Английская Википедия:Carretera Central (Puerto Rico)

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox road

The Шаблон:Lang is a historic north–south central highway in Puerto Rico, linking the cities of San Juan and Ponce by way of Río Piedras, Caguas, Cayey, Aibonito, Coamo, and Juana Díaz. It crosses the Cordillera Central. Plans for the road started in the first half of the 19th century, and the road was fully completed in 1898.[1]Шаблон:Rp At the time the United States took possession of Puerto Rico in 1898, the Americans called it "the finest road in the Western Hemisphere."[2]

A portion of the Carretera Central from partway through Caguas to the end of Juana Díaz was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 2019.[3][4]

Route description

The highway runs from the north coast city of San Juan to the south coast city of Ponce via Río Piedras, Caguas, Cayey, Aibonito, Coamo, and Juana Díaz. The highway corridor is now signed as Puerto Rico Highway 14 from Ponce to Cayey, and as Puerto Rico Highway 1 from Cayey to San Juan.[1]Шаблон:Rp[5]

History

In the 1820s, the Spanish colonial government in Puerto Rico, under the direction of Governor Miguel de la Torre took the first steps for building a highway connecting the towns of San Juan and Río PiedrasШаблон:Efn and incorporating temporary wooden bridges for river crossings.[1]Шаблон:Rp

During the 1830s an unpaved wagon road was built linking Ponce, Juana Díaz and Coamo to satisfy the commercial sugar production needs of that area.[1]Шаблон:Rp In 1846 a new masonry bridge was built by Spanish engineer Santiago Cortijo to connect the capital city island of San Juan with the rest of the Puerto Rico mainland. Meanwhile, construction of a 41-kilometer macadam highway between San Juan and Caguas, designed by Colonel engineer Diego Galvez, was begun. Construction of the San Juan-Caguas span was first under the direction of Colonel Tulio O'Neill and was later completed, in 1853, under Commander Santiago Cortijo. After the completion of the bridge over the Río Piedras river in 1853, the construction project completed bridges over Quebrada Frailes in 1855, the Concepción Bridge over Caguas's Río Cañas in 1856, and the bridge over the Caguas's Cagüitas River in 1857.[1]Шаблон:Rp

In 1858 Puerto Rican civil engineer Timoteo Luberza designed the paved highway between Coamo, at the southern foothills of Cordillera Central, and Juana Díaz, its first neighboring town due southwest, for the municipality of Coamo. Three years later, by 1861, a fair portion of this highway had already been completed.[1]Шаблон:Rp

The most challenging segment of Carretera Central, the one involving the mountainous segment between Caguas in the north and Coamo in the south, was built under the 1859 General Highway Plan, a complete highway plan to connect the coastal town with those in the mountainous interior. The plan was approved by the Spanish Crown in 1860 and it included the creation of "first order" and "second order" highways. In 1860, the central government commissioned engineer Niceto Blajot to design the paved version of Carretera Central between Ponce and Juana Díaz, which until then was a dirt and gravel road.[1]Шаблон:Rp

The then-municipal highways connecting Ponce, Juana Díaz and Coamo were made part of the state-run Carretera Central between 1875 and 1880. Meanwhile, the first stretch of road built exclusively under the Delegation of Public Works (equivalent to a department of public works) was the northern mountainside segment between Caguas and Cayey. This segment was started in 1875 and completed in 1881 under the direction of site engineers Raimundo Camprubi and Enrique Gadea-Giraldez. It was designed by engineer Manuel Lopez-Bayo.[1]Шаблон:Rp

On the southern mountainside of Cordillera Central, the stretch from Coamo to Aibonito was designed by Timoteo Luberza in 1861. Construction started in 1874 under Ricardo Campubri. It included 7.5 kilometers of the steep Asomante slopes, and was completed in 1881. The width of the road in this stretch was reduced from 6.5 meters to 6.0 meters, to reduce costs associated with building in such steep terrain. The segment between Aibonito and Cayey was designed by Manuel Lope-Bayo, begun in 1879 and completed in 1886. It included bridges over Quebrada Honda and Quebrada Toíta. As in the Coamo to Aibonito stretch, the stretch from Aibonito to Cayey has a width of 6.0 meters instead of 6.5 meters. The stretch was so treacherous that it was the last to be completed and the most expensive.[1]Шаблон:Rp It soon acquired the popular name La Piquiña.[6]

Functional by 1886, Carretera Central was the first highway to cross Puerto Rico's east–west mountain range, the Cordillera Central. In 1886, it was a Шаблон:Convert route with 13 permanent bridges and 33 Шаблон:Lang (housing for road maintenance technicians).[1]Шаблон:Rp Contests were held for which roads had been best maintained, so that workers could be properly recognized and rewarded.[7][8]

The Arenas Bridge, constructed in 1894 to bring the Carretera Central across the Río de la Plata, was the longest bridge constructed in Puerto Rico under Spanish government.[9]

Macadamized "from end to end...into an almost solid floor," when the United States took possession of Puerto Rico in 1898, the editors of the American Harper's Weekly publication called Carretera Central, which was also known as Carretera Militar, "the finest road in the Western Hemisphere."[2]

The road, spanning the entire length between San Juan and Ponce, was fully completed in 1898 and christened Carretera Central.[1]Шаблон:Rp[10]

Other facts

In 1898, during the Spanish–American War, American forces moved from south to north over the Carretara Central. One bridge was demolished by the Spanish to delay the American advance.[1]Шаблон:Rp

National Register of Historic Places

As one of the first modern roadways in Puerto Rico, being built from 1846 to 1886, and regarded as one of the finest roads in the Americas for years after its completion, a portion was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2019. The listed portion of the road, from Caguas to Juana Díaz, includes the exceptionally challenging engineering through the Шаблон:Lang, 11 major bridges, 14 maintenance workers' houses,Шаблон:Efn and numerous other roadway structures.[4]

Major intersections

Note: kilometer markers represent the distance along the current Puerto Rico numbered highways rather than the original Carretera Central. Шаблон:PRinttop Шаблон:PRint Шаблон:PRint Шаблон:Jctgap Шаблон:PRint Шаблон:Jctgap Шаблон:PRint Шаблон:PRint Шаблон:Jctgap Шаблон:PRint Шаблон:Jctgap Шаблон:PRint Шаблон:Jctgap Шаблон:PRint Шаблон:PRint Шаблон:PRint Шаблон:PRint Шаблон:PRint Шаблон:Jctgap Шаблон:PRint Шаблон:Jctgap Шаблон:PRint Шаблон:Jctgap Шаблон:PRint Шаблон:Jctgap Шаблон:PRint Шаблон:Jctbridge Шаблон:PRint Шаблон:Jctgap Шаблон:PRint Шаблон:Jctgap Шаблон:PRint Шаблон:PRint Шаблон:Jctbtm

See also

Шаблон:Portal

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Further reading

  • Шаблон:Cite thesis
  • Alonso, Feliciano. 2007. Álbum de Puerto Rico. Madrid: Doce Calles: CSIC, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Шаблон:ISBN. Шаблон:In lang
  • Archivo General de Puerto Rico. Fondo de Obras Públicas, Serie de Carreteras, Legajo 5582–583, Cajas 2666, 2667, 2669.
  • Castro, M. de los A. La construcción de la Carretera Central en Puerto Rico. Thesis. School of Architecture. University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras. 1969. Chapter 5. Шаблон:In lang
  • Hechavarría, M. Testigos mudos de la vida del caminero. El Nuevo Día. San Juan, Puerto Rico. 3 December 2007. Section: Huellas, p. 69. Шаблон:In lang
  • Informe del Comisionado del Interior de Puerto Rico (Guillermo Esteves) para los años 1918–1919, 456 pp. Шаблон:In lang
  • Meléndez-Muñoz, M. Cuentos de la Carretera Central. Ediciones RVMBOS, Barcelona. 1963. 152 pp. Шаблон:In lang
  • Sibanacan. El inventario y estudio de los valores arquitectónicos-arqueológicos e históricos-social de las casillas de peones camineros de la Isla de Puerto Rico. Informe de progreso para la Oficina Estatal de Preservación Histórica de Puerto Rico. 1990. Шаблон:In lang
  • Sibanacan. El inventario y el estudio del valor arquitectónico-arqueológico e histórico-social de las casillas de peones camineros de la Isla de Puerto Rico, 1844–1954. Informe final para la Oficina Estatal de Preservación Histórica de Puerto Rico. 1991. Шаблон:In lang
  • Fay Fowlie de Flores. Ponce, Perla del Sur: Una Bibliográfica Anotada. Second Edition. 1997. Ponce, Puerto Rico: Universidad de Puerto Rico en Ponce. p. 211. Item 1087. Шаблон:LCCN
  • G. Waldo Brown. The New America and the Far East: A Picturesque and Historic Description of These Lands and Peoples. Vol. 8. Boston: Marshall Jones. 1907. (CUTPO).

External links

Шаблон:National Register of Historic Places in Puerto Rico Шаблон:Subject bar

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  1. ↑ 1,00 1,01 1,02 1,03 1,04 1,05 1,06 1,07 1,08 1,09 1,10 1,11 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок focus.nps.gov не указан текст
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Harper's Weekly. New York: Harper and Brothers. Vol LXII. Issue 2188. 26 November 1898. p.1163.
  3. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Caguas не указан текст
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок nrhpdoc не указан текст
  5. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок DTOP Transit Data не указан текст
  6. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Piquiña не указан текст
  7. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Casillas не указан текст
  8. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Old PR highway maps не указан текст
  9. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок npsArenasBridge не указан текст
  10. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Memoria viva не указан текст
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