river Ticino, at an altitude of Шаблон:Convert. The town centre lies about Шаблон:Convert east of the river, with the urban area confined to the bottom and lower slopes of the valley. However the municipality's boundaries extend up both sides of the valley, to altitudes of Шаблон:Convert to the west, and Шаблон:Convert to the east.[14]

The town is located at a point at which the river Ticino, which has been flowing in a generally southerly direction, makes a turn to the west, to flow through the wide Pionoa di Magadino before entering the Lake Maggiore, and after it finally reaches to the Italian Po Valley and Lombardy.

Upstream, several valleys reach into the high Alps, with access to northern Switzerland over or through the Passo del San Gottardo via the Valle Leventina, the upper valley of the Ticino, and further to the west with access to the Valais over the Nufenen Pass via the Val Bedretto, and access to the Grisonian Surselva of the Anterior Rhine via the Valle di Blenio over the Lukmanier Pass. The river Moesa, running down the Valle Mesolcina from the San Bernardino Pass with access to the Gresionian valley Rheinwald of the Posterior Rhine, joins the Ticino on the northern boundary of the town.[14]

To the south the Monte Ceneri Pass crosses the Lugano Prealps to give access to Lake Lugano and an alternate route to Lombardy, whilst the San Jorio Pass provides a possible route east to the upper Lake Como.[14][7]

The town Bellinzona has an area, Шаблон:As of, of Шаблон:Convert. Of this area, Шаблон:Convert or 22.0% is used for agricultural purposes, while Шаблон:Convert or 62.5% is forested. Of the rest of the land, Шаблон:Convert or 23.8% is settled (buildings or roads), Шаблон:Convert or 2.5% is either rivers or lakes and Шаблон:Convert or 0.5% is unproductive land.[15] Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 1.6% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 13.0%. Transportation infrastructure made up 5.8% while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 2.7%. Out of the forested land, 60.1% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.9% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 6.6% is used for growing crops, while 2.5% is used for orchards or vine crops and 13.0% is used for alpine pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.[15]

Demographics

Bellinzona has a permanent population (Шаблон:As of) of Шаблон:Swiss populations.Шаблон:Swiss populations ref In 2008, 29.4% of the population were foreign nationals.[16] Between 1997 and 2007 the population has changed at a rate of 0.7%.

Most of the population (Шаблон:As of) speaks Italian (87.4%), with German being second most common (3.6%) and Serbo-Croatian being third (2.5%).[17] Of the Swiss national languages (Шаблон:As of), 14,392 people speak Italian, 590 speak German, 189 people speak French, and 13 people speak Romansh. The remainder (1,279 people) speak another language.[18] The metropolitan area of Bellinzona had a population of 47,128,[19] divided into 16 municipalities.

Шаблон:As of, the gender distribution of the population was 46.6% male and 53.4% female. The population was made up of 5,503 Swiss men (31.8% of the population), and 2,567 (14.8%) non-Swiss men. There were 6,781 Swiss women (39.1%), and 2,472 (14.3%) non-Swiss women.[20]

In Шаблон:As of there were 132 live births to Swiss citizens and 45 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 132 deaths of Swiss citizens and 15 non-Swiss citizen deaths. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens remained the same while the foreign population increased by 30. There were 7 Swiss men who emigrated from Switzerland to another country, 3 Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland to another country, 67 non-Swiss men who emigrated from Switzerland to another country and 70 non-Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland to another country. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources) was an increase of 377 and the non-Swiss population change was a decrease of 202 people. This represents a population growth rate of 1.0%.[16]

The age distribution, Шаблон:As of, in Bellinzona is; 1,530 children or 8.8% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 1,623 teenagers or 9.4% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 2,091 people or 12.1% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 2,526 people or 14.6% are between 30 and 39, 2,721 people or 15.7% are between 40 and 49, and 2,260 people or 13.0% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 1,969 people or 11.4% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 1,470 people or 8.5% are between 70 and 79, there are 1,133 people or 6.5% who are between 80 and 89.[20]

Шаблон:As of, there were 7,294 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.2 persons per household.[17] Шаблон:As of there were 1,490 single family homes (or 51.5% of the total) out of a total of 2,892 inhabited buildings. There were 419 two family buildings (14.5%) and 642 multi-family buildings (22.2%). There were also 341 buildings in the municipality that were multipurpose buildings (used for both housing and commercial or another purpose).[21]

The vacancy rate for the municipality, Шаблон:As of, was 1.45%. Of the apartments, a total of 7,255 apartments (85.8% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 932 apartments (11.0%) were seasonally occupied and 268 apartments (3.2%) were empty.[22] Шаблон:As of there were 8,455 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was the 3-room apartment of which there were 2,746. There were 474 single room apartments and 1,253 apartments with five or more rooms.[22] Шаблон:As of, the construction rate of new housing units was 6.2 new units per 1000 residents.[17]

Шаблон:As of the average price to rent an average apartment in Bellinzona was 956.03 Swiss francs (CHF) per month (US$760, £430, €610 approx. exchange rate from 2003). The average rate for a one-room apartment was 673.24 CHF (US$540, £300, €430), a two-room apartment was about 740.60 CHF (US$590, £330, €470), a three-room apartment was about 910.37 CHF (US$730, £410, €580) and a six or more room apartment cost an average of 1406.75 CHF (US$1130, £630, €900). The average apartment price in Bellinzona was 85.7% of the national average of 1116 CHF.[23]

Historic demographics

source: Historical Dictionary of Switzerland[24]

1591 1781 1808 1850 1880 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 2020
Population ca. 200Шаблон:Ref label ca. 1,100 1,260 3,209 4,036 10,406 10,706 12,060 16,979 16,849 55,906
Language German 140 1,028 831 807 1,040 681
French 6 74 127 162 179 209
Italian 3,887 9,266 9,712 11,053 15,574 14,948
Other 3 38 36 38 186 1,011
Religion Protestant 43 632 550 577 844 626
Roman Catholic 3,985 8,947 9,577 11,196 15,817 14,592
Other/None 8 827 579 287 318 1,631Шаблон:Ref label
Nationality Swiss 2,742 3,260 6,936 8,755 10,427 12,848 11,924
Foreign 467 776 3,470 1,951 1,633 4,131 4,925
Шаблон:Note label Number of households
Шаблон:Note label in 1990, 879 were either atheist or did not identify with any religion

Elections

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the FDP which received 30.61% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (23.11%), the CVP (19.85%) and the Ticino League (11.42%). In the federal election, a total of 4,634 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 46.1%.[25]

In the Шаблон:As of Ticino Gran Consiglio election, there were a total of 10,187 registered voters in Bellinzona, of which 6,486 or 63.7% voted. 109 blank ballots and 16 null ballots were cast, leaving 6,361 valid ballots in the election. The most popular party was the PLRT which received 1,569 or 24.7% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were; the SSI (with 1,233 or 19.4%), the PS (with 1,210 or 19.0%) and the PPD+GenGiova (with 957 or 15.0%).[26]

In the Шаблон:As of Ticino Consiglio di Stato election, there were 60 blank ballots and 22 null ballots, which left 6,405 valid ballots in the election. The most popular party was the PS which received 1,472 or 23.% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were; the PLRT (with 1,453 or 22.7%), the SSI (with 1,103 or 17.2%) and the LEGA (with 1,074 or 16.8%).[26]

Economy

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Office building originally built for the Directorate of Telecommunications of the former Swiss PTT, now a business center.

The local industry is mainly based on mechanical engineering. The Società Bancaria Ticinese is based in Bellinzona. The most important employer is Swiss Federal Railways.

Шаблон:As of, Bellinzona had an unemployment rate of 5.16%. Шаблон:As of, there were 33 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 10 businesses involved in this sector. 1,691 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 149 businesses in this sector. 11,647 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 1,093 businesses in this sector.[17]

Шаблон:As of, there were 16,293 workers who commuted into the municipality and 2,631 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 6.2 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. About 45.3% of the workforce coming into Bellinzona are coming from outside Switzerland, while 0.1% of the locals commute out of Switzerland for work.[27] Of the working population, 8.8% used public transportation to get to work, and 50.6% used a private car.[17]

Шаблон:As of, there were 9 hotels in Bellinzona with a total of 145 rooms and 283 beds.[28]

Religion

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Swiss Reformed church in Bellinzona

From the Шаблон:As of, 12,185 or 74.0% were Roman Catholic, while 651 or 4.0% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. There are 2,164 individuals (or about 13.14% of the population) who belong to another church (not listed on the census), and 1,463 individuals (or about 8.89% of the population) did not answer the question.[18]

Weather

Bellinzona has an average of 102.8 days of rain or snow per year and on average receives Шаблон:Convert of precipitation. The wettest month is May during which time Bellinzona receives an average of Шаблон:Convert of rain or snow. During this month there is precipitation for an average of 13 days. The driest month of the year is December with an average of Шаблон:Convert of precipitation over 13 days.[29]

Education

In Bellinzona about 60.5% of the population (between age 25–64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule).[17]

In Bellinzona there are a total of 2,662 students (Шаблон:As of). The Ticino education system provides up to three years of non-mandatory kindergarten and in Bellinzona there are 413 children in kindergarten.

The primary school program lasts for five years and includes both a standard school and a special school. In the municipality, 781 students attend the standard primary schools and 51 students attend the special school. In the lower secondary school system, students either attend a two-year middle school followed by a two-year pre-apprenticeship or they attend a four-year program to prepare for higher education. There are 632 students in the two-year middle school and 3 in their pre-apprenticeship, while 271 students are in the four-year advanced program.

The upper secondary school includes several options, but at the end of the upper secondary program, a student will be prepared to enter a trade or to continue on to a university or college. In Ticino, vocational students may either attend school while working on their internship or apprenticeship (which takes three or four years) or may attend school followed by an internship or apprenticeship (which takes one year as a full-time student or one and a half to two years as a part-time student).[30] There are 162 vocational students who are attending school full-time and 299 who attend part-time. The professional program lasts three years and prepares a student for a job in engineering, nursing, computer science, business, tourism and similar fields. There are 50 students in the professional program.[31]

Шаблон:As of, there were 2,957 students in Bellinzona who came from another municipality, while 313 residents attended schools outside the municipality.[27]

Bellinzona is home to 2 libraries. These libraries include; the Biblioteca Cantonale Bellinzona and the Biblioteca comunale. There was a combined total (Шаблон:As of) of 138,818 books or other media in the libraries, and in the same year a total of 43,919 items were loaned out.[32]

Transportation

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Autopostale city bus (left) and longer distance bus in Bellinzona

Bellinzona railway station is a major intermediate stop on the Gotthard railway. It is a stopping point for major trains heading north toward Arth-Goldau and Zürich, south toward Lugano, Chiasso and Italy, or southwest to Locarno. The station is also served by the regional trains operated by TiLo to Biasca, Chiasso, Locarno, Lugano and Malpensa Airport.

PostBus Switzerland, known locally as the AutoPostale, operate a small network of city bus routes within Lugano, as well as longer distance routes to other towns and cities. All routes serve the railway station.

The A2 and A13 motorways, as well as some main roads, link here, thus making it an important transportational node. The A2 runs north via the Gotthard Pass to Lucerne, Basle and Germany, and south to Lugano and Italy. The A13 runs north-east via the San Bernardino Pass to Chur and Austria.

Culture

The town is known for its carnival Rabadan, which has taken place for over 150 years.

Bellinzona in art

Sport

The football club AC Bellinzona play in the Swiss Challenge League. Their stadium is the Stadio Comunale.

GDT Bellinzona, the hockey team, plays in the Swiss 1. Liga.

The female basketball team (Pallacanestro Bellinzona) plays in the National League A.

The floorball team (Ticino Unihockey) has played in the National League B for some years.

The light athletics society (GAB Bellinzona) organises every year a meeting called "Galà dei Castelli" (literally: Castles's gala), with a lot of world-famous athletes and the best Swiss athletes.

Heritage sites of national significance

Bellinzona is home to twelve buildings or areas that are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance. Additionally, it is home to the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the Three Castles of Bellinzona. The merger on 2 April 2017 added seven additional buildings or sites. The entire old town of Bellinzona, along with the villages of Moleno and Preonzo, is listed on the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.[33]

In addition to the Three Castles and the town walls, the medieval and early modern town is included on the list. Three religious buildings, the Church of S. Maria delle Grazie, the Collegiata dei Ss. Pietro e Stefano and the Church of S. Biagio a Ravecchiai, are on the list. The Cantonal Archives, Bagno Pubblico, the secondary school (Шаблон:Lang-it) on via Lavizzari 28 and the Teatro sociale are the rest of the buildings on the list.

The Three Castles

Шаблон:Main

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Bellinzona from above. Castelgrande
Aerial view of the Castles of Bellinzona from Sasso Corbaro
Castles of Bellinzona from Sasso Corbaro
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Ramparts of Bellinzona connecting Castelgrande to Castello di Montebello
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Castelgrande showing the walls and towers of the extensive castle
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Montebello castle located on a rocky hilltop east of town is connected to Castelgrande by the town walls
Файл:Bellinzona Castello di Sasso Corbaro aussen.jpg
Sasso Corbaro castle

The Three Castles, officially listed as the Three Castles, Defensive Wall and Ramparts of the Market-Town of Bellinzona, have been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2000. The group is composed of Castelgrande, castle Montebello, castle Sasso Corbaro and fortified walls. The Castelgrande is located on a rocky peak overlooking the valley, with a series of fortified walls that protect the old town and connect to the Montebello. The third castle (Sasso Corbaro) is located on an isolated rocky promontory south-east of the other two.[34]

Castelgrande

The site of the Castelgrande has been fortified since at least the late 1st century BC and until the 13th century, it was the only fortification in Bellinzona. During its history the castle has been known as the stronghold (before the 13th century), the Old Castle in the 14th and 15th centuries, Uri Castle after 1506 and Saint Michael's Castle from 1818.[35]

The Castelgrande hill includes a nearly vertical side on the north and a steep southern side, but is nearly flat and Шаблон:Convert in diameter. The natural shape of the hill has encouraged every man-made fortification to follow the same contours. While the Roman fort is not visible the Roman foundations were used by the High Middle Ages castle which followed. Of the High Middle Ages castle the only visible parts are a few pieces of wall that are still standing. Much of the visible castle dates from 1250 to 1500 with extensive renovations and some expansion in the last two centuries. Most of the area inside the castle walls is now flat, open space.

Records from the 11th to 15th centuries as well as archeological evidence indicate that the castle grounds were once full of buildings. However, most of these were pulled down by the Dukes of Milan to free up interior space. The open space was divided into 3 large baileys which served to provide temporary housing for troops that could be stationed in Bellinzona. Under the Dukes of Milan, the outer fortifications were extended and strengthened. The walls were raised and extended and towers were added. The western walls were totally rebuilt and connected to the town walls.

The castle can be reached by taking an elevator from the foot of the rock to the castle grounds or by climbing steep, narrow streets from the town centre through the town wall onto the castle grounds.

Montebello

Montebello Castle (known as the Small, New or Middle Castle in the 15th century, as Schwyz Castle from 1506 and St. Martin's Castle after 1818) is located to the east of the town centre. It was built before 1313 for the pro-Imperial Rusca family, who occupied the castle following the Visconti victory and occupation of the Castelgrande. By the end of the 14th century it was in the hands of the Visconti.[36] The castle was renovated and expanded between 1462 and 1490 to its current state. In the 19th century, the castle fell into disrepair and was renovated starting in 1903.

A little chapel, dedicated to Saint Michael, leans against the wall of the more recent south-facing section; built around 1600, it is one of the few buildings erected in the castles of Bellinzona under the rule of the three Swiss cantons.

Montebello Castle houses the Archaeological and Civic Museum. The museum was opened in 1974 and is located in the tower and the former residential quarters of Montebello Castle. It is divided into two sections-history and archaeology. In the history section, there are several capitals from the 15th century and a rare 13th-century Baptismal font as well as drawings and sketches from several artists. This section also houses a collection of ceremonial and military arms. The archaeology section includes many items from 1400 to 1500 BC as well as ceramics, glassware, funeral urns, ornamental objects and jewellery in iron and bronze from around the canton. The museum is open from March to November.[37]

Sasso Corbaro

Sasso Corbaro, known as Unterwalden Castle after 1506 and Saint Barbara's Castle after 1818, is about Шаблон:Convert south-west of town on a rocky hill. Unlike the other two castles Sasso Corbaro is not integrated into the town walls. The first part of the castle was the north-eastern tower which was built in 1478 to close a gap in the defenses of the town.[38] The walls and south-west tower were added later. The castle was struck by lightning multiple times during the 16th and 17th centuries, and by 1900 was falling into ruins.

Today, Sasso Corbaro Castle houses the Sala Emma Poglia which is the "wooden room" built for the Emma family during the 17th century. Originally located in the entrance hall of their home in Olivone in the Blenio Valley, the room was purchased by the canton of Ticino in 1944 and housed first in the Castelgrande before being moved to the Sasso Corbaro in 1989. The room is panelled entirely in walnut and also includes the stüva, stove which provided heating. The stove bears the crest of the Emma family (an eagle and a lion rampant). The museum also houses temporary exhibits. It is open from March until November.[39]

Notable people

Файл:LouisWyrschByKarlGeorgKaiser.jpg
Louis Wyrsch, 1848
Файл:Ernst Brugger.gif
Ernst Brugger
Файл:Daniela Scalia action.jpg
Daniela Scalia, 2016

Sport

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Wikivoyage Шаблон:Commons category

Шаблон:Municipalities of the district of Bellinzona Шаблон:Cantons of Switzerland Шаблон:List of European capitals by region

Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite Merriam-Webster
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  3. ↑ Gregorius Turonensis, Historiae, 10.3, Quod exercitus Childeberthi regis in Italiam abiit: Olo autem dux ad Bilitionem huius urbis castrum, in campis situm Caninis, inportunae accedens, iaculo sub papilla sauciatus, cecidit et mortuus est "Duke Olo went rashly to Bilitio, a stronghold of this city [Milan], situated on the plains called Canini, and was wounded with a dart under the nipple and fell and died."
  4. ↑ Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen und Literaturen 184, J. Bädeker, 1943, p. 105. Jacob Früh, Geographie der Schweiz, Fehr, 1932, p. 12.
  5. ↑ Anzeiger für schweizerische Altertumskunde, Bände 21–24, J. Herzog, 1912, p. 404.
  6. ↑ Pascal Gross, 11 January 2003 at Flags of the World.com Шаблон:Webarchive accessed 25-October-2010
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 Шаблон:HDS
  8. ↑ Official Website-Prehistoric Settlement Шаблон:Webarchive accessed 7 July 2008
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 9,3 9,4 9,5 Шаблон:HDS
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 10,3 Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ Official Site-Late Middle Ages Шаблон:Webarchive accessed 17 July 2008
  12. ↑ Official Site-Bellinzona joins the Confederation Шаблон:Webarchive accessed 17 July 2008
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 14,2 Шаблон:Cite map
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 Altitudine, superficie, secondo il genere di utilizzazione, rilevazione 1992/1997, e densità della popolazione, nel 2000 Шаблон:In lang accessed 25 October 2010
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 Swiss Federal Statistical Office – Superweb database – Gemeinde Statistics 1981–2008 Шаблон:Webarchive Шаблон:In lang accessed 19 June 2010
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 17,2 17,3 17,4 17,5 Swiss Federal Statistical Office Шаблон:Webarchive accessed 25-October-2010
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 Popolazione residente, secondo la lingua principale e la religione, nel 2000 Шаблон:Webarchive Шаблон:In lang accessed 23 November 2010
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ 20,0 20,1 01.02.03 Popolazione residente permanente Шаблон:Webarchive Шаблон:In lang accessed 23 November 2010
  21. ↑ 09.02.01 Edifici Шаблон:Webarchive Шаблон:In lang accessed 23 November 2010
  22. ↑ 22,0 22,1 09.02.02 Abitazioni Шаблон:Webarchive Шаблон:In lang accessed 23 November 2010
  23. ↑ Swiss Federal Statistical Office-Rental prices Шаблон:Webarchive 2003 data Шаблон:In lang accessed 26 May 2010
  24. ↑ Шаблон:HDS
  25. ↑ Swiss Federal Statistical Office, Nationalratswahlen 2007: Stärke der Parteien und Wahlbeteiligung, nach Gemeinden/Bezirk/Canton Шаблон:Webarchive Шаблон:In lang accessed 28 May 2010
  26. ↑ 26,0 26,1 Elezioni cantonali: Gran Consiglio, Consiglio di Stato Шаблон:Webarchive Шаблон:In lang accessed 23 November 2010
  27. ↑ 27,0 27,1 Swiss Federal Statistical Office – Statweb Шаблон:In lang accessed 24 June 2010
  28. ↑ Settori alberghiero e paralberghiero Шаблон:Webarchive Шаблон:In lang accessed 23 November 2010
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web, the weather station elevation is 225 meters above sea level.
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  31. ↑ Allievi e studenti, secondo il genere di scuola, anno scolastico 2009/2010 Шаблон:Webarchive Шаблон:In lang accessed 23 November 2010
  32. ↑ Swiss Federal Statistical Office, list of libraries Шаблон:Webarchive Шаблон:In lang accessed 14 May 2010
  33. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  36. ↑ Official Website-Montebello Castle Шаблон:Webarchive accessed 30 July 2008
  37. ↑ Bellinzona Tourism Website-Montebello Castle Museum Шаблон:Webarchive accessed 30 July 2008
  38. ↑ Official Website-Sasso Corbaro Шаблон:Webarchive accessed 31 July 2008
  39. ↑ Bellinzona Tourism-Sasso Corbaro Шаблон:Webarchive accessed 31 July 2008
  40. ↑ IMDb Database retrieved 20 December 2018
  41. ↑ IMDb Database retrieved 20 December 2018
  42. ↑ IMDb Database retrieved 20 December 2018
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