Английская Википедия:Book of Zephaniah

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Файл:Leningrad-codex-13-twelve-minor-prophets.pdf
The Leningrad Codex (AD. 1008) contains the complete copy of Book of Zephaniah in Hebrew.

The Book of Zephaniah Шаблон:IPAc-en (Шаблон:Lang-he, Ṣəfanyā; sometimes Latinized as Sophonias) is the ninth of the Twelve Minor Prophets of the Old Testament and Tanakh, preceded by the Book of Habakkuk and followed by the Book of Haggai. Zephaniah means "Yahweh has hidden/protected,"Шаблон:Sfn or "Yahweh hides".Шаблон:Sfn Zephaniah is also a male given name. The original text was written in Biblical Hebrew.

Authorship and date

Файл:Southern France, Toulouse(?), 13th century - Fol. 362v, Zephaniah, historiated initial V, Zephaniah kneeling with a scro - 2008.2.362.b - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif
13th century Latin bible, Toulouse, with part of the book of Zephaniah (Latin Sophonias)

The book's superscription attributes its authorship to "Zephaniah son of Cushi son of Gedaliah son of Amariah son of Hezekiah, in the days of King Josiah son of Amon of Judah,"[1] All that is known of Zephaniah comes from the text.Шаблон:Sfn

The name "Cushi," Zephaniah's father, means "Cushite" or "Ethiopian," and the text of Zephaniah mentions the sin and restoration of Cushim.[2] While some have concluded from this that Zephaniah was dark-skinned or African,Шаблон:Sfn Ehud Ben Zvi maintains that, based on the context, "Cushi" must be understood as a personal name rather than an indicator of nationality.Шаблон:Sfn Abraham ibn Ezra interpreted the name Hezekiah in the superscription as King Hezekiah of Judah, though that is not a claim advanced in the text of Zephaniah.Шаблон:Sfn

As with many of the other prophets,Шаблон:Sfn there is no external evidence to directly associate composition of the book with a prophet by the name of Zephaniah.Шаблон:Sfn Some scholars, such as Kent Harold Richards and Jason DeRouchie, consider the words in Zephaniah to reflect a time early in the reign of King Josiah (640–609 BC) before his reforms of 622 BC took full effect,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn in which case the prophet may have been born during the reign of ManassehШаблон:Sfn (698/687–642 BC).Шаблон:Sfn Others agree that some portion of the book is postmonarchic,Шаблон:Sfn that is, dating to later than 586 BC when the Kingdom of Judah fell in the Siege of Jerusalem.Шаблон:Sfn Some who consider the book to have largely been written by a historical Zephaniah have suggested that he may have been a disciple of Isaiah because of the two books' similar focus on rampant corruption and injustice in Judah.Шаблон:Sfn

Purpose

If Zephaniah was largely composed during the monarchic period, then its composition was occasioned by Judah's refusal to obey its covenant obligations toward Yahweh despite having seen Israel's exile a generation or two previouslyШаблон:Sfn—an exile that the Judahite literary tradition attributed to Yahweh's anger against Israel's disobedience to his covenant.[3]Шаблон:Sfn In this historical context, Zephaniah urges Judah to obedience to Yahweh, saying that "perhaps" he will forgive them if they do.[4]Шаблон:Sfn

Themes

Файл:Sophonie s'adressant au peuple.jpg
Illustration depicting Zephaniah addressing people, from a French 16th century bible.

The HarperCollins Study Bible supplies headings for the book as follows:Шаблон:Sfn

Verse and chapter headings in the HCSB
Verse (NRSV) Heading
1:1 (Superscription)
1:2–13 The Coming Judgment on Judah
1:14–18 The Great Day of the Lord
2:1–15 Judgment on Israel's Enemies
3:1–7 The Wickedness of Jerusalem
3:8–13 Punishment and Conversion of the Nations
3:14–20 Song of Joy

More consistently than any other prophetic book, Zephaniah focuses on "the day of the Lord,"Шаблон:Sfn developing this tradition from its first appearance in Amos.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn[5] The day of the Lord tradition also appears in Isaiah, Ezekiel, Obadiah, Joel, and Malachi.Шаблон:Sfn[6]

The book begins by describing Yahweh's judgement. With a triple repetition of "I will sweep away" in 1:2–3, Zephaniah emphasizes the totality of the destruction,Шаблон:Sfn as the number three often signifies perfection in the Bible.Шаблон:Sfn The order of creatures in Zephanaiah 1:2 ("humans and animals ... the birds ... the fish") is the opposite of the creation order in Genesis 1:1–28, signifying an undoing of creation.Шаблон:Sfn This is also signified by the way that "from the face of the earth" forms an inclusio around Zephaniah 1:2-3, hearkening back to how the phrase is used in the Genesis flood narrative in Genesis 6:7, Genesis 7:4, and Genesis 8:8,Шаблон:Sfn where it also connotes an undoing of creation.Шаблон:Sfn

As is common in prophetic literature in the Bible, a "remnant" survives Yahweh's judgement in ZephaniahШаблон:Sfn by humbly seeking refuge in Yahweh.Шаблон:Sfn[7] The book concludes in an announcement of hope and joy,Шаблон:Sfn[8] as Yahweh "bursts forth in joyful divine celebration"Шаблон:Sfn over his people.[9]

Later influence

Because of its hopeful tone of the gathering and restoration of exiles, Шаблон:Bibleverse has been included in Jewish liturgy.Шаблон:Sfn

Zephaniah served as a major inspiration for the medieval Catholic hymn "Dies Irae," whose title and opening words are from the Vulgate translation of Шаблон:Bibleverse.Шаблон:Sfn

Surviving early manuscripts

The original manuscript of this book has been lost. Some early manuscripts containing the text of this book in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008).Шаблон:Sfn Fragments containing parts of this book in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, including 4Q77 (4QXIIb; 150–125 BCE),Шаблон:Sfn[10]Шаблон:Sfn 4Q78 (4QXIIc; 75–50 BCE),[10]Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and Wadi Murabba'at Minor Prophets (Mur88; MurXIIProph; 75-100 CE).[10]Шаблон:Sfn

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BC. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (6th century).Шаблон:Sfn Some fragments containing parts of the Septuagint version of this book were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, i.e., Naḥal Ḥever (1st century CE).[10]Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Further

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources


Further reading

  • Berlin, Adele. Zephaniah: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. The Anchor Bible Volume 25A. Toronto: Doubleday, 1994.
  • Easton's Bible Dictionary, 1897.
  • Шаблон:Cite Catholic Encyclopedia Transcribed by Thomas M. Barrett. 2003.
  • Hirsch, Emil G. & Ira Maurice Price. "Zephaniah." JewishEncyclopedia.com. 2002.
  • LaSor, William Sanford et al. Old Testament Survey: the Message, Form, and Background of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1996.
  • O. Palmer Robertson. The Books of Nahum, Habakkuk, and Zephaniah (New International Commentary on the Old Testament, 1990)
  • Sweeney, Marvin A. Zephaniah: A Commentary. Ed. Paul D. Hanson. Minneapolis, Fortress Press, 2003.

External links

Шаблон:Wikisource Шаблон:Commons category

Translations of the book of Zephaniah

Шаблон:S-start Шаблон:S-hou Шаблон:S-bef Шаблон:S-ttl Шаблон:S-aft Шаблон:S-ttl Шаблон:S-end Шаблон:Book of Zephaniah Шаблон:Books of the Bible

Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ Zephaniah 1:1, NRSV
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Bibleverse, Шаблон:Bibleverse
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Bibleverse
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Bibleverse
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Bibleverse
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Bibleverse, Шаблон:Bibleverse, Шаблон:Bibleverse, Шаблон:Bibleverse, Шаблон:Bibleverse
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Bibleverse
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Bibleverse
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Bibleverse
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 10,3 Dead sea scrolls - Zephaniah
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