Английская Википедия:Burmese zodiac

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Файл:023 The Heavens (8946708460).jpg

A painted ceiling at Kyauktawgyi Pagoda depicting the Burmese zodiac

The Burmese zodiac (Шаблон:Lang-my Шаблон:IPA-my) is the traditional Burmese system of astronomy and astrology. While it is still an important component of the Burmese calendar, today, the zodiac is closely identified with Burmese astrology, called Baydin (Шаблон:My). Largely derived from Hindu astronomy and Vedic astrology, the Burmese zodiac consists of not only the same 12 signs of the Western zodiac but also 27 lunar mansions of the month and eight weekday signs.

Structure

Seasons

The Burmese zodiac, like the Western zodiac, is divided into 12 signs called yathi (Шаблон:My Шаблон:IPA-my). The Burmese signs are identical to Indian and Western signs as they were derived from Indian and ultimately Western zodiac. Each yathi is divided into 30 degrees (Шаблон:My Шаблон:IPA-my); each degree into 60 minutes (Шаблон:My Шаблон:IPA-my); and each minute into 60 seconds (Шаблон:My Шаблон:IPA-my).

Longitude Шаблон:My	Sign Шаблон:My	Sanskrit	Latin	Ruling planet Шаблон:My
0°	Meittha Шаблон:My	Meṣa मेष	Aries	Mars
30°	Pyeittha Шаблон:My	Vṛṣabha वृषभ	Taurus	Venus
60°	Mehton Шаблон:My	Mithuna मिथुन	Gemini	Mercury
90°	Karakat Шаблон:My	Karkaṭa कर्कट	Cancer	Moon
120°	Thein Шаблон:My	Siṃha सिंह	Leo	Sun
150°	Kan Шаблон:My	Kanyā कन्या	Virgo	Mercury
180°	Tu Шаблон:My	Tulā तुला	Libra	Venus
210°	Byeissa Шаблон:My	Vṛścika वृश्चिक	Scorpio	Mars
240°	Danu Шаблон:My	Dhanuṣa धनुष	Sagittarius	Jupiter
270°	Makara Шаблон:My	Makara मकर	Capricorn	Saturn
300°	Kon Шаблон:My	Kumbha कुम्भ	Aquarius	Saturn
330°	Mein Шаблон:My	Mīna मीन	Pisces	Jupiter

Lunar mansions

The zodiac month consists of 27 days, approximating the mean sidereal month of 27.321661 days. Thus each zodiac day, called nekkhat (Шаблон:My Шаблон:IPA-my), represents a lunar mansion, or a segment of the ecliptic along which the Moon revolves around the Earth. Though the names are Burmese adaptations of Sanskrit names, the Burmese system is not the same as the modern Indian system. The Burmese system uses unequal spaces for each segment (from 5° to 26°), and the first segment, Athawani, begins at 350° longitude. The modern Indian system uses equal segments of 13° 20' (360° divided by 27), and the first segment, Asvini, begins at 0°. (The zodiac also recognizes a lost 28th constellation, called Abizi (Шаблон:My; Sanskrit: Abhijit), which apparently made one revolution among these stars in 27 to 28 days.)

The nekkhats are usually used to calculate the zata (horoscope) of a person or an event. Many historical dates were represented with the nekkhat position, not with the more common calendrical date.

Day	Burmese	Sanskrit	Extent	Range
1	Athawani Шаблон:My	Aśvinī	18°	350°–8°
2	Barani Шаблон:My	Bharaṇī	10°	8°–18°
3	Kyattika Шаблон:My	Kṛttikā	16°	18°–34°
4	Yawhani Шаблон:My	Rohiṇī	12°	34°–46°
5	Migathi Шаблон:My	Mṛgaśira	14°	46°–60°
6	Adra Шаблон:My	Ārdrā	5°	60°–65°
7	Ponnahpukshu Шаблон:My	Punarvasu	27°	65°–92°
8	Hpusha Шаблон:My	Puṣya	14°	92°–106°
9	Athaleiktha Шаблон:My	Āśleṣā	12°	106°–118°
10	Maga Шаблон:My	Māgha	11°	118°–129°
11	Pyobba Baragonni Шаблон:My	Pūrva Phālgunī	16°	129°–145°
12	Ottara Baragonni Шаблон:My	Uttara Phālgunī	9°	145°–154°
13	Hathada Шаблон:My	Hasta	10°	154°–164°
14	Seiktra Шаблон:My	Citra	15°	164°–179°
15	Thwati Шаблон:My	Svāti	13°	179°–192°
16	Withaka Шаблон:My	Viśākhā	21°	192°–213°
17	Anuyada Шаблон:My	Anurādha	11°	213°–224°
18	Zehta Шаблон:My	Jyeṣṭha	5°	224°–229°
19	Mula Шаблон:My	Mula	13°	229°–242°
20	Pyobba Than Шаблон:My	Pūrva Āṣādhā	15°	242°–257°
21	Ottara Than Шаблон:My	Uttara Āṣādhā	5°	257°–262°
22	Tharawun Шаблон:My	Śravaṇa	13°	262°–275°
23	Danatheikda Шаблон:My	Dhaniṣṭha	12°	275°–287°
24	Thattabeiksha Шаблон:My	Satabhiṣā	26°	287°–313°
25	Pyobba Parabaik Шаблон:My	Pūrva Bhādrapadā	10°	313°–323°
26	Ottara Parabaik Шаблон:My	Uttara Bhādrapadā	16°	323°–339°
27	Yewati Шаблон:My	Revatī	11°	339°–350°

Weekdays

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The Jupiter planetary post at the Shwedagon Pagoda, with the representative vehicle of the rat underneath

The Burmese zodiac employs eight signs in a seven-day week, with each sign representing its own day, cardinal direction, planet (celestial body) and animal; it is known as the "Mahabote zodiac". The zodiacs, with slight variations, are also found in Sri Lanka and Thailand.

Cardinal direction	Burmese	Sanskrit	English	Planet	Sign (Myanmar)	Sign (Sri Lanka)	Sign (Thailand)
Northeast	Taninganwe Шаблон:My	Āditya	Sunday	Sun	Garuda Шаблон:My	Horse අශ්වයා குதிரை	Monkey ลิง
East	Taninla Шаблон:My	Candra	Monday	Moon	Tiger Шаблон:My	Elephant අලියා யானை	Horse ม้า
Southeast	Inga Шаблон:My	Angāraka	Tuesday	Mars	Lion Шаблон:My	Peacock මොනරා மயில்	Buffalo ควาย
South	Boddahu Шаблон:My	Budha	Wednesday a.m.	Mercury	Tusked elephant Шаблон:My	Buffalo මී හරකෙක් எருமை	Elephant ช้าง
Northwest	Rahu Шаблон:My	Rāhu	Wednesday p.m.	Ascending Lunar node	Tuskless elephant Шаблон:My	Donkey බූරුවා கழுதை	Garuda ครุฑ
West	Kyathabade Шаблон:My	Bṛhaspati	Thursday	Jupiter	Rat Шаблон:My	Lion සිංහයා சிங்கம்	Deer กวาง
North	Thaukkya Шаблон:My	Śukra	Friday	Venus	Guinea pig Шаблон:My	Bull ගොනා காளை	Ox วัว
Southwest	Sanay Шаблон:My	Śani	Saturday	Saturn	Nāga Шаблон:My	Crow/Raven කපුට காகம்	Tiger เสือ

While the eight signs are the most prevalent in modern Burmese zodiac, the zodiac officially also recognizes a ninth sign called Ketu (Шаблон:My Шаблон:IPA-my), which rules over all of the signsШаблон:Citation needed. The same sign also appears in Sri Lanka and Thailand under the same name. Ketu's sign is a mythical Animal of Five Beauties called pyinsarupa (Шаблон:My Шаблон:IPA-my) with the antlers of a deer, the tusks and the trunk of an elephant, the mane of a lion, the body of a naga serpent, and the tail of a fish. Moreover, Rahu and Ketu, while borrowed from Hindu astrology, are different from their original versions. Hindu astrology considers Rahu and Ketu to be the ascending and descending lunar nodes but Burmese astrology considers them distinct planets.

At any rate, the inclusion of Ketu is not due to astronomical necessity but rather cultural. (J.C. Eade points out that "there is no astronomical necessity" for Ketu, whose orbit can be derived from the value of Rahu, and suggests that Ketu was "superfluous to the system, and perhaps even as an entity that owes its origin to a mistake". Htin Aung says the use of Rahu and Ketu in Burmese zodiac and astrology is for cultural, not necessarily astronomical, value, noting that the nine signs neatly fit the Nine Gods of Burmese animist tradition and indeed are an essential part of the "Ceremony of the Nine Gods" usually held when there is sickness in the house.)

The signs can be represented in a nine-square diagram. The exact arrangement is used to place the planetary figurines in the "Ceremony of the Nine Gods", with Ketu in the center, right behind a statue of the Buddha. All the planetary figures face the Buddha (as the animist practice has been absorbed into Burmese Buddhism).

Northwest Wednesday evening Rahu Tuskless elephant	North Friday Venus Guinea pig	Northeast Sunday Sun Garuda
West Thursday Jupiter Rat	Center Week Ketu Pyinsa Rupa	East Monday Moon Tiger
Southwest Saturday Saturn Naga	South Wednesday morning Mercury Tusked elephant	Southeast Tuesday Mars Lion

The Sunday, Tuesday, Saturday and Rahu planets are considered to be Malefics, or planets with an evil influence while the Monday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday planets are considered Benefics, or planets with benign influence. Ketu is considered to be the most powerful and a Benefic but as the chief planet, it cannot be grouped with any other planet. However, modern Burmese astrology rarely uses Ketu, and tends to use only the other eight planets.

See also

• Burmese calendar#Cycle
• Burmese culture

Bibliography

• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book