Английская Википедия:Bharata (Jainism)
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use Indian English Шаблон:Infobox deity Шаблон:Jainism In Jainism, Bharata was the first chakravartin (lit. 'holder of a chakra', i.e., emperor) of Avasarpini (present half-time cycle). He was the eldest son of Rishabhanatha, the first tirthankara. He had two sons from his chief-empress Subhadra, Arkakirti and Marichi. He is said to have conquered all six parts of the world and to have engaged in a fight with Bahubali, his brother, to conquer the last remaining city of the world.
According to the Digambara sub-tradition of Jainism, in his later years, he renounced the world, led an ascetic life, and attained kevalajnana (omniscience). According to the Svetambara Jains, he attained kevalgyana (omniscience) after which he renounce the world. He gained kevalgyana when he realised there is no beauty in our bodies and hence renounced the world being kevalgyani (omniscient) and then attained moksha.
Life in traditional accounts
Early life and family
In a Jain legend, Yasasvati Devi, senior-most queen of Rishabhanatha (first Jain tirthankara), saw four auspicious dreams one night. She saw the sun and the moon, the Mount Meru, the lake with swans, earth and the ocean. Rishabhanatha explained her that these dreams meant that a chakravartin ruler will be born to them who will conquer whole of the world.Шаблон:Sfn Then, Bharata was born to them on the ninth day of the dark half of the month of Chaitra.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He was a Kshatriya born in Ikshvaku dynasty.Шаблон:Sfn His education included special emphasis on law and the science of polity of kings. He also had interest in dancing and art.Шаблон:Sfn Bharata married many princesses during his world conquest and Subhadra was his chief queen.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He was succeeded by his son Arka Kirti (founder of Suryavansha).Шаблон:Sfn Bharata also had another son named Marichi, who was one of the previous incarnation of Mahavira, the twenty-fourth tirthankara.Шаблон:Sfn
Conquest and administration
Bharata is believed to be the first chakravartin (chakra possessing emperor) of the present half cycle of Jain cosmology.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn According to Jain legends, Rishabhanatha distributed his kingdom to his hundred sons while becoming a muni (Jain monk). Bharata is said to have got the city of Vinita (Ayodhya) whereas Bahubali is claimed to have got the city of Podanapur (Bodhan).Шаблон:Sfn Legends further state that Bharata's coronation was followed by a long journey of world conquest. During his digvijaya (winning six divisions of earth in all directions), he is believed to have acquired the nine nidhis (most precious treasures) and fourteen ratna (jewels). After completing his world-conquest, he is said to have proceeded for his capital Ayodhyapuri with a huge army and the divine chakra-ratna (spinning, disk-like super weapon with serrated edges).Шаблон:Sfn
The chakra-ratna supposedly stopped on its own at the entrance of the capital signalling that there still remain his 99 brothers who have refused submission to his supreme authority. 98 of them are claimed to have become monks giving him their kingdoms.Шаблон:Sfn Bahubali refused to submit and challenged him for a fight.Шаблон:Sfn Three kinds of contests are depicted to have been held between Bharata and Bahubali. These were eye-fight (staring at each other), jala-yuddha (water-wrestling) and malla-yuddha (wrestling). Bahubali is said to have won all the three contests. In the last fight, Bahubali lifted Bharata up on his shoulder instead of throwing him down on the ground. He is said to have gently placed him on the ground instead, out of an affectionate regard for him. Humiliated and infuriated, Bharata is believed to have called for his chakra-ratna. Instead of harming Bahubali, the weapon is believed to have circled around him before coming to a rest. This is believed to have happened because Jain tradition states that such divine weapons lose their effectiveness when confronted with their master's close relations.Шаблон:Sfn After this Bahubali, developed a desire for renunciation and gave up his kingdom to become a monk.Шаблон:Sfn
Bharata is claimed to be the first law-giver of the current half-cycle in Jain tradition.Шаблон:Sfn He is said to have added the fourth varna, brahmins, to the three-fold varna-system created by Rishabhanatha which consisted of ksatriyas, vaishyas and shudras.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Their role, as mentioned in tradition, was to meditate, learn, teach and search for knowledge.Шаблон:Sfn
Renunciation
According to Digambara texts, when Bharata discovered that he is becoming old due to a white hair in his head, he immediately decided to become a Jain monk. Because of the effect of his growing renunciation over the years, he destroyed his inimical karmas within an antaramuhūrta (less than forty-eight minutes) and attained Kevala Jnana (omniscience).Шаблон:Sfn Svetambara traditional accounts reject the claim of his renunciation and maintain that he gained omniscience after the death of his father.Шаблон:Sfn
Legacy and adoration
Rishabhanatha was the son of Nabhiraja, and Rishabha had a son named Bharata, and after his name, the land the conquered was known as Bharat.
Temples
Some Jain temples contain images of Bharata as a Jain monk, including one at Shravanabelagola. The Koodalmanikyam Temple in Kerala was originally a Jain temple dedicated to Bharata as the main deity. In May 2017, the tallest statue of lord Bharata with a height of 45 ft (35 ft body + 12 ft pedestal) weighing about 50 ton was erected in Mangalgiri (Shri kshetra bharat ka bharat), Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India. Earlier it was planned to erect a 57 ft tall monolithic statue comprising 45 ft body and 12 ft pedestal weighing about 100 ton, however, it was broken in the process of erection and therefore, a shorter statue was created and successfully erected.[1]
Literature
Ādi purāṇa, a 10th-century Jain text deals with the ten lives of the first tirthankara, Rishabhanatha, also known as Adinatha, and his two sons, Bharata and Bahubali.[2][3] Bharatesha Vaibhava : also known as Bharatesvara Charite depicts the life story of Bharata Chakravartin was written in the 16th century by Ratnakaravarni.Шаблон:Citation needed
See also
References
Citations
Sources
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